Lower Debt Ratios Research Articles

Debt Risk Analysis of Automotive Enterprises

In order to maintain their financial stability, businesses must recognize and manage the financial risks that are necessarily involved in their operations and output. Businesses may better comprehend their financial status and undertake efficient risk early warning by examining financial indicators. Academic research on the detection and mitigation of financial risks is extensive, and in an effort to increase the accuracy of assessments, an increasing number of academics are using multi-indicator systems for thorough analysis. Furthermore, non-statistical techniques including hierarchical analysis, B-S option pricing models, and artificial neural networks have shown extremely effective at handling complicated data and non-linear connections. As the economy transitions from high to medium-high growth, traditional and new energy vehicles in the automobile sector confront significant possibilities and problems. Traditional automakers aggressively converting to new energy cars include SAIC Motor, BAIC Group, and GAC Group. Companies that produce new energy vehicles, such XPeng, BYD, Tesla, Li Auto, and NIO, are becoming more competitive by developing new technologies and tapping into new markets. To enhance market competitiveness and sustainability, businesses must address issues like excessive inventory and price volatility that have been brought about by the new energy vehicle market’s explosive expansion through efficient financial risk management. The short- and long-term debt repayment capacities of traditional and new energy vehicle (NEV) enterprises are the main subjects of this study’s analysis of their financial statements. According to the findings, traditional automakers have more stable financial circumstances whereas NEV enterprises exhibit stronger short-term solvency and lower long-term financial risk in specific years with superior liquidity and lower debt ratios. The study attempts to offer resources for the automobile industry’s deleveraging, sustainable development, and inventory reduction.

Debt and the Excess Value of Diversified Firms: Evidence from Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between debt and the value and excess value of diversified firms in Nigeria. This is against the background that there is no consensus on the factors that distinguish value-creating from value-destroying diversified firms. Data were collected from the annual reports of 62 diversified firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2008 and 2018. The multilevel generalized method of moments technique in the REndo package in the R Statistical Package was used to test the hypotheses. There is a significant positive relationship between debt and diversified firms’ value and excess value. The study and its findings are significant in several ways. First, no study has examined the relationship between debt and the value and excess value of diversified firms in the Nigerian context, and the few relevant studies have been in the context of developed countries. Second, it contributes to the literature on the valuation implications of firm diversification by providing some insight into the diversification discount often documented in the literature. These findings suggest that diversified firms’ failure to use the debt capacity that diversification creates is one reason some experience valuation discount. Third, the study employs the multilevel GMM analytical technique to control for endogeneity in the absence of valid instrumental variables. This technique has not been used in the diversification literature. The implication of the findings is that diversified firms should use the debt capacity that diversification provides to invest in positive net present value projects. The use of debt also adds a layer of corporate governance required in an environment of increased complexity and opacity associated with diversification. Increased investment in positive NPV projects and improved corporate governance through increased use of debt will enhance firm performance and value. The increased valuation of diversified firms due to debt increases the ability of diversified firms to play their developmental role in society. Investors would also benefit more from investing in diversified firms with higher debt ratios than those with lower debt ratios, all things being equal.

주요 수입원으로 부동산 의존 여부에 따른 서비스업의 재무비율과 재무성과 간의 영향관계에 관한 연구

[Purpose] This paper analyzes the impact of financial ratios on the financial performance of two different types of service industries, called Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 consists of maritime transport, air transport, hotel and car rental industries, which depend on real estate as a major source of income, while Group 2 consists of travel agencies, trading companies and information service industries, which do not depend on real estate as a major source of income. [Methodology] This study primarily analyzed 12 representative financial ratios, divided into four categories：profitability ratios, stability ratios, growth ratios, and activity ratios. Secondary data based on the Value Search from 2015 to 2019, was analyzed, and a multiple regression model was employed using SPSS 26.0. [Findings] The analysis showed that for Group 1, focusing on increasing low asset turnover with a relatively low debt ratio is a good way to improve a company’s profitability；for Group 2, focusing on relatively high asset turnover with relatively high debt ratio can improve a company’s profitability. [Implications] The financial performance of service industry was impacted by different types of financial ratios according to real estate dependence as major source of income.

A Financial Analysis and Valuation of Monster Beverage Corp.

In the global beverage market, companies such as The Coca-Cola Co.(KO), PepsiCo, Inc.(PEP), Monster Beverage Corp.(MNST), and Keurig Dr Pepper, Inc.(KDP) are highly competitive with their own unique characteristics. The capital market is a platform for investors to engage in investment activities. Investors investing their funds anticipate returns either through dividends or capital gains. The profitability and liquidity ratio of dividend policy have significant effects. Financial performance has had a pivotal role in fulfilling the objective of maximizing the company's overall worth. The escalating worth of the company serves as a testament to the escalating welfare of shareholders, reflected in the profits garnered by investors, apart from dividends, through capital gains accruing from the ownership of shares. This article will analyze the characteristics, financial performance and strategic risks of these companies to provide investors with comprehensive information. MNST is the best performer in terms of short-term debt repayment capacity and liquidity, with strong solvency, low debt ratios and no long-term debt and interest expense. MNST has performed well in terms of profitability, with high profitability ratios and operating margins, showing strong earning potential. In addition, MNST has also performed well in terms of profitability of shareholders' equity. MNST has the highest market ratio, and the market has a certain optimistic attitude towards it. Overall, MNST is an attractive choice due to its high profitability, strong solvency and good market prospects.

A Financial Analysis and Valuation of First Solar, Inc.

First Solar is an American company specializing in thin-film photovoltaic solar solutions using Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) technology. This technology offers environmental protection and sustainability advantages. The company maintains market competitiveness through continuous technological improvements, enhanced efficiency and durability, and expanded production capacity. First Solar holds significant market share in the United States and India, aided by government incentives like the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and Indias Production-Linked Incentive Program. The company is expanding globally through acquisitions and long-term agreements, with plans to build new factories in both countries to boost production. Financially, First Solar performs well in liquidity, solvency, and profitability, ranking in the upper-middle tier among industry competitors. Its healthy short-term debt solvency is indicated by strong current and quick ratios, while its low debt ratio and high interest coverage ratio highlight robust long-term debt solvency. The companys gross and net profit margins are stable and expected to grow. First Solars earnings per share (EPS) and revenue growth rates surpass those of its peers, and its price-to-earnings (P/E) and earnings growth (PEG) ratios suggest lower relative future earnings growth, enhancing investment appeal. In summary, First Solar demonstrates strong market competitiveness and growth potential with its advanced technology, sustainable business model, and solid financial performance, positioning it as a leader in the solar energy industry.

The impact of input efficiency on the value chain embeddedness of rare earth enterprises

We use the combined data of enterprises from the "China Industrial Enterprise Database" and the "China Customs Database" from 2000 to 2013 to examine whether and how the improvement in input efficiency of rare earth enterprises affects value chain embeddedness. The research finds that the improvement in input efficiency of rare earth enterprises has a significant enhancement effect on value chain embeddedness. The results show that the difference in the efficiency impact of capital input and labor input is around 3 %. Specifically, the improvement in input efficiency of enterprises will generate product expansion effects, quality effects, and technology effects, strengthening the ascent of the enterprise value chain. Furthermore, for enterprises in the middle segments of the industry chain, enterprises with low debt ratios, and enterprises in a relaxed financing environment, the efficiency of capital input has a more significant impact on improving the position of enterprises in the value chain.

Leverage Strategies of Real Estate Investment Trusts and Real Estate Operating Companies

This paper employs empirical data in three major Asian real estate markets - Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore, from 2001 to 2021, to study the leverage strategies of two related types of real estate companies – real estate investment trusts (REITs) and real estate operating companies (REOCs). The business model of the former must adhere to a real-estate-focused investment strategy while the latter undertakes a whole range of real estate development activities including land acquisition, financial feasibility analysis, construction, investment and asset management to redevelopment and disposal, and are not subject to the REIT rules with respect to tax transparency, earning distribution, real estate holding and leverage limit. We find that REOCs use 18.96% more debt than REITs after controlling for the agency and market risks, dividend yields, and property sector, country, and year fixed effects of firms; dividend payout has no effect on the leverage strategies; and high tax ratio increases the debt usage of REOCs relative to REITs. We also analyze the liquidation costs and business uniqueness effects. We find real estate value to total firm value ratio, as a proxy of liquidation cost, has negative effects on debt ratios for both real estate firms. Due to their uniqueness, REOCs with a high concentration of rental revenue stream are more vulnerable to liquidation risks, and thus more likely to have lower debt ratio. REITs however tend to have higher debt usage as rental incomes enhance cash-flow liquidity.

Impact of Capital Structure on the Operating Performance of Listed Companies in the Pharmaceutical Industry

The objective of this paper is to explore the correlation between the capital structure and op-erating performance of selected leading pharmaceutical companies listed on the stock ex-change during the COVID-19 pandemic. To investigate how diverse capital structures influ-ence corporate performance, this study collects, calculates, and compares pertinent financial data, including leverage ratios, performance indicators, and cash flow, for these firms over three years. The findings show that companies with lower debt ratios are more likely to achieve stable earnings and cash flows, as well as to achieve higher performance indicators to some extent, compared to companies with higher debt ratios. Thus, capital structure has an impact on a company's operating performance. At the same time, a reasonable capital structure optimization can enhance a company's operating performance and mitigate opera-tional risks. It is recommended that listed companies in the pharmaceutical industry should focus on optimizing their capital structure to reduce financial risks and financing costs and to improve cash flow levels in order to achieve stable improvements in operating perfor-mance while ensuring sound operations and management. Investors should also focus on the capital structure of companies when making investment decisions and select those compa-nies with a sound capital structure for investment. These findings and recommendations provide suggestions and directions for the pharmaceutical industry to optimize its capital structure and improve its operating performance.

Impact of Leverage on Valuation of Non-Financial Firms in India under Profitability’s Moderating Effect: Evidence in Scenarios Applying Quantile Regression

The firm’s valuation (FV) is the key element for all stakeholders, particularly the investors, for their investment decisions. The main impetus of this research is to estimate the effects of the debt ratio (DR, i.e., leverage) on the FV (i.e., assets and market capitalisation) of the non-financial firms listed in India. The quantile panel data regression (QPDR) on the secondary data of 76 non-financial BSE-100 listed firms in India is employed. This study also checks the effect of the net profit margin (NPM) as profitability on the association between DR and FV. The QPDR estimates result in multiple quantiles and provide evidence in scenarios. The findings reveal a positive relationship of DR to assets only in higher quantiles, i.e., 90%ile), and a negative association of DR is found with a market capitalisation in all quantiles. Under the interaction effect, profitability (NPM) does not affect the association of DR with assets but negatively affects the association of debt ratio with market capitalisation in the middle (50%) quantile. The findings indicate that leverage (DR) affects a firm’s value. The study’s outcomes are helpful to all stakeholders, particularly investors, to realise the leverage (DR) as a critical indicator of FV before making any investment decisions. Managers should also consider lower debt ratios for better firm value. The present analysis is original and holds novelty in the form of the moderating role of the net profit margin, i.e., the profitability of the firm between DR and FV in the non-financial firm in India. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have been performed to look for the association of the debt ratio with a firm’s value under the effect of profitability in different quantiles using quantile regression.

Policy analysis to maximize the firm value: performing firm valuation using system dynamics

PurposeThe purpose of this study is firm value management through corporate finance policy design and scenario analysis to maximize the firm value.Design/methodology/approachThe study develops a system dynamics model for an oil firm and incorporates the financial and physical processes to perform the firm valuation. The model is simulated under the current and alternative investment, capital structure and dividend policies of the case firm, assuming different oil and gas price and tax rate scenarios to identify which combination of policies maximizes the firm value.FindingsThe simulation results suggest that lowering the volume of investments, increasing the debt ratio and reducing the dividend payments from the current level increases the share price, given increased oil and gas price expectations and lower tax rates. However, the total firm value outperforms with increased investments toward the end of the simulation period. In case of decreased oil and gas price expectations, lower volume of investments, lower debt ratio and lower dividend payments increase the share prices, given lower taxes.Originality/valueThis study entails significance as it provides a comprehensive financial planning model for an oil firm, which incorporates the complex interactions of key financial and physical processes of the firm. The study contributes to debates on corporate finance policies by integrating multiple theories, accounting for accumulation processes and feedback loops and their non-linear interactions. The study proposes the consideration of combined impact of policies for firm value management.

Financial Performance's Impact on Tax Avoidance

The issue in this study is Indonesia's inability to realize its full potential in terms of tax income, which is declining every year. This study investigates how tax avoidance is impacted by profitability and Leverage. For the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) population in 2017–2019, 73 manufacturing firms in the Basic and Chemical Industry category were selected. So that 28 businesses satisfied the requirements, the sample was chosen using purposive sampling. The study concludes that profitability discourages tax evasion. Therefore, the corporation is more likely to engage in tax evasion the lower its profitability value. Leverage has no bearing on tax evasion. Hence businesses with high or low debt ratios can engage in it. Another result that can be justified is that.

중국 기업의 ESG의 특징과 기업가치에 대한 영향

Purpose - Since the 2020s, the management philosophy of Chinese firms' ESG has been rapidly established under the leadership of the Chinese government. We empirically analyze the ESG characteristics and effects on corporate value of Chinese firms.
 Design/methodology/approach - Using OLS and random effect panel regression analysis, we identify ESG determinants. In analyzing the impact on corporate value, likewise a large number of literatures, we adopt a 2SLS methodology using instrumental variables in the reason of endogeneity between ESG and firm value. We analyze using the G2SLS methodology, which is improving the efficiency of the estimation coefficients along with 2SLS.
 Findings - We find that ESG ratings are high in state-owned and foreign capital invested companies, ESG ratings are low in companies with a high proportion of non-floating stocks which implies information asymmetry. However, there are no significance in the institutional investor's, the major 10 largest shareholders’ and manager’s ownership. Furthermore, we can support most of the hypotheses that ESG ratings will be high in companies with high management performance. ESG ratings are significantly higher in companies with high ROA, rich in cash asset, low debt ratio, and large size. we strongly support the hypothesis that the higher the ESG rating, the higher the firm value, and ESG has a moderating effect on state-owned companies, non-floating shares, the ownership of institutional investors, manager, and the 10 major shareholder. In particular, state-owned companies, the proportion of non-floating shares, and the ownership of the 10 major shareholders have a negative impact on firm value, however, ESG attenuates this negative effect.
 Research implications or Originality - This study looks forward to enhancing our understanding of ESG characteristics in East Asia.

Determinants and Consequences of Audit Pricing for Charities, Including the Provision of Pro Bono Audits

SUMMARY Using unique Australian data, we first identify the determinants of the provision of pro bono audits to charities and examine their consequential audit quality. This advances our knowledge about how often and why auditors volunteer their services, and whether quality concerns are realized. Then, for non-pro bono audits, we calculate abnormal audit fees and examine their impact on audit quality. We find that pro bono audits are mainly supplied by Big 4 auditors to charities with greater public donations, a lower debt ratio, and operating in multiple locations. We are unable to identify evidence of impaired audit quality when comparing pro bono audits with non-pro bono audits. For non-pro bono audits, audit fees are significantly associated with size, complexity, and revenue sources, with premiums paid to larger audit firms. We find evidence consistent with reduced audit quality associated with negative abnormal audit fees for non-Big 4 audits.

The Impact of Management Performance Evaluation Rating Information on Management Efficiency in Public Enterprises

This study empirically verified the relationship between the management performance evaluation grade of public enterprises and management efficiency. Public enterprises disclosed by the Ministry of Strategy and Finance for management performance evaluation from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed, and those with a low debt ratio and operating cash flow ratio were excluded from evaluation.BR As a result of the analysis, the coefficient value of the public enterprise management evaluation grade showed a significant positive (+) value, indicating that the higher the management evaluation grade, the higher the management efficiency. Although the management performance evaluation is used as a management tool to achieve various policy objectives, such as a burden on the person being evaluated and conflict-inducing politics within the organization, it has a relatively high cost control effect such as work efficiency and financial budget performance, and it is well received in the management performance evaluation grade. This means that the improvement of the overall management process and the transparent and efficient operating effect of the accounting system prevail.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Struktur Permodalan Emiten Perbankan Yang Terdaftar di BEI

PT. Bank Central Asia (BCA) is a company engaged in Banking Services and has a variety of products and services such as; Savings Products, Credit Cards, Credit Facilities, Banking Transaction Services, Cash Management Services, Bancassurance, Bank Guarantees, Export Import Facilities, Foreign Exchange Facilities and Electronic Banking. BCA experienced fluctuations in Return On Assets (ROA), Asset Structure Variables, and Capital Structure Variables (DER) in Quarters 1, 2,3, and 4. From 2014 to 2021, Variable Size increased in succession from 2014 to 2021. Research Objectives : Analyzing the effect of Profitability (Return On Assets) on Capital Structure (DER), Asset Structure on Capital Structure, Company Size (Size) on Capital Structure (DER), and Profitability (Return On Assets (ROA), Asset Structure and Company Size ( Size) jointly affects Capital Structure (DER). Novelty (Novelty): Based on several previous studies, several factors whose results are inconsistent so need to be reviewed. The author chooses Profitability (ROA), Asset Structure, and Company Size as independent variables , which affects Capital Structure as the dependent variable Research Methods: The data analysis method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis and uses an SPSS 23 software for windows Conclusion: BCA can generate sufficient profit to finance its operations, and does not need to increase the amount of debt so as to prioritize internal funding through retained earnings and maintain a low debt ratio. In addition, companies must balance the benefits of using debt and the costs incurred to achieve an optimal capital structure.Keywords— Asset Structure, Company Size, Capital Structure, andReturn On Assets

Economic policy uncertainty and firm performance: Evidence from the energy-intensive industry in China

As a result of high energy consumption and pollution from energy-intensive industries, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policies. A comprehensive assessment of these policies is necessary to guide the green transformation and upgrading of the industry, however, little research has been conducted on this issue. This article takes China's economic policy uncertainty (EPU) Index as a comprehensive and continuous policy shock and investigates the impact of EPU on the financial performance of energy-intensive firms. Based on 289 listed energy-intensive companies from 2003 to 2018, we find that EPU negatively affects the financial performance of firms, and the negative effect is robust after replacing the dependent variable and endogenous discussion. Further, the negative impacts are more pronounced for midwestern, non-SOE firms, as well as ferrous metal and chemical product manufacturers. Moreover, our results indicate that the negative impact of EPU on performance is mitigated for firms with high cash holdings and low debt ratios.

How Do Banking Characteristics Influence Companies’ Debt Features and Performance during COVID-19? A Study of Portuguese Firms

This paper investigates how bank characteristics (market share, principal shareholders, profitability, and size), and the gender of the company’s board members, along with their supervisory abilities, influence the firm’s performance, cost of debt, and leverage. We extracted relevant data from a sample of nearly 18,300 Portuguese companies in 2020 (the pandemic year) to build our model with all the main explanatory variables; then, through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator estimation, we reduced the variables. The robust ordinary least-squares standard-errors approach was applied by company size. Our findings allowed us to observe the crucial negative role of multiple bank relations, but only on the returns of small companies. A decrease in bank relations led to an increase in debt cost and reduced leverage across larger companies. Profitable banks generate higher company returns, mainly for small companies. Furthermore, the better-informed bank shareholders (management, institutional, or government) persuaded the banks to charge higher interest rates, resulting in a higher leverage ratio for companies of average size. Female board members tended to vote for lower debt ratios due to greater risk aversion, while the opposite was true of male board members. The supervisory capacity of the board in the area of bank relations showed a more substantial link with the increased financing costs of small companies. In brief, bank characteristics and board gender were strongly associated with the financial aggregates of companies relative to their size. This work contributes to the literature by using new bank characteristics and an original variable representing board ability to cope with bank relations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the association of the above characteristics in the Portuguese market relative to company size, and their impact on profitability, cost of debt, and leverage. The company board and banking systems should evaluate the impact of their decisions on corporate activity and make necessary adjustments.

The Geography of Grantmaking—Does Location Matter? Neighborhood Effects and Foundation Philanthropy

The neighborhood effects scholarship in urban sociology demonstrates the importance of geographic location to many social outcomes previously thought to be solely determined by individual characteristics (e.g. educational attainment). This article applies the theory and methods of neighborhood effects research to the study of community-based nonprofit organizations. If neighborhood composition and processes matter for individuals, do they also influence organizational outcomes such as resource procurement? An analysis of foundation grantmaking in the city of Chicago reveals that nonprofits’ ability to secure grants is influenced by both organizational and neighborhood characteristics. Larger, younger nonprofits with lower debt ratios, engagement in local networks and a previous record of foundation funding, are more likely to secure foundation support. While organizational factors matter, securing grants is also independently influenced by a nonprofit’s neighborhood location. Nonprofits in neighborhoods with a lower percentage of households in poverty, higher nonprofit density, and evidence of government grant support are more likely to receive foundation grants. We find neighborhood effects for nonprofit organizations for the outcome of resource procurement, specifically securing foundation grants. The article considers implications of these findings for nonprofits and the populations they serve.

FACTORS AFFECTING EARNINGS GROWTH IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED IN IDX

Abstract— Earnings growth is a change of net income that increases compared to the net profit of the previous period. The purpose of this research is to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, total asset turnover, and managerial ownership on earnings growth. The dependent variable of this research is earnings growth. The independent variable of this research is the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, total asset turnover, and managerial ownership. The data used in this research is secondary data. The samples are selected using purposive sampling. The samples of this study are public manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2017-2019 period, that has issued audited financial statements at the end of December 31st, using Rupiah as the financial report currency, showing earnings growth, owning and presenting the information of managerial ownership. The research method used in this research is the multiple regression linear method. The results of this study are (1) current ratio has a significant negative effect on earnings growth, (2) debt to equity ratio has a significant negative effect on earnings growth, (3) total asset turnover has no effect on earnings growth, and (4) managerial ownership has no effect on earnings growth. Implication of this study is that companies need to maintain low debt ratio in order to focus in expanding business and growing earnings.
 Keywords: Current Ratio (CR); Debt To Equity Ratio (DER); Managerial Ownership (MO); Earnings Growth (EG); Total Asset Turnover (TATO)

The moderating role of state ownership in between product market competition and firm value: findings from GMM and fsQCA

AbstractThe study explores the link between product market competition (PMC) and firm value (FV) and examines the moderating role of the state ownership (SOE) variable in this relationship by using data from 555 listed firms on Vietnam's stock market from 2011 to 2019 on the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) and Ha Noi Stock Exchange (HNX). The System Generalized Method of Moments (SysGMM) is used to consider the relationship between variables. The findings from SysGMM indicate that product market competition has an effect on firm value. Firms with a high proportion of state ownership have a stronger correlation between product market competition and firm value than firms with a low proportion of state ownership. Additionally, we use fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to consider the causal relationship of variables in the model. The fsQCA results show that FV increased when the combination of lower product market competition, higher state ownership, higher firm, and lower debt ratio, which is a common trend to help clarify the evidence in emerging markets. The research is significant for investors, listed companies, and particularly organizations with state ownership, since it enables them to develop specific strategies for enhancing corporate value as the competitive market grows more challenging. Simultaneously, the study concentrated on examining the causal relationships between the variables while utilizing the FSQCA approach in order to contribute to the literature review in the emerging market.