Low Energy Utilization Efficiency Research Articles

Efficient activation of the Co/SBA-15 catalyst by high-frequency AC-DBD plasma thermal effects for toluene removal

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma excited by a high-frequency alternating-current (AC) power supply is widely employed for the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the thermal effect generated during the discharge process leads to energy waste and low energy utilization efficiency. In this work, an innovative DBD thermally-conducted catalysis (DBD-TCC) system, integrating high-frequency AC-DBD plasma and its generated thermal effects to activate the Co/SBA-15 catalyst, was employed for toluene removal. Specifically, Co/SBA-15 catalysts are closely positioned to the ground electrode of the plasma zone and can be heated and activated by the thermal effect when the voltage exceeds 10 kV. At 12.4 kV, the temperature in the catalyst zone reached 261 °C in the DBD-TCC system, resulting in an increase in toluene degradation efficiency of 17%, CO2 selectivity of 21.2%, and energy efficiency of 27%, respectively, compared to the DBD system alone. In contrast, the DBD thermally-unconducted catalysis (DBD-TUC) system fails to enhance toluene degradation due to insufficient heat absorption and catalytic activation, highlighting the crucial role of AC-DBD generated heat in the activation of the catalyst. Furthermore, the degradation pathway and mechanism of toluene in the DBD-TCC system were hypothesized. This work is expected to provide an energy-efficient approach for high-frequency AC-DBD plasma removal of VOCs.

Design and Experimentation of Tensegrity Jumping Robots

Jumping robots possess the capability to surmount formidable obstacles and are well-suited for navigating through complex terrain environments. However, most of the existing jumping robots face challenges in achieving stable jumping and they also have low energy utilization efficiency, which limits their practical applications. In this work, a two-module jumping robot based on tensegrity structure is put forward. Firstly, the structural design and jumping mechanism of the robot are elaborated in the article. Then, dynamic models, including the two modules’ simultaneous jumping and step-up jumping process of the robot, are established utilizing the Lagrange dynamic modeling method. On this basis, the effects of parameters, including the stiffness of elastic cables and the initial tilt angle of the robot, on the jumping performance of the robot can be obtained. Finally, simulations are carried out and a prototype is developed to verify the rationality of the tensegrity-based jumping robot proposed in this work. The experiment results show that our jumping robot can achieve a stable jumping process and the step-up jumping of each module of the prototype can have higher energy efficiency than that of simultaneous jumping of each module, which enables the robot a better jumping performance. This research serves as a valuable reference for the design and analysis of jumping robots.

Thermal performance of a novel traditional Chinese personal heating device (Huotong) combined with PCMs

Chinese traditional individual heating equipment with a history of hundreds of years “Huotong” was widely used in rural areas. The Huotong consisted of a closed wooden barrel-shaped outer wall and an iron basin with combustion layer. However, the traditional Huotong had problems of low energy utilization efficiency and poor thermal comfort. Thus, a novel Huotong combined with phase change materials (PCMs) was proposed. The basic model of novel Huotong was designed and manufactured. The thermal performances of the novel Huotong under two kinds of heat sources of charcoal heating and electric heating were investigated. The results showed that: (1) Under the method of charcoal heating, the heat storage and thermal comfort performance of the novel Huotong were higher than that of the traditional Huotong. Under the three-charcoal mass of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.5 kg, the heat storage performance of the novel Huotong was 1.36, 1.43 and 1.52 times of the traditional Huotong, respectively. The average PMV values of the novel Huotong was 0.92, 1.17 and 1.31, while for the traditional Huotong was 0.87, 1.32 and 1.58, respectively. (2) Under the four electric heating methods, the thermal efficiency of the novel Huotong was 1.63, 1.61, 1.47 and 1.39 times of the traditional Huotong, respectively. The heat storage performance was 1.72, 1.67, 1.47 and 1.28 times than that of the traditional Huotong. The average PMV values of the novel Huotong was 1.25, 1.22, 0.69 and 1.68, while for the traditional Huotong was 1.64, 1.53, 0.87 and 2.03, respectively.

Research on Power Optimization for Energy System of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wheel-Driven Electric Tractor

Hydrogen fuel cell tractors are emerging as a new power source for tractors. Currently, there is no mature energy management control method available. Existing methods mostly rely on engineers’ experience to determine the output power of the fuel cell and the power battery, resulting in relatively low energy utilization efficiency of the energy system. To address the aforementioned problems, a power optimization method for the energy system of hydrogen fuel cell wheel-driven electric tractor was proposed. A dynamic model of tractor ploughing conditions was established based on the system dynamics theory. From this, based on the equivalent hydrogen consumption theory, the charging and discharging of the power battery were equivalent to the fuel consumption of the hydrogen fuel cell, forming an equivalent hydrogen consumption model for the tractor. Using the state of charge (SOC) of the power battery as a constraint, and with the minimum equivalent hydrogen consumption as the objective function, an instantaneously optimized power allocation method based on load demand in the energy system is proposed by using a traversal algorithm. The optimization method was simulated and tested based on the MATLAB simulation platform, and the results showed under ploughing conditions, compared with the rule-based control strategy, the proposed energy system power optimization method optimized the power output of hydrogen fuel cells and power batteries, allowing the energy system to work in a high-efficiency range, reducing the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the tractor by 7.79%, and solving the energy system power distribution problem.

Electrostatic generator enhancements for powering IoT nodes via efficient energy management

Electrostatic generators show great potential for powering widely distributed electronic devices in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, a critical issue limiting such generators is their high impedance mismatch when coupled to electronics, which results in very low energy utilization efficiency. Here, we present a high-performance energy management unit (EMU) based on a spark-switch tube and a buck converter with an RF inductor. By optimizing the elements and parameters of the EMU, a maximum direct current output power of 79.2 mW m-2 rps-1 was reached for a rotary electret generator with the EMU, achieving 1.2 times greater power output than without the EMU. Furthermore, the maximum power of the contact-separated triboelectric nanogenerator with an EMU is 1.5 times that without the EMU. This excellent performance is attributed to the various optimizations, including utilizing an ultralow-loss spark-switch tube with a proper breakdown voltage, adding a matched input capacitor to enhance available charge, and incorporating an RF inductor to facilitate the high-speed energy transfer process. Based on this extremely efficient EMU, a compact self-powered wireless temperature sensor node was demonstrated to acquire and transmit data every 3.5 s under a slight wind speed of 0.5 m/s. This work greatly promotes the utilization of electrostatic nanogenerators in practical applications, particularly in IoT nodes.

G-C3N4@CPP/BiOClBr-OV biomimetic fractal heterojunction synergistically enhance carrier dynamics for boosted CO2 photoreduction activity

In recent years, there has been significant interest in generating high-value solar fuels via the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Nonetheless, its large-scale application is impeded by low energy utilization efficiency and limited photocatalytic activity. This study employed carbonized pomelo peel (CPP), a waste biomass material, to successfully craft a CN@CPP/BOCB-OV ternary heterojunction abundant in N/O vacancy defects through secondary calcination and in-situ growth. The construction of the heterojunction and the emergence of defect-induced donor energy levels create a built-in interface electric field (IEF) and an interfacial electron transmission channel respectively, fortifying the separation and transport of photogenerated electrons. Crucially, following the incorporation of CPP, its distinctive 3D porous and heterojunction bionic flower structures expand the spectral absorption range. Acting as a superior electron acceptor, CPP reinforces the IEF, notably boosting carrier transport efficiency. Simultaneously, it operates as a hub for photothermal synergy and CO2 adsorption activation, achieving multi-site synergistic enhancement of photoreduction CO2 activity. Hence, the CN@CPP/BOCB-OV heterojunction demonstrates a substantial quantitative enhancement in CO2 photoreduction activity. Remarkably, it exhibits the capability to catalyze CO2 reduction even under infrared light excitation, which is of great significance for the cascade utilization of solar energy. Furthermore, employing DFT calculations, we elucidate the electron transfer mechanism at the heterojunction interface and outline potential pathways for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The combination of waste biomass utilization, heterostructure construction and defect engineering provides a promising strategy for developing efficient heterostructure photocatalysts.

Non-invasive load monitoring based on deep learning to identify unknown loads.

With the rapid development of smart grids, society has become increasingly urgent to solve the problems of low energy utilization efficiency and high energy consumption. In this context, load identification has become a key element in formulating scientific and effective energy consumption plans and reducing unnecessary energy waste. However, traditional load identification methods mainly focus on known electrical equipment, and accurate identification of unknown electrical equipment still faces significant challenges. A new encoding feature space based on Triplet neural networks is proposed in this paper to detect unknown electrical appliances using convex hull coincidence degree. Additionally, transfer learning is introduced for the rapid updating of the pre-classification model's self-incrementing class with the unknown load. In experiments, the effectiveness of our method is successfully tested on the PLAID dataset. The accuracy of unknown load identification reached 99.23%. Through this research, we expect to bring a new idea to the field of load identification to meet the urgent need for the identification of unknown electrical appliances in the development of smart grids.

Characteristics of Step-Shaped Laser-Driven Flyers on Fiber End Face Based on a Ti/Al Ablation Layer.

Laser-driven flyers (LDF), which can launch the flyer on the interaction of a laser pulse with a thin film of metal, have been widely used in many fields, such as ignition, space scrap metal science, and dynamic high-pressure physics. However, at present, further development of LDF is being hindered by the high reflectivity of the ablation layer and low energy utilization efficiency of LDF on the fiber end face. Herein, improved LDFs were designed and fabricated by mask plate and magnetron sputtering. Improved LDF incorporates a Ti/Al composite film as the ablation layer, while the flyer layer features a smaller diameter round platform design. Reflectivity of samples under static and dynamic conditions and driving characteristics of samples were tested using an optical isolator and photonic doppler velocimetry system. The velocity of the improved LDFs reaches 1.7 km/s with a peak acceleration of 8.7 × 1010 m/s2. LDF with a Ti/Al composite film as the ablation layer demonstrates a static absorption rate of 59%, which gradually increases to 65% under laser irradiation. This absorption rate is notably higher compared with the static absorption rate (20%) and the peak absorption rate under laser irradiation (40%) of an Al layer. Consequently, there is a substantial improvement of about 35% in the flyer velocity. In contrast to the plane-shaped LDF, the velocity profile of the flyer and impact crater morphology suggest that the step-shaped LDF offers a 15% improvement in velocity and a 50% increase in acceleration, with better flyer integrity observed.

Toward Next‐Generation Smart Windows: An In‐depth Analysis of Dual‐Band Electrochromic Materials and Devices

AbstractAs the proportion of buildings energy consumption increases, the issue of low energy utilization efficiency becomes increasingly prominent. Approximately 45% of the energy is lost through doors and windows, a significant concern that has drawn society's attention to the potential of electrochromic technology, which can regulate light transmittance and absorption effectively. Specifically, dual‐band electrochromic materials offer a promising solution to this issue, as they can manipulate the transmission ratios of visible (VIS) and near‐infrared (NIR) light to obtain “bright,” “cold,” “warm,” and “dark” independent modes. However, research on dual‐band electrochromic materials and smart windows is still infant, and many challenges including performance and assembly issues, are significant obstacles to the advancement and application of this technology. This review clarifies the basic characteristics of dual‐band electrochromic materials and smart windows, including configurations, operational mechanisms, and performance assessment parameters. In‐depth examination of potential dual‐band electrochromic materials and methods for achieving independent modulation is provided, along with an analysis of the challenges and potential solutions for performance and assembly issues. Finally, the future prospects of dual‐band electrochromic smart windows (ESWs) are underscored. The hope is to eventually facilitate the commercial application of these windows, which can significantly contribute to the creation of modern, energy‐efficient buildings.

Cooperative control method considering efficiency and tracking performance for unmanned hybrid tractor based on rotary tillage prediction

In order to address the issues of poor trajectory tracking accuracy and low energy utilization efficiency in operation for unmanned hybrid tractors, a cooperative control method was proposed specifically for rotary tillage conditions. This method aims to improve the tractor efficiency and trajectory tracking performance. Firstly, a power take-off (PTO) power prediction method based on the Markov chain is designed to address the PTO of sudden load changes. Secondly, a trajectory tracking method based on model predictive control is designed to improve the accuracy of rotary tillage operation tracking. Next, in order to achieve efficient utilization of overall system energy, a real-time energy-saving control method based on instantaneous optimization is proposed. Finally, integrating the PTO power prediction method, trajectory tracking method, and real-time energy-saving control method with velocity and PTO power as the interactive variables, a cooperative control method based on Markov-trajectory tracking is established. The results show that the proposed control method simultaneously improves the energy utilization efficiency and trajectory tracking accuracy of the tractor under the rotary tillage condition. This study provides a reference for the cooperative control of the drive system and trajectory tracking of unmanned hybrid tractors.

An innovative coil for magnetic pulse welding of dissimilar sheet metals: Numerical simulation and experiments

Magnetic pulse welding (MPW), as an environmentally friendly room temperature solid-state welding technology, usually involves low energy utilization efficiency, resulting in the need for higher energy to achieve metallurgical welding. This study proposed an innovative coil structure for increasing energy utilization efficiency during MPW. The current signal and structural strength of new coils with different turns were analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that, different from traditional E-shaped and H-shaped single turn coils, the new structure can achieve nearly n-time amplification of current, which enabling the flyer plate to achieve the critical speed of metallurgical welding at lower energy. The 7-turn coil has higher structural strength and pulse current compared to the other coils in this study. The initial current was amplified 5.2 times by the 7-turn coil and welding of Al-Fe plates was achieved. The microstructures at the welding interface exhibit typical metallurgical features, including wave interfaces, element diffusion layers, and intermetallic compounds. The fracture location of the AA1060 (thickness δ: 0.5)-DP600 joint appeared on the base metal. The fracture morphology of AA5754 (thickness δ: 1.0)-DP600 joint shows that a large amount of aluminum element remains on the DP600 plate. Therefore, the new coil can increase the energy utilization rate during the welding process and achieve stable metallurgical welding of dissimilar materials.

Reliability issues of GaN HEMT: Current status and challenges

With the development of power electronic devices, there is an increasing demand for energy-saving, emission reduction, and environmental protection. Thus, higher energy conversion efficiency of power electronic devices is required. While traditional Si-based power electronic devices have the disadvantage of low energy utilization efficiency and high thermal losses, GaN-based HEMT has significant advantages, making it a frontier and hotspot in global semiconductor research. However, the failure mechanisms that affect the reliability of GaN HEMTs are not completely comprehended. Many reliability issues affect devices performance, among which electrical reliability and thermal reliability are widely studied concerns. Electrical reliability issues contain inverse piezoelectric effect, hot electron effect, trapping effect, and mental instability. Thermal reliability issues contain self-heating effects, which are caused by the materials unsatisfying thermal conductivity, and improper structure design. This paper is focused on the current research results of the GaN HEMTs electrical reliability and thermal reliability. The first part of this paper gives a review of GaN HEMT reliability issues at their current status, and the second part outlines the challenges of GaN HEMTs in future development. This review will help researchers to better understand factors that affect GaN HEMTs reliability and help with their device design for further research.

Emerging technologies for advancing microalgal photosynthesis and metabolism toward sustainable production

Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that play a vital role in primary production and have diverse applications in various industries. They have high photosynthetic and metabolic capacities and can produce a variety of valuable metabolites, such as lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and proteins. However, practical applications of microalgae are limited to high-value products due to the high production costs. Algal biotechnology faces challenges such as low energy utilization efficiency and product yield that are currently inadequate to fulfill commercial production. To overcome these challenges, emerging technologies have shown promise to achieve higher production efficiency, including molecular manipulation of photosynthetic efficiency and metabolic activities. Here, we provided an overview of the importance, diversity, and photosynthesis of microalgae, as well as strategies for enhancing their photosynthetic efficiency. We discussed various approaches for improving microalgal photosynthesis, including strain selection and optimization, rational genetic modification, and innovative technologies such as spectral recomposition of light, nanomaterials, advanced cultivation systems, and symbiotic systems. Additionally, we summarized metabolic engineering strategies that focus on optimizing the synthesis of value-added metabolites, such as pigments, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch, proteins, and hydrogen in microalgae. By concentrating on improving photosynthetic efficiency and the synthesis of bioactive metabolites, this review provided valuable insights into enhancing microalgae production yields. Overcoming limitations in microalgae production costs can lead to broader applications in various industries. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of these strategies in increasing the efficiency of microalgae as a sustainable source for high-value products.

China's Energy Structure Problems and Optimization Suggestions from the Perspective of Low-carbon Economy

Energy consumption, technological level, and sustainable industrial system are crucial for developing a low-carbon economy. China's excessive reliance on coal has led to low energy utilization efficiency, which has become an important factor affecting the optimization of China's energy structure and further constraining the sustainable development of the economy. In this regard, this article attempts to explore the issues of China's energy structure from the perspective of a low-carbon economy, and proposes strategies for optimizing China's energy structure from the perspective of a low-carbon economy. In the context of developing a low-carbon economy, starting from China's specific national conditions, the government should play a guiding role, optimize China's energy structure step by step, and promote the development of new energy projects. Based on China's actual technological situation, technological upgrading and industrial structure transformation, we will focus on developing low-carbon related industries and strategic emerging industries. Only by continuously innovating and applying new energy can we achieve the transformation of energy application structure in the production and living fields, gradually shifting from high pollution and high emissions to low pollution and low emissions.

Prospective study of a novel heat pump system with solar energy spectral beam splitting

Renewable solar energy as a resource for carbon emissions reduction, its application and promotion are hindered by low energy utilization efficiency. Photovoltaic modules mainly convert solar energy into electricity only in the high-frequency spectrum band. In order to achieve a high coefficient of performance, a novel heat pump system with solar energy spectral beam splitting was developed by matching the energy grade and heat pump cycle operating conditions. This also addresses the issue that the conventional heat pump system cannot supply heat efficiently and stably in the cold region of North China. Theoretical investigations were carried out on the distribution of parameters of energy load and efficiency. Compared with conventional PV modules, solar energy utilization with spectral beam splitting, which divides solar energy into the low-frequency spectrum for thermal energy collection and the high-frequency range for power generation, ensures high power production efficiency and utilization efficiency by the cascade thermal and electric energy exploitation in the proposed novel heat pump system. Partial thermal energy is used to provide the hot water, and the rest is upgraded by an ejector-based heat pump system to meet the space heating requirements. Therefore, the novel heat pump system achieves the combined supply of space heating, hot water, and electricity with high solar energy utilization efficiency through active energy conversion and thermal energy recovery. The goal of creating a structure with zero electric power consumption appears promising. When compared to the typical single PV system's (30.7%) efficiency, the suggested system's overall energy usage efficiency (up to 81.7%) is noticeably higher. In extreme cold areas, the performance superiority of the novel system is more prominent.

High-efficiency and low-carbon inactivation of UV resistant bacteria in reclaimed water by flow-through electrode system (FES)

With the increasingly serious shortage of water resources globally, it has been paid more attention on how to secure the biosafety of reclaimed water and other non-traditional water sources. However, the 3 most applied disinfection technics, which are chlorine, ultraviolet (UV), and ozone disinfection, all have their disadvantages of selecting undesired bacteria and low energy utilization efficiency. Electrode disinfection is a promising solution, but the current electrode disinfection process still needs to be optimized in terms of the use conditions of the configuration reactivation. In this paper, we built a flow electrode system (FES). To evaluate the disinfection techniques more precisely, we isolated ultraviolet-resistant bacteria (URB) bacteria from the water of the full-scale water plant and tested the disinfection performance of FES and UV. The inactivation rate, reactivation potential, and energy consumption were analyzed. FES could inactivate 99.99 % of the URB and cause irreversible damage to the residual bacteria. FES could make all bacteria strains apoptosis in the subsequent 24 h of storage after alternating pulse current (APC) treatment, 3 V, within 27.7 s. Besides, the energy consumption of FES is about 2 orders lower than that of UV disinfection under the same inactivation rate. In summary, APC-FES is an efficient and low-carbon alternative for future water disinfection, which could achieve the ideal disinfection effect of a high inactivation rate, no reactivation, and low energy consumption.

Mariculture carbon sequestration efficiency in China: Its measurement and socio-economic factor analysis

The main characteristic of mariculture carbon sequestration is the high carbon storage and flux with minor negative impact on eco-environment. It may be an efficient way to net-zero carbon emissions (carbon neutrality) and sustainable development due to the combination of environmental and economic values. Therefore, this paper defines Mariculture Carbon Sequestration Efficiency (MCSE) as the carbon sequestration effect and economic effect in mariculture based on a certain input. First of all, this paper measures China's MCSE based on a series of data from 9 coastal provincial-level regions during 2013–2020 by Super-SBM model. Next, this paper explores the socio-economic factors of China's MCSE by STIRPAT model. Finally, this paper summarizes the advantages of China's mariculture carbon sequestration. It can be concluded from the results that China's 9 coastal provincial-level regions shows an approximate upward trend during 2013–2020, and similar trends are more obvious in the Circum-Bohai Sea (CBS) and Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD) Economic Zone. In 2020, 6 in 9 regions in the sample are efficient on technical efficiency (efficiency measured with constant returns to scale), and all regions in the sample are efficient on pure technical efficiency (efficiency measured with variable returns to scale). The MCSE in the PPRD Economic Zone such as Guangdong has the highest level. Shandong also has a high level of MCSE because of the high economic outputs in mariculture. The main drawback in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) Economic Zone and Hebei province is that the scale efficiency is not very high. Jiangsu is hampered by the low efficiency of energy utilization. The analysis of socio-economic factors based on ridge regression model and panel regression model presents that the level of population and service industry produce positive impacts on China's MCSE, whereas the level of affluence and energy intensity produce negative impacts on China's MCSE. Some policy implications, such as developing the advantages of the featured mariculture in scale, exploring new growth drivers for developing mariculture carbon sequestration, developing a market economy of mariculture carbon sequestration, and forming a sustainable modes of mariculture carbon sequestration, are proposed.

Solar interfacial regeneration performance of different solutions for liquid desiccant cooling system

A liquid desiccant cooling system (LDCS) is a promising energy-saving air-conditioning system with the advantages of being driven by low-grade heat and excellent humidity control ability. However, the problems of high energy consumption and low energy utilization efficiency of its regenerator limit its further development. To improve, a novel solar interfacial regeneration (SIR) method is proposed. The method can convert solar energy into heat and locate the heat at the evaporation interface so that the regenerator has high energy utilization efficiency. Experimental studies were carried out on different liquid desiccants. The results show that the thermal regeneration efficiency of this method is 2.6 to 2.9 times that of the conventional thermal regeneration method. LiBr solution has the best regeneration performance, but MgCl2 and CaCl2 are cheaper. Considering energy utilization efficiency and economic cost, the mixed desiccant may be a better choice. These advances could make SIR-based LDCS a potential contender for future air-conditioning systems.

Gas discharge tubes for significantly boosting the instantaneous current and active power of load driven by triboelectric nanogenerators

Based on impedance matching of the power management circuit (PMC) with a switch, the instantaneous peak power of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is significantly improved, recently. However, a high output power of TENGs does not generally mean a high active power consumed by the load, that is low energy utilization efficiency. Here, leveraging plasma discharge, we propose an effective approach by means of a gas discharge tube (GDT), as a rapid switch of a millisecond, resulting in boosting over 4000 times of peak current up to 170.7 mA at a low resistance of 5 Ω. When the TENG runs at 20 Hz, the pulse current occurs every 571.4 ms, and the active peak power also increases to 165.5 mW. With such a high-power output, a 16 W light group can be lit wirelessly even when blocked by a human hand. As commercial discrete components, the GDTs are available in a variety of models, providing a new, cheap, and directly exploitable peak gain option. Similar to diodes, capacitors, and resistors, we are firmly convinced that GDTs will be widely utilized in PMC for TENG.

An optimal operational scheduling model for energy-efficient building with dynamic heat loss prediction

Building energy systems with circulation loops have high circulation heat loss, resulting in low energy utilization efficiency. It requires energy-saving operation strategies to eliminate unnecessary circulation heat loss, especially in domestic hot water (DHW) systems. The objective of this paper is to improve the energy efficiency of building energy systems and reduce operational costs. This is done by dynamically adjusting the target temperature set point. This is the first study to present a computationally inexpensive method for accurately predicting the temperature drop of hot water in environments with changing ambient temperatures. The outcome indicates that energy usage efficiency could be increased by approximately 16.42 %, while operational costs could be lowered by approximately 24.76 % for over 90 days in the fall. The proposed model is an implementable approach for predicting temperature drop and optimal operational scheduling as part of robust and reliable building energy management in real-world scenarios.