Low Curing Research Articles

Preparation of tannic acid-based recyclable adhesive with high adhesion property, low curing temperature, and environmental tolerance

Tannin-based adhesives have demonstrated promise in decreasing dependence on petrochemical resources linked to formaldehyde-based resins. However, current tannin-based adhesives face challenges due to the incorporation of expensive or toxic reagents such as isocyanate, epoxy, and formaldehyde, as well as the inability to be recycled. This study presents a simple and eco-friendly approach for producing a tannic acid-based recyclable adhesive (TA-BVB) by employing tannic acid and 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether through acetal reactions. The resulting adhesive can be cured at a low temperature of 70℃ and demonstrated high bonding strength on wood and aluminum sheets, measuring 4.45 MPa and 5.44 MPa, respectively. Notably, the adhesive maintained its adhesion strength even under harsh conditions, including high temperatures (100℃), liquid nitrogen (-196℃), and exposure to various solvents. Moreover, the adhesive showcased excellent reusability, retaining over 100 % and 86 % of bonding strength after the first and second rounds of hot pressing, respectively. This adhesive can be repaired using infrared laser irradiation and displayed remarkable mold resistance. This research underscores the potential of tannic acid in developing environmentally friendly, high-performance, recyclable adhesives with versatile applications.

Multidisciplinary space shield origami composite: Incorporating cosmic radiation shielding, space debris impact protection, solar radiative heat shielding, and atomic oxygen erosion resistance

Origami composites have been extensively utilized in space structures with constrained payload volumes due to their capability to efficiently transform compact structures into larger surface area or volume configurations. The proposed origami composite incorporates hydrogen-rich benzoxazine polymers known for their high radiation shielding capability and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers known for their high ballistic performance, radiation shielding capability, and flexibility. The proposed origami composite and manufacturing method can enhance bonding strength by achieving precise origami shapes and utilizing the same matrix for both flexible and rigid components. Membrane sheets are manufactured at a low curing temperature to provide flexibility, while rigid facets are separately manufactured at a high curing temperature to increase rigidity. The integration of a polyimide protection layer significantly enhances space environment resistance and reduces mass loss due to atomic oxygen erosion. Despite a slight decrease in ballistic performance after exposure to space conditions, the proposed origami composite maintains superior ballistic performance compared to conventional space materials and conventional origami composites. Compared to existing origami composites or conventional space materials, the proposed origami composite exhibited superior radiation shielding performance. The laminated structure of the proposed origami composite can offer some solar radiation shielding capability. The proposed origami composite offers a multifunctional origami solution as a membrane-space shield material, fulfilling requirements for high ballistic performance, cosmic radiation shielding, solar radiative heat shielding, and space environmental resistance.

Convenient synthesis of phthalonitrile‐containing mono‐benzoxazines with exceptional thermal stability and improved curing activity

AbstractSimple synthesis and high performance are eternal pursuit for polymers. To lower the curing temperature, lower the melt viscosity and improve the processability of high performance phthalonitrile resins, a solvent‐free method was applied to synthesize three from different phenols. Their chemical structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectra, the curing behavior was investigated by DSC and rheology. It was found that the polymerization of phthalonitrile groups could be effectively promoted by benzoxazine moieties and the curing temperature of phthalonitrile groups dropped to around 240°C. Consequently, owing to the high curing reactivity, polymers obtained at relatively low curing temperature possessed high crosslinking density and extremely high thermal stability. P‐apn‐200, which was cured at 200°C, showed 5 wt% weightloss temperature (Td5) of 472°C and char yield (Yc) of 75.77% at 800°C. Moreover, the polymers obtained after curing at 280°C showed superior dimensional stability, CN‐apn‐280 showed extremely low linear expansion coefficient (CTE) of 10.7 ppm/°C. And mP‐apn‐280 showed HR capacity of 3.99 J/g‧K, peak HRR of 4.0 W/K and total HR of 0.8 kJ/g.

Solvent-free Acrylate/BCB drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet dielectric ink for 3D printing

Currently, drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet-printed dielectric inks used to produce next-generation high-frequency electronic devices fail to meet the requirements of circuit board substrates in terms of thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties. To address this gap, we synthesized a low-viscosity acrylate monomer featuring an intrinsically low dielectric structure (hexafluorobisphenol A) and multiple cross-linking sites, and a benzocyclobutene monomer with low curing shrinkage and excellent thermomechanical properties. By mixing these monomers with other reactive diluents and verifying them through theoretical calculations and printing, we have developed a range of dielectric inks suitable for inkjet 3D printing. To enhance the overall performance of the cured inks, a sequential UV/thermal curing strategy was employed to form interpenetrating networks (IPNs). The optimal ink formulations met the requirements of circuit board substrates, demonstrating excellent heat resistance (Td5% = 334 °C, Tg = 181 °C), mechanical properties (tensile strength = 85 MPa, elongation at break = 13.5 %), and dielectric properties (Dk = 2.526 and Df = 0.113 at 15 GHz). These formulations meet the performance requirements for circuit board substrates and lead the industry in mechanical and dielectric properties. Furthermore, the feasibility of inkjet printing heterogeneous integrated electronic devices was verified, showing excellent print resolution and continuity of the conductive network. This work provides new insights into the future development of dielectric materials for inkjet 3D printing.

An efficient bio-stabilization technology with bio‑carbonation of reactive magnesia for soil improvement in cold regions

Low curing temperature conditions (5–15 °C) in cold regions pose major challenges for soil improvement using conventional binders, underscoring the urgent need for solutions to enhance soil strength and ensure engineering safety. This study investigated the feasibility and temperature-dependent behaviors of bio‑carbonation of reactive magnesia (BCRM) technology for soil improvement in cold regions. Unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted to explore the effects of curing temperature (T) and curing age (t) on strength enhancement. Combined with macro- (water content and dry density) and micro- (mineral composition and microstructure) analysis, the underlying mechanisms were elucidated. Experimental results showed that low T retarded the bio‑carbonation reaction of reactive magnesia, resulting in longer t required to obtain stable ultimate strength. However, despite lower increase rates, bio‑carbonized samples achieved higher ultimate strength and secant modulus at lower T. It was primarily attributed to the preferential formation of hydrated magnesia carbonates with higher content and crystallinity at low T, which enhanced the bridging and bonding performance. Comparative analyses with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) highlighted the superior efficiency of BCRM technology in stabilizing soil at low T, showing higher ultimate strength and shorter curing age. Notably at 5 °C, the ultimate strength of the bio‑carbonized sample cured for 12 days was up to 2.94 times that of the OPC-reinforced sample cured for 28 days. This study provides an efficient solution for soil improvement in low-temperature conditions. It is expected to enhance soil stability and hold significant implications for preventing and mitigating geological and geotechnical risks associated with soil deterioration in cold region engineering.

End-grain bonding of spruce timber at low curing temperatures – effects on tensile strength and how to improve

ABSTRACT The end-grain bonding of timber components using Timber Structures 3.0 technology (TS3) represents an emerging construction method in the field of timber engineering. For onsite applications, research is being conducted to determine how low temperatures during the curing process affect the bonding and to explore potential methods of mitigating any adverse impacts. The current research results reveal that low curing temperatures detrimentally influence the mechanical properties of the bond. Conversely, investigations into bonding with heated casting resin as a means to counteract the effects of low curing temperatures demonstrate highly beneficial outcomes. Overall, this study provides design-relevant tensile strength values, which, when coupled with suitable application strategies, enable effective bonding under low ambient temperatures. Future investigations will delve deeper into the failure mechanism (adhesion – cohesion) as it relates to curing temperature variations.

A tough, strong, and fast-curing phenolic resin enabled by dopamine-grafted chitosan and polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene

Phenolic resins are widely used for outdoor and structural wood-based panels; however, they are challenged by high curing temperatures, low curing rates, and high brittleness. Inspired by lobster epidermis hardening, a tough, strong, and fast-curing phenolic resin (named DCS/PG/PF) was proposed herein. In this approach, dopamine-grafted chitosan (DCS) and polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene (PEI@G) were incorporated into neat phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. The gel time and maximum curing temperature of DCS/PG/PF resin were considerably reduced from 445 s and 147.8 °C for the neat PF resin to 317 s and 127.8 °C, respectively. This was attributed to the oxidative crosslinking of catechol moieties in DCS and amino groups in PEI@G within the naturally alkaline environment of phenolic resins in addition to the high reactivity between catechol moieties and PF chains as well as between amino and PF chains. The prepared resin demonstrated a dry bonding strength of 2.56 MPa, wet bonding strength of 1.81 MPa, and debonding work of 0.714 J, exhibiting a considerable increase of 16.9 %, 52.1 %, and 95.1 %, respectively, compared with those of the PF resin. These improvements were attributed to the dense organic–inorganic hybrid crosslinking network formed in the DCS/PG/PF. Furthermore, the DCS/PG/PF resin exhibited enhanced thermal stability.

Synthesis of MgAl-LDH from three alkali sources for boosting flame retardancy of EP with APP

Epoxy resin (EP) is used in construction materials due to its low curing shrinkage, excellent chemical stability, and mechanical properties. However, its flammability limits applications in the field of construction. Co-precipitation method with sodium hydroxide as the alkali source and hydrothermal method with urea as the alkali source are the common ways to prepare MgAl-LDH. In this study, MgAl-LDH1 (abbreviated as LDH1) was prepared by using NaOH as the alkali source at 65 ℃ for 12 h, MgAl-LDH2 (abbreviated as LDH2) by using urea as the alkali source at 120 ℃ for 12 h, and MgAl-LDH3 (abbreviated as LDH3) was prepared by using triethanolamine as the alkali source at 100 ℃ for 2 h. Then, LDH1, LDH2, LDH3 were compounded with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to synergistically enhance the flame retardant properties of EP (Composite material abbreviated as LDH1-APP-EP, LDH2-APP-EP, LDH3-APP-EP). The results showed that the best flame retardant effect was achieved after compounding APP (5 wt%) with LDH3 (5 wt%) prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source. Compared with Pure-EP, the peak exothermic rate and peak smoke production rate of LDH3-APP-EP prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source decreased by 74.54 % and 67.44 %, respectively. Compared with LDH prepared with NaOH and urea as the alkali source, LDH prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source has a larger layer spacing and a higher weight loss percentage which releases more gases, moisture, and carbon layers formed by triethanolamine during the combustion process to reduce the heat release from the fire. It’s evident that LDH3-APP-EP prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source has higher residual carbon densities and the lowest residual carbon values based on SEM and Raman test results. This result proves that the LDH3 with triethanolamine as the alkali source has a good effect on EP flame retardation in this paper which provided a new way to design new efficient flame retardants.

Characterization of a fly ash-based hybrid well cement under different temperature curing conditions for natural gas hydrate drilling

This paper presents a study on the temperature effect (3°C, 10°C, and 50°C, in water bath) and activator effect on the characterization of a fly ash-based hybrid well cement, with a large fraction of fly ash (approximately 70 %), which has potential for natural gas hydrate drilling due to its low heat release. The mechanical strength, micro/nanostructure characteristics were investigated through various tests, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA-DTG), nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to reveal the hydration mechanism of the fly ash-based hybrid well cement. The results indicate that the low curing temperatures (3°C, 10°C) inhibited both the hydration of the well cement and the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in the cement system. However, the incorporation of solid Na2SO4 significantly contributed to the pozzolanic reaction during the hydration process by consuming more calcium hydroxide, promoting more ettringite formation and reducing the apparent activation energy of the blend cement (from 53.06 kJ·mol−1 to 41.23 kJ·mol−1), resulting in better compressive strength. MAS NMR results showed that the addition of solid Na2SO4 facilitated the substitution of Al with Si atoms, leading to the formation of more C-A-S-H and C-(N)-A-S-H gels in the system with a denser microstructure. Overall, the fly ash-based hybrid well cement can be developed as a cement system for natural gas hydrate drilling in the ocean. This cement not only exhibits low heat release but also shows improved strength development, with a 72-hour compressive strength of 8.05 MPa when cured at 10 °C.

Effect of Average Grain Size on the Uniformity and Ferroelectricity of BTO/PSX Thin Films Processed by Low-Temperature Solution Method.

In this study, we utilized 50 nm BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles and polysiloxane (PSX) with a higher concentration of methyl and silica groups to fabricate insulating layers at a low curing temperature of 100 °C using a solution-based method. This approach aims to enhance film uniformity while retaining the ferroelectric properties. Consequently, we maintained a minimal leakage current in thin-film transistors (TFTs) while achieving transfer characteristics characterized by a distinct hysteresis. Moreover, we verified the presence of ferroelectricity in 50 nm BTO nanoparticles. Compared with prior research, we confirm that decreasing nanoparticle size effectively reduces film roughness but also leads to a reduction in polarization intensity due to smaller diameter BTO nanoparticles. Additionally, a higher proportion of methyl and silica groups effectively lowers the curing temperature of PSX. At the same time, the hydrogen ions released in the polycondensation reaction can also effectively suppress the oxygen vacancies at the interface between dielectric and channel layers, improving the TFT electrical characteristics.

5‐aminobenzimidazole@graphene oxide nanosheets doped polyimide nanocomposites: Low‐temperature curing and improved mechanical properties

AbstractThe preparation of polyimide matrix composites with low curing temperature and high mechanical properties is of great importance. In this study, a low‐cost and multi‐functional nanofiller, 5‐aminobenzimidazole grafted graphene oxide (5‐ABZ@GO) has been designed. By nucleophilic attack on 5‐aminobenzimidazole basic groups and doping of GO, the above requirements of polyimide composites were skillfully realized. The results show that when the addition of 5‐ABZ@GO is 1%, the 5‐ABZ@GO/PI nanocomposites can achieve complete imidized at 200°C. Moreover, the nanocomposite prepared by imidization at 200°C has good mechanical and thermal properties (tensile strength is 141.64 MPa, modulus is 6.05 GPa, T5% is as high as 543.5°C), which is better than the PI composites prepared at 320°C. This study provides an innovative approach to preparing polyimide composites that meet mechanical performance requirements while utilizing comparatively lower curing temperatures, low curing temperature polyimide resins provide a new path for integrated composites with structure–function integration.

Polyimide impregnated silver nanowire-titanium oxide core–shell nanostructures as ultra-stable flexible transparent electrode for multiple applications

Silver nanowires (AgNWs)-based flexible-transparent conducting electrode (f-TCE) have various optoelectronic applications. Although, bare AgNW-based f-TCE faces challenges of poor adhesion with the substrate, rough surface and low thermal stability. In this work, we demonstrate preparation of f-TCE by coating a very thin layer of TiO2 over AgNWs to form AgNW-TiO2 core–shell structures. Due to very thin TiO2 film in core–shell structure, the amorphous TiO2 converted into crystalline and delivered excellent conductivity at low curing temperature of 100 °C. The adhesion and roughness issues are solved by impregnating the core–shell AgNW-TiO2 within polyimide (PI) matrix. The PI impregnated AgNW-TiO2 core–shell structure as f-TCE delivered excellent stability after 5000 times of bending and number of peeling off cycles. The as prepared f-TCE delivered sheet resistance (Rs) of 8.61 Ω/sq with transmittance of 85 % at 550 nm and Rs of 4.2 Ω/sq with transmittance of 81 % when cured at 250 °C. The surface temperature of f-TCE was found to increase up to 90 °C in 40 s after applying 4 V of supply indicating its potential as transparent heater. In addition to that the CIGS solar cell fabricated by utilization of our f-TCE exhibited efficiency of 9.6 %, demonstrating its applicability for photovoltaic applications.

Preparation and properties of walnut cake-based wood adhesive with oxidation modification

Walnut cake has the potential for use in preparing wood adhesives because of its richness in protein and carbohydrate. In this work, walnut cakes were treated with sodium periodate or potassium permanganate and then were directly used as wood adhesives. Their bonding properties, curing performances, thermal properties, and chemical structures were compared. The results showed that: (1) The oxidation by KMnO4was non-selective. The reaction was very intense, accompanied by the great variability of oxidation degree and degradation degree, enormous viscosity of oxidation products, high coating difficulty, and low content of active aldehyde groups. (2) The oxidation by NaIO4 was selective; the reaction was mild and easy to control. More active aldehydes could be produced and the treatment was beneficial for constructing a spatial net structure of the adhesive. (3) Compared with oxidation of KMnO4, the walnut cake adhesive prepared by NaIO4 oxidation exhibited a more compact structure, a higher crosslinking degree, low curing temperature, and high thermal stability after curing; its bonding performances met the requirements for Class II plywood specified in GB/T 17657(2013).

Enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of geopolymers prepared by refractory brick dust: An investigation into optimal mix ratios and curing conditions

This study proposes the development of a novel geopolymer by investigating the feasibility of using refractory brick dust (RBD), a waste product from brick manufacturing. The focus was on exploring the trade-off between waste incorporation and high-temperature resistance in geopolymer pastes. Throughout the experiments, the NaOH solution concentration was consistently maintained at 10 M. The primary goal was to examine how varying the ratios of Na2SiO3/NaOH (NS/NH) and RBD/alkaline activator (AS) on the geopolymers’ characteristics. A series of meticulous tests were conducted using various curing methods, ranging from room temperature to high temperatures between 100 °C and 140 °C, with curing times extending up to 72 h. It was observed that geopolymers exhibit the highest compressive strength after being precured at 100 °C for 72 h, achieving a maximum compressive strength of 15.40 MPa. SEM microstructure analysis revealed a correlation between the curing regime, material density and porosity. Specifically, at 140 °C, the data indicated that more porous structures have lower compressive strength. Geopolymers exhibited good mechanical properties at low curing temperatures, but exposure to temperatures above 1200 °C resulted in significant deterioration. For example, Mix 3.0RBD2.0, with a higher RBD/AS and NS/NH ratio, experienced the greatest compressive strength loss of 61.3% and a mass loss of 15.5% at these elevated temperatures. Interestingly, a geopolymer composition of 2.0RBD0.5 showed high-temperature-induced physical changes that might alter its strength and stability, yet it retained its overall structure. This study provides an in-depth explanation of the importance of optimising waste utilization to develop resilient geopolymer materials. It demonstrates how the composition – specifically, a Si/Al ratio of approximately 2.26, which is preferred based on EDS results – along with the curing methods, significantly influences the performance and high-temperature resistance of geopolymers.

UV-heat dually curable epoxy resin composites with low filler contents and high curing speed

Epoxy resin composites are a type of polymer-based materials with wide application scopes. A mass of fillers was added to improve thermal properties which may degrades mechanical properties at the same time. In addition, the common heat-curing process takes several hours to completely cure. To improve the performance of epoxy resin composites of low-content fillers, we prepare UV-heat dually curable epoxy resin with silicate ester. The overall curing time of UV-heat curing process is about half of the traditional thermal-curing process. The breakdown voltage of epoxy resin modified by silicate ester is up to 181 MV/m, which is increased by 50 % compared to pure epoxy resin. The silicate ester curing agent can react with both epoxy resin and silica fillers and can thus improve the dispersion of the fillers in the matrix and enhance the interaction between fillers and the resin. As a result, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the composites was greatly reduced. The CTE of silicate ester-modified epoxy resin composites is 93 ppm/K and 137 ppm/K over the temperature range below and above its Tg, respectively, which is 25 % lower than those of normal epoxy resin composites.

Mechanical and dielectric properties of Si3N4/β-SiAlON composite ceramics fabricated by vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology

Vat photopolymerization 3D printing provides a novel approach for preparing broadband wave-transparent Si3N4/β-SiAlON composite ceramics. This paper oxidized raw powder to introduce low dielectric phases (SiO2) and overcome the low curing depth of α-Si3N4. The solid content of oxidized α-Si3N4 was increased to 50 vol% for the first time by modification with dispersant. The selected print thickness of 50 μm was the highest known for Si3N4 vat photopolymerization 3D printing, greatly improving printing efficiency. Finally, Si3N4/β-SiAlON composite ceramics were sintered in the range of 1600-1800 °C, and the mechanical and dielectric properties were systematically studied. The composite ceramics sintering at 1780 °C had a maximum bending strength of 236 ± 16 MPa, and the real permittivity was 4.83. At 1800 °C the porosity increased resulting in bending strength decreased to 109 ± 4 MPa, and the real permittivity to 3.23. This study filled the gap in the post-treatment of oxidized α-Si3N4 and guided the application of Si3N4/β-SiAlON composite ceramics in the field of wave-transparent.

Nanosized curing catalyst via nano-templated plasma PVD for attaining superior low-cure powder coating films

The addition of curing catalysts into powder coating is a key method to fabricate low-temperature curing powder coating for reducing energy consumption and expanding its applications to heat-sensitive substrates. However, the heterogeneous dispersion of the unmodified catalysts in powder coatings results in inconsistent catalysis of resin crosslinking, thus leading to compromised surface smoothness and gloss. Utilizing nanosized catalysts is an efficient solution to such problems. In this paper, we propose a nano-templated dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) strategy to fabricate the nanosized catalysts. The curing catalyst, 2-ethylimidazole (2-elm), is successfully vaporized and deposited on nano-carrier SiO2 (SiO2-NPs) in the DBD plasma reactor at atmospheric pressure, producing 2-elm@SiO2-NPs. The mechanical strength and chemical resistance of finishes of powder coating incorporated with the 2-elm@SiO2-NPs remained at low curing temperature (170 °C for 15 min) and fast curing condition (190 °C for 8 min). In addition, their surface qualities are comparable to that of the original powder coating, with up to 100 % gloss retention, successfully eliminating the issue of more than 25 % gloss attenuation of the powder coating with unmodified 2-elm. This study provides an effective, solvent-free strategy for fabricating nanosized curing catalysts and achieving high-quality film finishes.

Luminescent Perovskite-Cross-Linked Polymer with Low Shrinkage and Excellent Stability.

When organic cross-linked polymers are combined with metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) for realizing luminescent perovskite-polymer display materials, the stability of PNCs is enhanced and their shrinkage is suppressed. This work presents a feasible strategy for preparing CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) within a polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) thermosetting cross-linked resin matrix simultaneously via a one-step reaction. The obtained PDCPD@PNCs composite exhibits narrow peak half-widths (15-20 nm), high light transmittance (80%), low curing volume shrinkage (1.4%), tunable tensile properties, excellent stability, and a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 44.3%. The composite material exhibits long-term stability in water, acid, and base solutions for over 90 days, with the PL intensity being maintained at over 90%. Furthermore, the composite is highly resistant to polar organic solvents owing to the insolubility imparted by cross-linking. White LEDs (WLED) fabricated using the as-prepared composite demonstrate excellent potential as light sources in optical devices.

Efflorescence of fly ash-based geopolymer mortars under quasinatural conditions: The relationship between curing temperature, ion transport, and compressive strength

This investigation reports the effect of curing temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 80 °C on the efflorescence of fly ash-based geopolymer mortars under quasinatural conditions. The microstructures of the geopolymers before and after efflorescence were characterized by SEM and MIP, respectively. These characterizations are adopted to further explain the change in compressive strength. The micromorphology and phase assemblage of the efflorescence products were identified by SEMEDS and XRD, respectively, indicating that the significant ions involved in the efflorescence include Ca2+, Na+, and CO32-; then, the concentrations of those ions in the leachate were detected by ICP, AAS, and acidbase neutralization titration, respectively. The results show that low curing temperatures (≤ 50 °C) promote the diffusion of ions into the leachate, while high curing temperatures (> 50 °C) contribute to the transportation of ions towards the drying part for the formation of hollow structured Na2CO3·7 H2O. Although the increase in the compressive strength of the geopolymers resulting from efflorescence decreased with increasing curing temperature, the 50 °C-cured geopolymer exhibited the highest compressive strength during efflorescence. This study provides a reference for mitigating efflorescence and improving practicability in the hydraulic engineering of geopolymers.

Progress in the development of acrylic resin-based powder coatings – an overview

Powder coatings, due to the lack of solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have gained in importance compared to conventional liquid systems. They fulfill key criteria such as effectiveness, economics, energy efficiency, environmental compliance, and excellent surface finish. Recently, low curing temperature and UV-cured systems have been increasingly used. These techniques offer a lot of advantages such as, application of powder coatings on the heat-sensitive materials and energy savings. Acrylic resins are rarely used in powder systems, mainly due to their price. Nevertheless, they are an attractive alternative in low temperature curing or UV-cured systems (free radical or cationic polymerization) thanks to their chemical structure. The review article focuses on the correlation between the chemical structure of the corresponding monomers in the resin and their properties and application in powder coatings. Moreover, the correlation between the structure of acrylic resin and the powder coating formulation process was described.