Low-fat Hypocaloric Diet Research Articles

Role of rs670 variant of APOA1 gene on metabolic response after a high fat vs. a low fat hypocaloric diets in obese human subjects

Background & aimsA common G-to-A transition located 75 base pairs upstream (rs670) from transcription start site of the APOA1 gene has been related with some metabolic parameters. Our aim was to analyze the effects of rs670 APOA1 gene polymorphism on lipid profile and metabolic changes after two different hypocaloric diets. Methods282 obese subjects were randomly allocated during 12 weeks (Diet HF – high fat diet vs. Diet LF – low fat diet). Anthropometric and biochemical status were evaluated. ResultsBody mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, leptin levels and waist circumference decreased in all patients in average after both diets. In A allele carriers after 12 weeks with both diets, insulin levels (Delta diet HF: −5.3 + 1.2 UI/L; P = 0.02 and Delta diet LF: −5.8 + 1.3 UI/L; P = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (Delta diet HF: −2.9 + 0.8 units; P = 0.01 and Delta diet LF: −2.2 + 0.9 units; P = 0.03) improved in a significant way. With the low fat diet, A allele carriers showed a statistical improvement in HDL-cholesterol levels (Delta: 4 + 1 mg/dl; P = 0.03). ConclusionsOur study showed the association of rs670 ApoA1 polymorphism with a decrease of insulin resistance induced by both diets and provided additional evidence on HDL-cholesterol increase after a LF hypocaloric diet in A allele carriers.

Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects

Background and Aims: Omentin-1 might play a role in insulin resistance and obesity. This study is aimed at evaluating the influence of weight loss treatment on omentin-1 concentrations and other parameters after 2 different hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. Methods: A total of 239 obese subjects were randomly allocated during 12 weeks (Diet I – high-fat diet vs. Diet II – low fat diet), and their anthropometric and biochemical status were evaluated. Results: After dietary intervention, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance decreased in a statistical manner from their base values. After consuming diet II (low fat diet), the omentin-1 levels increased in males (20 ± 14 ng/mL) and females (35 ± 19 ng/mL). No changes were observed in omentin-1 levels after consuming hypocaloric diet type I (high fat). The multiple regression analyses after weight loss with diet I adjusted by age and sex showed a statistical association between BMI kg/m² (Beta –0.33: 95% CI –4.58 to –0.11) and post-treatment omentin-1 levels. The analysis after weight loss with diet II showed a statistical association with BMI kg/m² (Beta –0.31: 95% CI –3.93 to –0.08) and insulin UI/L (Beta –0.25: 95% CI –4.63 to –0.05) with post-treatment omentin-1 levels. Conclusions: Our design showed a significant increase in serum omentin-1 levels after weight loss secondary to a low fat hypocaloric diet, in contrast to no changes following consuming a high fat hypocaloric diet.

The rs1862513 Variant in Resistin Gene-Modified Insulin Resistance and Insulin Levels after Weight Loss Secondary to Hypocaloric Diet

Background/Aims: Polymorphisms of a single nucleotide in RETN have been associated with indexes of insulin resistance. Our aim was to analyze the effects of the rs1862513 RETN gene polymorphism on insulin resistance, insulin levels, and resistin levels changes after 3 months of a low-fat hypocaloric diet. Design: A Caucasian population of 133 obese patients was analyzed before and after 3 months on a low-fat hypocaloric diet. Results: Fifty-six patients (42.1%) had the genotype GG (wild group) and 77 (57.9%) patients had the other genotypes; GC (59 patients, 44.4%) or CC (18 patients, 13.5%; mutant group). In wild and mutant genotype groups, weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure decreased. In the wild genotype group, the decrease in total cholesterol was -13.1 ± 25.3 mg/dL (vs. -4.4 ± 13.7 mg/dL in mutant group: p = 0.004 for group deltas), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was -13.0 ± 21.5 mg/dL (-4.3 ± 10.5 mg/dL: p = 0.007), glucose -7.2 ± 3.5 mg/dL (-0.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL: p = 0.01), insulin -5.6 ± 2.5 mUI/L (-2.9 ± 1.2 mUI/L: p = 0.03) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) -2.5 ± 1.1 (-0.6 ± 1.4: p = 0.02). Leptin levels decreased in both genotypes (-10.1 ± 9.5 ng/dL in wild type group vs. -13.1 ± 0.2 ng/dL in mutant type group: p > 0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that the G/G genotype of RETN rs1862513 could be a predictor of the reduction of HOMA-IR, insulin, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol secondary to a hypocaloric diet in obese subjects.

The rs10401670 variant in resistin gene improved insulin resistance response and metabolic parameters secondaries to weight loss after a hypocaloric diet

The SNP 3'UTR C/T (rs10401670), it is a polymorphism that has been associated with diabetes mellitus and it has been scarcely studied before. As far as we know, no studies on interaction among diet intervention, rs10401670 variant of RETN and metabolic response has been realized. Our aim was to analyze the effects of the rs10401670 RETN gene polymorphism on insulin resistance response and metabolic changes secondary to weight loss after 3 months of a hypocaloric diet in adults obese patients without diabetes mellitus. A Caucasian population of 135 obese patients without diabetes mellitus was analyzed. Before and after 3 months on a low fat hypocaloric diet, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake and a biochemical analysis were performed. The statistical analysis was performed for the combined CT and TT as a group (minor allele group) and wild type CC as second group (major allele group) (dominant model). Forty nine patients (36.3%) had the genotype CC (major allele group) and 86 (63.7%) patients had the next genotypes; CT (67 patients, 49.6%) or TT (19 patients, 14.1%) (minor allele group). After dietary treatment and in major allele group, weight, BMI, fat mass, systolic blood pressure and waist circumference decreases were similar than minor allele group. In T allele carriers, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels decreased significantly. In non T allele carriers and after dietary treatment, only LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol decreased. In non T Allele carriers, the decrease in total cholesterol was-15.1±18.3mg/dl (decrease in T Allele carriers-18.3±15.7mg/dl: p>0.05), LDL-cholesterol was-14.3±18.5mg/dl (decrease in T Allele carriers-17.3±10.1mg/dl:p>0.05), fasting glucose plasma-2.2±1.5mg/dL (decrease in T Allele carriers-4.8±1.2mg/dL: p=0.02), insulin-1.1±2.0 mUI/L (decrease in T Allele carriers-6.3±1.9 mUI/L: p=0.001) and HOMA-IR-0.2±1.0 (decrease in T Allele carriers-1.8±1.4: p=0.005). Leptin levels decrease in both genotypes after dietary treatment (-21.1±8.5ng/dL in nonT Allele carriers vs-16.2±10.2ng/dL in T Allele carriers:p>0.05). Resistin remained unchanged in both groups. In our study in non-diabetic obese subjects, we describe an association of rs10401670T allele with a better metabolic response (glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR) secondary to weight loss with a hypocaloric diet.

The rs9939609 Gene Variant in FTO Modified the Metabolic Response of Weight Loss After a 3-Month Intervention With a Hypocaloric Diet

BackgroundCommon polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) have been linked to obesity in some populations. Nevertheless, the role of FTO variants on body weight response after...

Evaluation of weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with rs9939609 gene variant

Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) have been linked to obesity in some populations. One of these genetic variants (rs9939609) has been related to an increased risk of obesity. Our aim was to evaluate weight loss and adipocytokine levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with RS9939609 gene variant. 305 obese patients were enrolled in a prospective way. In the basal visit, patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to low carbohydrates and low fat. After treatment with both diets and in both genotypes, weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressures decreased. With the diet type I and in TT genotype, insulin (-6.6 ± 9.8 IU/L) and homeostasis model assessment (-2.9 ± 6.1 units) decreased. With the diet type II and in both genotypes (wild and mutant type), insulin (-5.2 ± 6.1 vs. -3.8 ± 6.1 IU/L; p < 0.05) and homeostasis model assessment (-2.4 ± 4.8 vs. -1.1 ± 3.8 kg; p < 0.05) decreased. In the A allele group, a significant decrease was detected in total cholesterol levels (-11.5 ± 20.1 mg/dL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (-13.2 ± 20.9 mg/dL) and c-reactive protein levels (-1.3 ± 3.8 mg/dL) secondary to weight loss after treatment with diet II. The decrease of leptin levels was higher in mutant type group than wild type group with low fat diet (-10.3 ± 36.1 vs. -28.6 ± 53.7 ng/mL; p < 0.05). Metabolic improvement secondary to weight loss was better in A carriers with a low fat hypocaloric diet.

Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects

Obesity-related hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Fat reduced hypocaloric diets are able to relieve the liver from ectopically stored lipids. We hypothesized that the widely used low carbohydrate hypocaloric diets are similarly effective in this regard. A total of 170 overweight and obese, otherwise healthy subjects were randomized to either reduced carbohydrate (n = 84) or reduced fat (n = 86), total energy restricted diet (-30% of energy intake before diet) for 6 months. Body composition was estimated by bioimpedance analyses and abdominal fat distribution by magnetic resonance tomography. Subjects were also submitted to fat spectroscopy of liver and oral glucose tolerance testing. In all, 102 subjects completed the diet intervention with measurements of intrahepatic lipid content. Both hypocaloric diets decreased body weight, total body fat, visceral fat, and intrahepatic lipid content. Subjects with high baseline intrahepatic lipids (>5.56%) lost ≈7-fold more intrahepatic lipids compared with those with low baseline values (<5.56%) irrespective of diet composition. In contrast, changes in visceral fat mass and insulin sensitivity were similar between subgroups, with low and high baseline intrahepatic lipids. A prolonged hypocaloric diet low in carbohydrates and high in fat has the same beneficial effects on intrahepatic lipid accumulation as the traditional low-fat hypocaloric diet. The decrease in intrahepatic lipids appears to be independent of visceral fat loss and is not tightly coupled with changes in whole body insulin sensitivity during 6 months of an energy restricted diet.

A High-Protein Diet With Resistance Exercise Training Improves Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of two low-fat hypocaloric diets differing in the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, with and without resistance exercise training (RT), on weight loss, body composition, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 83 men and women with type 2 diabetes (aged 56.1 ± 7.5 years, BMI 35.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, energy-restricted diet (female subjects 6 MJ/day, male subjects 7 MJ/day) of either standard carbohydrate (CON; carbohydrate:protein:fat 53:19:26) or high protein (HP; 43:33:22), with or without supervised RT (3 days/week) for 16 weeks. Body weight and composition, waist circumference (WC), and cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed.RESULTSFifty-nine participants completed the study. There was a significant group effect (P ≤ 0.04) for body weight, fat mass, and WC with the greatest reductions occuring in HP+RT (weight [CON: −8.6 ± 4.6 kg, HP: −9.0 ± 4.8 kg, CON+RT: −10.5 ± 5.1 kg, HP+RT: −13.8 ± 6.0 kg], fat mass [CON: −6.4 ± 3.4 kg, HP: −6.7 ± 4.0 kg, CON+RT: −7.9 ± 3.7 kg, HP+RT: −11.1 ± 3.7 kg], and WC [CON: −8.2 ± 4.6 cm, HP: −8.9 ± 3.9 cm, CON+RT: −11.3 ± 4.6 cm, HP+RT: −13.7 ± 4.6 cm]). There was an overall reduction (P < 0.001) in fat-free mass (−2.0 ± 2.3 kg), blood pressure (−15/8 ± 10/6 mmHg), glucose (−2.1 ± 2.2 mmol/l), insulin (−4.7 ± 5.4 mU/l), A1C (−1.25 ± 0.94%), triglycerides (−0.47 ± 0.81 mmol/l), total cholesterol (−0.67 ± 0.69 mmol/l), and LDL cholesterol (−0.37 ± 0.53 mmol/l), with no difference between groups (P ≥ 0.17).CONCLUSIONSAn energy-restricted HP diet combined with RT achieved greater weight loss and more favorable changes in body composition. All treatments had similar improvements in glycemic control and CVD risk markers.

Decrease of Lp(a) during weight reduction in obese children is modified by the apo(a) kringle-IV copy number variation

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Its concentration is mainly determined by the kringle-IV repeat copy number variation (CNV) at the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] locus. We aimed to investigate the immediate effect of weight reduction on plasma Lp(a) levels and its dependency on the apo(a) CNV in obese children. We performed a prospective longitudinal intervention study of a low-fat hypocaloric diet conducted in a 3-week dietary camp for obese children. In all, 140 obese participants (54 boys and 86 girls) with a mean age of 12.5+/-1.6 years and a mean relative body mass index (BMI) before treatment of 165.6+/-24.7% were included. Body weight and plasma levels of Lp(a), lipids, apolipoproteins A-I and B, insulin, and C-reactive protein were determined before the onset and after the end of the intervention. In addition, the number of apo(a) kringle-IV repeats were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate agarose gel electrophoresis. The mean loss of body weight was 5.0+/-1.3 kg (-6.6%), resulting in a mean decrease of the relative BMI of 6.6%. Blood chemistry revealed significant changes in all parameters, especially in Lp(a), with a decrease from 24.4+/-30.6 to 17.9+/-22.6 mg per 100 ml or -19% (P<0.001). The decrease of Lp(a) levels was higher in the group with low compared with high molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes (-23.9 vs -16.6%). Weight reduction in obese children is associated with significant changes in Lp(a) levels, especially in subjects with high pre-treatment Lp(a) concentrations. This effect is markedly influenced by the molecular phenotype at the copy-number variable apo(a) locus.

Adipose Gene Expression Prior to Weight Loss Can Differentiate and Weakly Predict Dietary Responders

BackgroundThe ability to identify obese individuals who will successfully lose weight in response to dietary intervention will revolutionize disease management. Therefore, we asked whether it is possible to identify subjects who will lose weight during dietary intervention using only a single gene expression snapshot.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe present study involved 54 female subjects from the Nutrient-Gene Interactions in Human Obesity-Implications for Dietary Guidelines (NUGENOB) trial to determine whether subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression could be used to predict weight loss prior to the 10-week consumption of a low-fat hypocaloric diet. Using several statistical tests revealed that the gene expression profiles of responders (8–12 kgs weight loss) could always be differentiated from non-responders (<4 kgs weight loss). We also assessed whether this differentiation was sufficient for prediction. Using a bottom-up (i.e. black-box) approach, standard class prediction algorithms were able to predict dietary responders with up to 61.1%±8.1% accuracy. Using a top-down approach (i.e. using differentially expressed genes to build a classifier) improved prediction accuracy to 80.9%±2.2%.ConclusionAdipose gene expression profiling prior to the consumption of a low-fat diet is able to differentiate responders from non-responders as well as serve as a weak predictor of subjects destined to lose weight. While the degree of prediction accuracy currently achieved with a gene expression snapshot is perhaps insufficient for clinical use, this work reveals that the comprehensive molecular signature of adipose tissue paves the way for the future of personalized nutrition.

No Difference in Lipolysis or Glucose Transport of Subcutaneous Fat Cells Between Moderate-fat and Low-fat Hypocaloric Diets in Obese Women

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two different diets on lipolysis and lipogenesis in subcutaneous fat cells from obese women. In a ten-week nutritional intervention study, forty women were randomly assigned to a hypoenergetic-2,514 kJ (- 600 kcal/day) diet of either moderate-fat/moderate-carbohydrate or low-fat/high-carbohydrate content. Body weight was equally reduced by approximately 7.5 % in both diet groups (p = 0.58). A subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy was obtained for subsequent measurement of triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis) using drugs active at different steps of the lipolytic signaling cascade, and lipid synthesis (glucose transport) before and after intervention. No difference was found between the two diet groups at the maximum rate of either lipolysis or adrenoceptor sensitivity (p-values: 0.14 - 0.97). Inhibition of lipolysis by insulin was also similar in both diet groups before and after intervention. Finally, insulin-stimulated glucose transport did not show any changes that could be attributed to the type of diet. In conclusion, our data suggest that macronutrient diet composition has no major influence on glucose transport or mobilization of triglycerides in human subcutaneous fat cells of obese women.

Decrease of plasma apolipoprotein A-IV during weight reduction in obese adolescents on a low fat diet

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is an antiatherogenic apolipoprotein, which may be involved in the regulation of food intake. Plasma apoA-IV is elevated in human obesity and apoA-IV polymorphisms have been associated with the extent of obesity. Our aim was to determine the effects of weight loss on plasma apo-IV in obese adolescents and to examine the relation of apoA-IV with the degree of obesity. Longitudinal intervention study of a low fat hypocaloric diet conducted in a dietary camp. Two groups of obese adolescents (n=47 and n=29), age: 12.7+/-1.7 and 11.7+/-2.6 y, relative body mass index (RBMI): 168+/-24 and 175+/-34%, respectively. Plasma total apoA-IV, apoA-I, apoB, plasma distribution of apoA-IV, leptin, lipids, and lipoproteins before and after 3 weeks of weight reduction. Plasma apoA-IV decreased from 11.5+/-4.1 mg/dl before to 6.7+/-2.2 mg/dl after weight reduction in the first group (P<0.001) and to a similar extent in the second group. The relative amount of lipid-free apoA-IV and apoA-IV associated with apoA-I increased slightly, whereas apoA-IV associated with lipoproteins devoid of apoA-I decreased. ApoA-IV levels before and after weight reduction and the changes in plasma apoA-IV did not independently correlate with RBMI, weight loss, or plasma leptin. Plasma apoA-IV decreases markedly in overweight adolescents undergoing short-term weight reduction. The decrease is not directly related to the degree of weight loss and the mechanisms underlying this reduction remain to be clarified.

Comparison Of Eating Disorder Inventory (edi2) Scores Of Male Bodybuilders To The Male College Student Subgroup.

Male bodybuilders report high-protein, low-fat hypocaloric diet patterns similar to those seen in college females with anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The intensity and effort that bodybuilders put into their training suggests obligatory-type behavior, not unlike compulsive eaters and/or compulsive alcohol drinkers, or those with eating disorders. This study surveyed volunteers who identified themselves as competitive or recreational bodybuilders regarding eating behaviors using the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI2), which has been assessed to be a reliable and valid instrument to screen for tendencies toward eating disorders. Male subjects (n=65) were recruited through announcements in two midwestern and one western university weight lifting clubs, announcements strategically placed on each campus, and phone and/or personal contact by the researchers. A control group (non-bodybuilders/non-weight lifters) (n=41) was recruited from students in non-athletic classes. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire composed of questions from the Eating Disorders Inventory 2 (EDI2) and an additional pool of questions. In addition to descriptive statistics, a t-test was used to examine relationships (p ≤ .05) between independent variables (control vs bodybuilder) and dependent variables (EDI2 scores), and between independent variables. EDI2 scores for bodybuilders were significantly different between the subjects and control groups on the Interpersonal Distrust scale. Since this comparison was based on average results for the groups, it does not rule out the possibility that some of the subjects exhibit characteristics typical of eating disorders. It is also possible that the EDI2 is not an appropriate scale to measure eating disorder tendencies in males, especially bodybuilders.

Metabolic profiles, diet, and health practices of championship male and female bodybuilders

To obtain a more complete view of their general health and health care habits, 27 bodybuilders (19 men and 8 women) competing at the 1988 National Physique Committee's Junior USA Bodybuilding Championships participated in this study. Data pertaining to demographics and pre-competition nutrition, training, health, and drug abuse practices were collected by self-administered and interview surveys and records. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements and casual blood samples were collected on -site at the competition registration. Multi-drug abuse was reported by 15% to 40% of the subjects, and 20% to 40% of subjects left the drug use questions unanswered. Severe fluid restrictions and dehydrating practices were reported by all subjects. Eleven men and two women agreed to have blood drawn. Plasma glucose values were at the low end of the normal fasting range. Hemoglobin levels were elevated, indicating hypohydration; magnesium levels were slightly low. Percent body fat, estimated by seven-site skinfold measures, was low for both sexes (men, 6.0 +/- 1.8; women, 9.8 +/- 1.5); 75% of the women reported normal menstrual cycles. The men reported high-protein, low-fat hypocaloric diet patterns. Women had a moderate zinc intake and a remarkably deficient calcium intake despite an adequate energy intake. This research demonstrates that bodybuilders partake in a multitude of practices that may place them in high-risk health categories. It is essential that health care workers in contact with bodybuilding athletes intervene and educate them about healthy dietary and training alternatives.