Low Growth Phase Research Articles

MICE 기업의 디지털 전환(DX) 결정요인에 관한 연구

In 2004, Professor Erik Stolterman of Sweden first referred to 'a phenomenon in which human life is improved in a better direction using IT technology' as Digital Transformation (DX). If you look at the transformation, you can use digital technology to improve your business and expand and change your business area. In other words, the core of the 4th industrial revolution can be seen as digital transformation in all areas of individuals and businesses. A company's digital transformation requires a cool-headed, correct awareness and desirable response to situations that can be both an opportunity and a threat depending on the circumstances and judgment. The MICE industry is no exception. Since 2010, the MICE industry has been combined with digital technology and has become a driving force for innovative growth in industries that have entered a low-growth phase, leading the growth and innovation of the MICE industry. In particular, a number of events in the form of Untact and hybrids were held in the context of COVID-19, accelerating the digital transformation of MICE companies. This study reveals that in order to implement a successful digital transformation that increases business performance and efficiency, a positive organizational culture of a company is a prerequisite, and it studies the perception and attitude of MICE company members to develop a strategic perspective for digital transformation of MICE companies. is to establish Against this background, the purpose of this study is to examine the perception of digital transformation of MICE companies and to empirically analyze the factors that promote digital transformation. To this end, literature research was conducted, and prior research was conducted on the relationship between digital transformation awareness and technology acceptance, external responses to digital transformation and digital transformation readiness, digital transformation intention and digital transformation implementation, and data on MICE company employees were collected. I want to analyze Through this, we intend to present theoretical and practical implications for digital transformation of MICE companies preparing for the 4th industrial innovation and post-corona era.

Understanding the Economic Growth of West Bengal: A Multiple Structural Breaks Approach

This article tries to understand the economic growth of West Bengal by using the Bai–Perron method of multiple structural break analysis. It is found that between 1960 and 2014, the Bengal economy had witnessed two breaks in its output growth. The first break occurred in 1983 and was influenced by a break in the agrarian sector, an outcome propelled by the shift in the political regime and changes in policy prescriptions. The second break happened in 1993; it was preceded by the break in the service sector and a shift in the policy paradigm within the same political dispensation. This study has further investigated the characteristics of the various growth phases in terms of sectoral composition and policies. It is identified that the West Bengal economy has moved from a low growth phase to a medium or balanced growth phase followed by a high growth phase. The low growth phase had witnessed an agrarian impasse, industrial deceleration and political instability. In contrast, the medium growth phase recorded an unprecedented agrarian growth and political stability. The high growth phase has seen a huge growth in the tertiary sector and political instability during its later half. JEL Classification: R11

MLB 구장의 건축 디자인에 나타난 문화적 지속가능성의 특성

Purpose: Ballparks of KBO which were built by local governments and operated for baseball game-centered have been required more sustainable development according to going into low growth phase in Korea recently. MLB ballparks with the teams having 100 year old tradition have been sustainable-developed economically, socially, environmentally and culturally. This research is to study the characteristics of cultural sustainability in architectural design of 30 MLB parks. Method: To begin with comparison analysis of usage rate of 10 ballparks of KBO with 30 ballparks of MLB, and architectural designs of facades, fields, accommodations, sculptures, greens, roof gardens, etc. are analyzed in the MLB ballpark. And finally, the characteristics of cultural sustainability in the architectural design are analyzed. Result: MLB ballparks have played role as core-space of urban community, accumulated space of citizens` memory being originated in natural climatic feature of region, historical image of city and tradition of home-ballpark. A basis of these characteristics could is nature of cultural sustainability, that is to say local community, historical restoration, social solidarity.

Global transcriptomic analysis of an engineered Escherichia coli strain lacking the phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system during shikimic acid production in rich culture medium

BackgroundEfficient production of SA in Escherichia coli has been achieved by modifying key genes of the central carbon metabolism and SA pathway, resulting in overproducing strains grown in batch- or fed-batch-fermentor cultures using a complex broth including glucose and YE. In this study, we performed a GTA to identify those genes significantly upregulated in an engineered E. coli strain, PB12.SA22, in mid EXP (5 h), early STA (STA1, 9 h), and late STA (STA2, 44 h) phases, grown in complex fermentation broth in batch-fermentor cultures.ResultsGrowth of E. coli PB12.SA22 in complex fermentation broth for SA production resulted in an EXP growth during the first 9 h of cultivation depending of supernatant available aromatic amino acids provided by YE because, when tryptophan was totally consumed, cells entered into a second, low-growth phase (even in the presence of glucose) until 26 h of cultivation. At this point, glucose was completely consumed but SA production continued until the end of the fermentation (50 h) achieving the highest accumulation (7.63 g/L of SA). GTA between EXP/STA1, EXP/STA2 and STA1/STA2 comparisons showed no significant differences in the regulation of genes encoding enzymes of central carbon metabolism as in SA pathway, but those genes encoding enzymes involved in sugar, amino acid, nucleotide/nucleoside, iron and sulfur transport; amino acid catabolism and biosynthesis; nucleotide/nucleoside salvage; acid stress response and modification of IM and OM were upregulated between comparisons.ConclusionsGTA during SA production in batch-fermentor cultures of strain PB12.SA22 grown in complex fermentation broth during the EXP, STA1 and STA2 phases was studied. Significantly, upregulated genes during the EXP and STA1 phases were associated with transport, amino acid catabolism, biosynthesis, and nucleotide/nucleoside salvage. In STA2, upregulation of genes encoding transporters and enzymes involved in the synthesis and catabolism of Arg suggests that this amino acid could have a key role in the fuelling of carbon toward SA synthesis, whereas upregulation of genes involved in pH stress response, such as membrane modifications, suggests a possible response to environmental conditions imposed on the cell at the end of the fermentation.

Are the effects of monetary policy on output asymmetric in Pakistan?

This research mainly investigates whether the response of output to monetary policy actions is symmetric or not. We test all the three main forms of asymmetries in the impact of monetary policy discussed in the literature so far. Also, we make some hybrid cases to go further in the detail of the tested asymmetries. While mainly following the methodology given by Cover (1992), we make some necessary variations to the procedure. We find evidence in the favor of asymmetry in the effects of monetary policy actions on output. Our results indicate that monetary policy actions seem ineffective in periods of high growth while having strong effects on output during low growth periods. Further, output responds strongly to tight monetary policy actions when the economy is in low growth phase. We also find some support for the argument that negative money supply changes affect output whereas positive changes do not. The findings also suggest that output responds only to small monetary policy shocks and big shocks do not significantly explain the variations in the transitory component of output. The results of hybrid case give further insight that output strongly responds to small negative monetary policy shocks. Wald test rejects the hypothesis of symmetry in the favor of asymmetry in the response of output to monetary policy actions in all the cases.

Estimating Probabilities of Recession in Real Time Using GDP and GDI

This work estimates Markov switching models on real time data and shows that the growth rate of gross domestic income (GDI), deflated by the GDP deflator, has done a better job recognizing the start of recessions than has the growth rate of real GDP. This result suggests that placing an increased focus on GDI may be useful in assessing the current state of the economy. In addition, the paper shows that the definition of a low-growth phase in the Markov switching models has changed over the past couple of decades. The models increasingly define this phase as an extended period of around zero rather than negative growth, diverging somewhat from the traditional definition of a recession.

Seasonal vegetative growth of different age branches of Conilon coffee tree

O padrão do crescimento sazonal do cafeeiro é um importante auxiliar na avaliação do estado fisiológico e no manejo da cultura. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo em Coffea canephora Pierre cv. Conilon e relacionar com fatores climáticos, tendo por base o crescimento de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos com diferentes idades. Marcaram-se três grupos de ramos plagiotrópicos e um de ramos ortotrópicos, cuja avaliação de taxa de crescimento foi efetuada durante um ano no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A taxa de crescimento varia ao longo do ano, o que parece estar relacionado com a temperatura mínima do ar (na fase de baixo crescimento). Foi observada taxa mais elevada quando a média da temperatura mínima do ar foi superior a 17ºC e a média das temperaturas máximas inferior a 31,5ºC. Abaixo de 17ºC a taxa de crescimento dos ramos diminuiu. O padrão sazonal de crescimento dos ramos é semelhante, contudo, os ramos plagiotrópicos de diferentes idades apresentam taxas de crescimento diferentes no mesmo período do ano. Assim, estudos sobre o crescimento vegetativo sazonal dos ramos não deve se basear apenas num grupo de ramos com idades similares.

Estimating Probabilities of Recession in Real Time Using GDP and GDI

This work estimates Markov switching models on real time data and shows that the growth rate of gross domestic income (GDI), deflated by the GDP deflator, has done a better job recognizing the start of recessions than has the growth rate of real GDP. This result suggests that placing an increased focus on GDI may be useful in assessing the current state of the economy. In addition, the paper shows that the definition of a low-growth phase in the Markov switching models has changed over the past couple of decades. The models increasingly define this phase as an extended period of around zero rather than negative growth, diverging somewhat from the traditional definition of a recession.

Larval rearing and weaning of thick lipped grey mullet ( Chelon labrosus) in mesocosm with semi-extensive technology

The mullets are consumers of low trophic layers and can develop in a variety of biotopes. Despite research efforts on artificial propagation, mullet aquaculture still relies on wild captured juveniles and mass propagation techniques are still needed for aquaculture development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of juvenile mullet mass production using the semi-extensive technology in mesocosms. Larvae of thick lipped grey mullet ( Chelon labrosus) were reared in pilot scale mesocosms (20 m 3), from the first day post-hatching until a size compatible with impoundment (day 71). Length and weight growths and protein content changes of the larvae and juveniles are discussed in relation with development stages. Zootechnical aspects of the trial are detailed and changes in larvae and juveniles behaviour during development and growth are described. Evolution of alkaline phosphatase activity is used as an indicator of digestive tract maturation and studied using a semi-quantitative micro-method. Analysis of growth pattern revealed an extended initial low growth phase, lasting until flexion of notochord around 14 days post hatch (p. h.). This low growth occurred although the larvae were feeding actively since mouth opening at day 5 (p. h.), and still possessed energetic reserves at least until day 10 (p. h.), as the oil droplet was still visible at that age. It is suggested this low growth phase is related with major physiological changes during early larval development. The switch from low to fast linear growth and from low to elevate protein deposition rates occurred concomitantly with the end of an elevated peak of the alkaline phosphatase activity, assayed in whole larvae homogenate. It seems thus related with development of larval digestive function which permits a better nutritional status and hence a higher growth. The larvae of C. labrosus seem to develop the intestinal adult mode of digestion between day 14 and day 20. This suggests they might support early co-feeding and weaning strategies which could be initiated as early as the second week of life. A total of 25,000 metamorphosed and weaned juveniles were produced during this pilot scale trial. The semi-extensive rearing in mesocosm appeared an interesting and simple technology for mass production of C. labrosus juveniles, until a size of 34.9 ± 1.3 mm, compatible with impoundment.

Nutrient uptake, chlorophyll a and carbon fixation by Rhodomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae) cultured at different irradiance and nutrient concentrations

The goal of this research was to study biomass production, nitrate and phosphate uptake and carbon fixation in batch culture of the marine microalgae Rhodomonas sp., which is used in aquaculture as food for commercially reared invertebrates. Cultures were grown for 7 days under four irradiance levels (52, 68, 103 and 142μmolphotonm−2s−1) and at three nitrate and phosphate concentrations (661–29, 882–39, 1323–58.5μM of NaNO3 and NaH2PO4, respectively) establishing 12 experimental treatments. During the exponential phase, growth was directly correlated with irradiance and the initial nitrate and phosphate concentrations. Significant differences were found in the low growth phase as a function of nutrient concentration, but not for irradiance. For the low nutrient concentration treatments, growth was limited after 2 days. Final cell density was influenced by the initial concentration of nutrients, independently of the irradiance level. The average maximum biomass production was reached in 7 days in cultures with high nutrients (1.53±0.07×106cellsmL−1). The total chlorophyll a content was directly related to cellular density and indirectly to irradiance level and concentration of nutrients. In conclusion, the optimal growing condition for Rhodomonas was up to the fourth day. However, after this time the cellular density, chlorophyll content and carbon uptake changed with the nutrient concentration and irradiance. Therefore we suggest that Rhodomonas culture could be used at the fourth day, either as inoculums for higher volume or as nourishment for invertebrate animals in marine aquaculture program.

The Dynamics of the Permanent and Transitory Components in International Business Cycles

This paper proposes a generalized multivariate framework to measure the significance of common permanent and transitory components in international business cycle fluctuations. I employ a multivariate unobserved components model with Markov regime switching to investigate the nonlinear dynamics of permanent and transitory components that are common across G7 real GDP series. The common components are modeled to exhibit different behavior in the expansion and recession phases of international business cycles. I find that, in contrast to the individual country's business cycles, the international business cycle does not exhibit classical recession and expansion phases. The international permanent component has two phases: a high-growth phase and a low-growth phase, and there is no evidence of a Friedman's pluck type recessionary period in the international transitory component. The switch from a high-growth regime to a low-growth regime occurs in the second quarter of 1973. There are no further switches that occur from one regime to the other. Among the seven developed nations examined, Japan is the most sensitive and Germany is the least sensitive to international permanent shocks.

Prostaglandin production by 3T3-L1 cells in culture

Rapidly growing cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes produce large quantities of prostaglandins when they are either stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 or incubated with arachidonic acid. The main prostaglandin produced under all conditions was prostaglandin E 2. Prostaglandin production in response to ionophore stimulation or incubation with arachidonic acid decreased markedly, however, as the cultures approached confluence, were maintained in the confluent state, or were stimulated to differentiate. Enrichment of confluent, differentiated cultures with arachidonic acid did not enhance prostaglandin production. Recovery of prostaglandin production occurred when logarithmic growth was reinstituted by reseeding confluent cultures at low cell densities, but sparse cultures maintained in a low-growth phase did not recover the ability to produce large amounts of prostaglandin E 2. Therefore, the decline in prostaglandin synthetic capacity appears to be associated with the decrease in growth rate as the cells approach confluence. Media conditioned by confluent cells reduced prostaglandin E 2 production when added to rapidly growing cells, suggesting that an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis may be formed by the confluent cultures. Nondifferentiating 3T3 fibroblasts, which similarly release mainly prostaglandin E 2, also exhibited a decrease in prostaglandin production as the cultures became confluent. The amounts of prostaglandins produced by 3T3 cells in the confluent state were much greater, however, than those produced by confluent or differentiated 3T3-L1 cultures. These findings suggest that the low capacity to produce prostaglandins may be involved in either the induction or maintenance of differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells.