Low Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field Research Articles

Use of Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field to Modify the Stress-Induced Animal Health Caused by Epinephrine Hydrochloride

In this work, we investigate the preconditioning action of various modes of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on the blood biochemical parameters of rats exposed to adrenal toxemia. PMF was shown to trigger adaptive response; however, its rate can differ depending on the selected PMF mode. The possibility of using low-frequency PMF as a protector of stress-induced conditions caused by adrenal toxemia is demonstrated.

Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field Enhances the Genotoxicity of Chromium(VI) Ions in Amphibians

This article reports the results of a study of Cr(VI) ions mutagenicity in the erythrocytes of Bufo viridis tadpoles under the influence of a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field (LF PMF). The tadpoles were randomly divided into 14 groups (n = 7). One group of intact tadpoles served as control. Other groups were experimental. The first six groups were placed for 24 h in water containing Cr(VI) at different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, and 0.50 mg/L). The eighth group was subjected to an 8-h exposure to LF PMF (41 mT, 16 Hz). The remaining six groups of tadpoles were kept for 24 h in water with Cr(VI) ions at the specified concentrations and were also irradiated with LF PMF (41 mT, 16 Hz) during the first 8 h of this period. A day after the exposure, blood smears were taken, and the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in erythrocytes were analyzed. The results reveal that low concentrations of Cr(VI) (0.025 and 0.05 mg/L), unlike the higher ones (0.125 mg/L and above), did not significantly affect the frequencies of the analyzed anomalies. The combined action of Cr(VI) and LF PMF significantly increased the frequencies of the recorded anomalies in all the six variants of the experiment. The synergistic effect of Cr(VI) and LF PTF was shown.

Changes in the activity of micromycete endocellular oxidoreductases under the influence of low-frequency pulsed magnetic field and low-intensity laser radiation

This study aims to investigate the effects of low-frequency pulsed magnetic field (1.5 Hz) and low-intensity laser radiation (0.3 and 0.7 W) on the activity of micromycete endocellular oxidoreductases that catalyze biodegradation of industrial materials such as Penicillium cyclopium, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria alternata. The investigated physical factors had dose-dependent effects on the activity of fungal endocellular oxidoreductases (catalase and peroxidase): increases and decreases in the activities of enzymes have been observed. An increase in the activity of enzymes can contribute to the manifestation of the adaptive properties of fungi against the action of such physical factors as low-intensity laser radiation and magnetic field. A decrease in the activity of endocatalase and endoperoxidase under the influence of these factors may suppress the vital activity of microorganisms.

Analysis of the effect magnet-pulse processing on the storage of tomato fruits

The conducted studies were aimed at assessing the impact of tomato storage methods, taking into account the extension of their shelf life and preservation of nutritional value, using the example of two varieties. The shelf life of all varieties has been increased by magnetic pulse processing (MPP) of the fruits when stored in the unpackaged variant. As a result of the studies carried out, it was found that the processing of tomatoes with MPP and storage conditions had a significant impact on the physiological weight loss of tomatoes. The parameters of magnetic pulse processing in the course of experimental studies were magnetic induction - 5 mT, frequency 32 Hz. An increase in shelf life and significant changes in quality were observed in all tomato samples stored in the MPP container, while deterioration in quality was increased in vacuum-packed tomatoes. The best storage combination was MPP in a polystyrene container, which kept the tomato fruits up to 30 days. The performed studies confirmed the possibility of effective use of a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field with the selected parameters to increase the shelf life and preserve the biochemical composition of tomatoes.

Bifunctional Magnetite–Gold Nanoparticles for Magneto-Mechanical Actuation and Cancer Cell Destruction

Magnetite–gold dumbbell nanoparticles are essential for biomedical applications due to the presence of two surfaces with different chemical natures and the potential combination of magnetic and plasmonic properties. Here, the remote actuation of Fe3O4-Au hybrid particles in a rotating (1 Hz, 7 mT), static (7 mT) or pulsed low-frequency (31 Hz, 175 mT, 30 s pulse/30 s pause) magnetic field was studied. The particles were synthesized by a high-temperature wet chemistry protocol and exhibited superparamagnetic properties with the saturation magnetization of 67.9 ± 3.0 Am2 kg−1. We showcased the nanoparticles’ controlled aggregation in chains (rotating/static magnetic field) in an aqueous solution and their disaggregation when the field was removed. The investigation of nanoparticle uptake by LNCaP and PC-3 cancer cells demonstrated that Fe3O4-Au hybrids mainly escaped endosomes and accumulated in the cytoplasm. A significant fraction of them still responded to a rotating magnetic field, forming short chains. The particles were not toxic to cells at concentrations up to 210 μg (Fe3O4) mL−1. However, cell viability decrease after incubation with the nanoparticles (≥70 μg mL−1) and exposure to a pulsed low-frequency magnetic field was found. We ascribe this effect to mechanically induced cell destruction. Overall, this makes Fe3O4-Au nanostructures promising candidates for intracellular actuation for future magneto-mechanical cancer therapies.

Technology of magnetophoresis of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritis (clinical and experimental study)

BACKGROUND: The high degree of evidence for the use of pharmacotherapy currently does not cause doctors to doubt, however, the use of non-pharmacological approaches in general and physical factors in particular is the subject of many years of discussion for them. One of the main places in the pharmacotherapy of osteoarthritis is occupied by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while our interest is associated with a group of so-called topical drugs.
 AIM: In order to methodically substantiate the application of the magnetophoresis technology of the topical form of nimesulide in an experimental study, the influence of the magnetic field on the spectroscopic and thixotropic characteristics of the drug was determined, and the clinical efficacy of the combined use of magnetotherapy and the transdermal form of nimesulide in comparison with the application of the drug and magnetic therapy with a pulsed low-frequency magnetic field was determined.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized study involving 60 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joints was performed. The experimental part of the study on the effect of the magnetic field on the structure and properties of the gel form of the preparation containing 1% nimesulide (chemical formula: 4'-nitro-2'-phenoxy-methane sulfonanilide) was carried out in laboratory conditions. The clinical part of the study included the use of local therapy (application of nimesulide gel in an amount of 24 g) to the skin in the knee joint area, followed by the placement of inductors of the ALMAG+ magnetic therapy apparatus on the medial and lateral surfaces of the knee joint. The impact was carried out according to the recommended "3+1" program.
 RESULTS: An analysis of the effectiveness of therapy conducted in a group of 60 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joints showed high efficiency, expediency and safety of the use of the technology under study in the treatment of patients with joint diseases.
 CONCLUSION: Due to the synergistic effect on the pathogenesis of articular syndrome, the gel form of nimesulide and the magnetic field have a unidirectional effect: anti-inflammatory, decongestant, analgesic, microcirculatory. In addition, the magnetic field enhances the absorption and flow of the drug into the tissues, being a physical enhancer (amplifier), which significantly affects the result of treatment.

Апоптоз лимфоцитов при воздействии комбинации физических факторов

The article presents the comparative study results of the bioeffects of 30-minute exposure session to electromagnetic radiation with 1000 MHz frequency and 10 mW/cm2 EFD; of 30-minute exposure session to low-frequency pulsed magnetic field with 4 mT magnetic induction, as well as their combination, on rat’s lymphocytes apoptosis level in vivo. The apoptosis level was assessed morphologically with fluorescent microscope after 24-hours of cell suspension cultivation at immunological plates at 37 0C in nutrient medium without loading. The percentage of cells with morphological signs of apoptosis (margination, condensation and fragmentation of chromatin in nucleus) was quantitatively determined. It was found that electromagnetic irradiation had no significant impact on apoptosis level, but magnetic field action resulted in reducing the apoptosis cells number by 16% (p≤0,01) compared to the control group. The combination of electromagnetic radiation and low intensity magnetic field increased the apoptotic cells number by 28% (p ≤0.01) compared to the control. Thus, the mediated effect of electromagnetic radiation on blood cells genome leads to disruption of its normal functioning. It has been shown that low-frequency magnetic field can influence on intracellular processes in different directions; in combination with electromagnetic radiation it can intensify pathological reactions, and thus launching the apoptosis massive program.

INFLUENCE OF THE PLACEBO EFFECT ON THE RECOVERY OF PATIENTS WITH CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

The placebo effect is a phenomenon of influencing certain clinical symptoms under the influence of drugs or medical manipulations that completely resemble the real ones. An increasing number of clinical trials on the effects of oral, parenteral and topical medications, as well as hardware procedures, are being conducted with placebo control groups to clarify the real clinical effect of the substances or methods used. Methods: A total of 30 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were investigated. In our study, we compared the effect of actually applied low-frequency pulsed magnetic field treatment and Ultraphonophoresis with Contractubex in the carpal tunnel area with а placebo. Patients were informed in advance that some of them would fall into the placebo group but would not know which ones. Results and analysis: The result of the registration of the persons intended during the treatment in both groups and in the follow-up examination show that the pain is weaker at the end of the treatment course. Conclusion: The use of preformed factors gives better results in reducing the pain syndrome within the treatment course, but it is not more effective in the long run than using a placebo.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО КОНСЕРВАТИВНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ЭНДОКРИННОЙ ОФТАЛЬМОПАТИЕЙ СРЕДНЕЙ СТЕПЕНИ ТЯЖЕСТИ

Background. Pathogenetic therapy of the moderate severity endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) is performed by the administration of glucocorticoids (GC), which possess immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects. Currently, the application of selenium and pentoxifylline medications, as well as treatment with magnetic field over periorbital region are considered as a part of combined therapy for the disease. Purpose of the study. To evaluate the results of combined conservative treatment of patients with moderate severity EOP. Material and methods. The study included 25 patients (50 orbits) with the clinical signs of moderate severity EOP. Depending on the treatment regimen, patients were divided into group A (comparison) and group B (main). Group A (comparison) – 10 patients who received pulse therapy with methylprednisolone. Group B (main) – 15 patients who were prescribed a combination of pulse therapy with methylprednisalone and a new developed treatment regimen additionally: selenium 100 mgq 2 times a day for 6 months, pentoxifylline at a dose of 600 mg 2 times a day for 6 months, a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field generated by the "UniSPOK" apparatus, lasting for 10-20 minutes, up to 8-12 procedures performed daily. Methylprednisolone application in the form of intravenous pulse therapy was prescribed collegially by an endocrinologist and an ophthalmologist individually for each patient and in total did not exceed 4.5 g recommended for the present process intensity (on average, 4.5±0.5 g in both groups). Results. The sequence in decreasing of EOP clinical signs in patients receiving combination therapy was revealed: a decrease in tremor, eyelid edema and palpebral fissure width in comparison with the initial parameters were noted already by the 3rd month of treatment, after 6 months these indicators disappeared. Lacrimation in the studied groups was not recorded by the 6th month, which can be explained by the corticosteroids application. A significant reduction in exophthalmos under developed therapy was found after 6 months, while no reduction was observed in the standard treatment group. Conclusions. The method of EOP complex treatment, including pulse therapy with methylprednisolone in combination with selenium, pentoxifylline and magnetotherapy, was effective in the moderate severity of the disease and led to the reduction of the ophthalmopathy severity symptoms. The positive effect of the combined therapy indicates the necessity for a six-month treatment course.

A Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field Reduces Neuropathic Pain by Regulating NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 Sodium Channels at the Transcriptional Level in Diabetic Rats.

Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field (LF-PMF) application is a non-invasive, easy, and inexpensive treatment method in pain management. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of LF-PMF on pain is not fully understood. Considering the obvious dysregulations of gene expression observed in certain types of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in pain conditions, the present study tested the hypothesis that LF-PMF shows its pain-relieving effect by regulating genes that code VGSCs proteins. Five experimental rat groups (Control, Streptozotocin-induced experimental painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), PDN Sham, PDN 10 Hz PMF, and PDN 30 Hz PMF) were established. After the pain formation in PDN groups, the magnetic field groups were exposed to 10/30 Hz, 1.5 mT PMF for 4 weeks, an hour daily. Progression of pain was evaluated using behavioral pain tests during the entire experimental processes. After the end of PMF treatment, SCN9A (NaV1.7 ), SCN10A (NaV1.8 ), SCN11A (NaV1.9 ), and SCN3A (NaV1.3 ) gene expression level changes were determined by analyzing real-time polymerase chain reaction results. We found that 10 Hz PMF application was more effective than 30 Hz on pain management. In addition, NaV1.7 and NaV1.3 transcriptions were upregulated while NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 were downregulated in painful conditions. Notably, the downregulated expression of the genes encoding NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 were re-regulated and increased to control level by 10 Hz PMF application. Consequently, it may be deduced that 10 Hz PMF application reduces pain by modulating certain VGSCs at the transcriptional level. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Clinical and functional approaches to comprehensive treatment of periodontal diseases in children with type I diabetes

Relevance. The high prevalence of microvascular complications in children with type I diabetes mellitus (DM) has a serious impact on the quality of life and can result in a lower working capacity and early disability. The negative effect of the drug therapy, inability to fully comply with the acceptable age-related safety limits, specific metabolism and pharmacokinetic features in childhood – all these reveals the need to improve the patterns for comprehensive treatment of periodontal diseases in children with type I diabetes.The purpose was to explain the clinical and functional effectiveness of the combined enzyme and magnet & laser therapy in comprehensive treatment of the periodontal microcirculatory disorders in children suffering from type I diabetes. Materials and methods. The study involved 97 children diagnosed with type I diabetes, aged 12-17 y.o., with the present disease history from 6 months to 12 years. The microcirculation was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Microcirculatory disorder correction was performed by a local exposure to a running low-frequency pulsed magnetic field combined with enzyme therapy. Results. The dynamic magnetic therapy has proven to increase the effectiveness of capillary blood flow in children with early signs of vascular congestion and hyperemia, while Phlogenzym, a polyenzyme formulation, needs to be added in cases of vascular congestion and ischemia. Conclusion. The effectiveness of physiotherapeutic and pharmacological effect of Phlogenzym along with the dynamic magnetic therapy shows that it can be recommended as an alternative to the conventional anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antibiotic therapy during the pre-surgical treatment and post-surgical follow-up care as well as at the maintenance phase, both in an inpatient and outpatient setting.

Trigeminal neuropathy following orthognathic surgery

Traumatic trigeminal neuropathy occupies a special place in the pain continuum. The clarification of genesis and clinical and neurophysiological findings makes it possible to perform differentiation treatment.Objective: to evaluate the clinical and neurophysiological efficiency of repetitive magnetic stimulation (RMS) and vitamin B complex therapy for traumatic trigeminal neuropathy.Patients and methods. The investigation enrolled 36 patients (26 women and 10 men) aged 25 to 35 years with inferior alveolar neuropathy following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. The DN4 questionnaire was used to identify a neurogenic pain component. The intensity of pain syndrome was assessed using a visual analogue scale. A neurophysiological examination involving the recording of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and trigeminal evoked potentials (TEPs) was made using a Neuro-MEP device (Neurosoft, Russia). Therapy including vitamin B complex was performed in 12 patients. Twenty-four patients received low-frequency pulsed magnetic field therapy using a Neuro-MS magnetic stimulator.Results and discussion. The clinical picture in patients with traumatic inferior alveolar neuropathy after corrective mandible surgery is characterized by the polymorphism of pain sensations and sensory disorders. The development of pain syndrome is due to a neuropathic component. The 10-day vitamin group B therapy cycle had no substantial impact on the time course of clinical and neurophysiological changes. After the 10-day RMS cycle, there were reductions in swelling and the intensity of pain syndrome and the severity of sensory disorders in the lower lip, chin, and mandible. The data on BAEPs showed shortening in the interpeak intervals III–V; those on TEPs demonstrated a decrease in the P1–N1 amplitude.Conclusion. Unlike vitamin B complex therapy, the RMS cycle in patients with traumatic trigeminal neuropathy makes it possible to reduce the intensity of pain syndrome and the severity of sensory disorders, as well as excitability of the nonspecific structures of the brainstem and the central structures of the trigeminal system.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ФОТОМАГНИТОТЕРАПИИ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ АРТРИТЕ

Background. The choice of physiotherapeutic method in the treatment of joint diseases remains an urgent problem in physiotherapy. The aim: а comparative study of the efficiency of a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field (LPMF) and its combination with infrared light (photomagnetic therapy) in experimental arthritis. Material and methods. Studies were performed on 50 male rats. A zymosan model of arthritis was used. The animals were divided into 4 groups, the 1st group – intact animals, the 2nd – animals with arthritis without treatment, in the 3rd group they underwent course exposure to LPMF, in the 4th group LPMF in combination with infrared light. Clinical, laboratory, morphological and histochemical studies were performed. Results. It was revealed that photomagnetic therapy to a greater extent than a LPMF reduces the activity of the inflammatory process, and also leads to a partial normalization of the structure of cartilage tissue. Conclusions. The data obtained can be used to develop differentiated methods of physiotherapy in rheumatology.

Влияние низкочастотного магнитного поля на полиэлектролитные микрокапсулы с наночастицами магнетита

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules have been prepared by sequential adsorption of oppositely charged sodium polystyrene sulfonate and polyallylamine hydrochloride molecules on the surface of calcium carbonate particles. The capsule shells are functionalized with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles to provide control over the localization of microcapsules and the permeability of their shells. The control of microcapsule permeability using a low-frequency non-heating magnetic field is based on the magneto-mechanical actuation, which, due to its high penetration ability, locality and safety, is preferable for application in vivo to magnetic hyperthermia. Here we report on the results of analysis of the effect of a low-frequency pulsed sinusoidal magnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz on the permeability of the microcapsule shell for fluorescently labeled dextran molecules. It was found that the permeability of the shell increases with a decrease in the duration of the pause between magnetic field pulses, causing an increase in the amount of dextran in the shell.

Efficacy of Pulsed Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Therapy on Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Study DesignA randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.PurposeTo investigate the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy combined with therapeutic exercises in the treatment of chronic low back pain (CLBP).Overview of LiteratureLow back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal pain disorder. Most available interventions for CLBP have modestly beneficial outcomes. Despite the potential effect of PEMF therapy on LBP, there have been few studies regarding its effectiveness.MethodsForty-two patients (22 males, 20 females), were randomized into either the treatment group (PEMF and therapeutic exercises) or placebo group (sham PEMF and exercises). Primary outcome measures were pain intensity on the 10-point Numeric PainRating Scale and disability measured by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. The patients were assessed at baseline, during the treatment period (weeks 3, 6, and 9), and after treatment (week 13).ResultsThe treatment group experienced a more rapid improvement in both pain and disability compared with the placebo group. The analysis showed a significant improvement in the pain intensity and disability scores in the treatment group at week 3 (p<0.05), whereas an improvement in the placebo group was detected at week 6. The significant improvement in both groups was sustained for weeks 6, 9, and 13. There was no difference between the groups in scores of pain intensity and disability at weeks 6 and 13.ConclusionsPEMF therapy improved pain and disability in patients with CLBP. However, it does not seem to be superior to other treatment options.

Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field Improves Depression-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairments in Depressive Rats Mainly via Modulating Synaptic Function.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown great promise as a medical treatment of depression. The effectiveness of TMS treatment at high frequency has been well investigated; however, low-frequency TMS in depression treatment has rarely been investigated in depression-induced cognitive deficits. Herein, this study was carried out to assess the possible modulatory role of low-frequency pulsed magnetic field (LFPMF) on reversing cognitive impairment in a model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups as follows: a control group (CON), a control applied with LFPMF (CON + LFPMF), a CUS group, and a CUS treated with LFPMF (CUS + LFPMF) group. During 8 weeks of CUS, compared to those in the CON group, animals not only gained less weight but also exhibited anhedonia, anxiety, and cognitive decline in behavioral tests. After 2-week treatment of LFPMF, a 20 mT, 1 Hz magnetic stimulation, it reversed the impairment of spatial cognition as well as hippocampal synaptic function including long-term potentiation and related protein expression. Thus, LFPMF has shown effectively improvements on depressant behavior and cognitive dysfunction in CUS rats, possibly via regulating synaptic function.

Effect of sinusoidal and pulsed magnetic field exposure on the chronological aging and cellular stability of S. cerevisiae

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of low frequency and intensity sinusoidal magnetic field (SMF) and pulsed magnetic field (PMF) exposure on the chronological aging and cellular stability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Materials and methods: The S. cerevisiae wild type strain (WS8105-1C) was exposed to SMF (2.45 mT, 50 Hz, continuous) and PMF (1.5 mT, 25 Hz, 8 h/day). Chronological aging was evaluated during 40 days. Survival was assayed by clonogenic assay and drop test. Cellular stability was studied by spontaneous mutation count and the index of respiratory competence (IRC).Results: We found that exposure to PMF produces an acceleration of cellular chronological aging, not observed in the groups treated with SMF. A decrease in the spontaneous frequency of mitochondrial mutation during aging was observed in PMF-treated samples. However, no alterations in the IRC during aging were found for both, SMF and PMF, treatments.Conclusions: Exposure to PMF produces the acceleration of aging and an alteration in cellular stability.

Effects of pulsed low-frequency magnetic field therapy on pain intensity in patients with musculoskeletal chronic low back pain: study protocol for a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial

IntroductionThe aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of pulsed low-frequency magnetic field (PLFMF) on the management of chronic low back pain (CLBP).Methods and analysisA randomised double-blinded...

Factor analysis of irradiation of the strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) seeds pulsed low-frequency magnetic field

The present study explored the effect of the irradiation of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) seeds by a lowfrequency magnetic field with the help of a developed device for magnetic-pulse processing of plants.The experiment was repeated three times; 24 batches of 30 seeds per batch were involved and one batch of 100 seeds was taken as a control.The induction of the pulsed magnetic field in the processing zone was 4, 5, 6 mT, regulated by moving the working body of the inductor (magnetic coil).The experiment showed that low-frequency pulsed magnetic had a positive effect on the germination energy and the germination of strawberry seeds. Statistical processing of the obtained experimental results was carried out by means of mathematical modeling by orthogonal planning of experiments.On the 18th day of registration, the germination energy of strawberry seeds treated with a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field exceeded the control indicators by 21%. Based on the calculated coefficients of the mathematical model, the response function and equation of the mathematical model were found.The graphical interpretation of the function of three variables and the chart of lines of equal level (contours) were constructed.The values of the extremum of the response function and the corresponding values of the factors in the coded and natural form were obtained.The analysis of these factorial experiments showed that the most effective parameter of irradiation for increasing germination and seed germination energy is irradiation with a frequency of 15.325 Hz, a duty ratio of 16.145 and magnetic induction in the irradiation zone of 5.05 MT.

Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field improves depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairments in depressive rats via modulating synaptic function and neuronal oscillations

Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field improves depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairments in depressive rats via modulating synaptic function and neuronal oscillations