Low-cost Water Quality Monitoring Research Articles

Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles via Anodic Stripping of Copper Underpotential Deposition in Bulk Gold Electrodeposition for High-Performance Electrochemical Sensing of Bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A is one of the most widely used industrial compounds. Over the years, it has raised severe concern as a potential hazard to the human endocrine system and the environment. Developing robust and easy-to-use sensors for bisphenol A is important in various areas, such as controlling and monitoring water purification and sewage water systems, food safety monitoring, etc. Here, we report an electrochemical method to fabricate a bisphenol A (BPA) sensor based on a modified Au nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite electrocatalyst electrode (AuCu-UPD/MWCNTs/GCE). Firstly, the Au-Cu alloy was prepared via a convenient and controllable Cu underpotential/bulk Au co-electrodeposition on a multiwalled modified carbon nanotubes glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Then, the AuCu-UPD/MWCNTs/GCE was obtained via the electrochemical anodic stripping of Cu underpotential deposition (UPD). Our novel prepared sensor enables the high-electrocatalytic and high-performance sensing of BPA. Under optimal conditions, the modified electrode showed a two-segment linear response from 0.01 to 1 µM and 1 to 20 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.43 nM based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Determination of BPA in real water samples using AuCu-UPD/MWCNTs/GCE yielded satisfactory results. The proposed electrochemical sensor is promising for the development of a simple, low-cost water quality monitoring system for the detection of BPA in ambient water samples.

Open Sensing System for Long Term, Low Cost Water Quality Monitoring

Water is a major preoccupation for our generation since it is crucial in keeping a healthy ecosystem and supporting biodiversity. The state of aquatic systems and water bodies needs to be continuously monitored to make informed decisions and trigger sanitation when necessary. However, observing and tracking the evolution of many water bodies without disturbing and polluting the biotopes is expensive, not scalable, and thus, infeasible. This article presents a way to make sustainable measurements using a new low-cost, open-source, and autonomous monitoring system deployable in a broad network. The smart buoy is deployed and controlled by a central unit that uses lab-graded sensors to measure ambient factors. The custom electronic board offers sustainable electronics integration emphasizing power path and network connectivity. The smart buoy showed an average power consumption of 1.8 mA and a cost of 932 euros per device. Currently, five spots have been monitored, which allowed the understanding of why biological events, such as a massive fish death, occurred. The system is easily expandable and can be used in various applications to increase the knowledge of the underwater ecosystem.

IDC Sensor for Low-Cost Water Quality Monitoring Applications

In order to properly monitor the health status of the hydrological resources of a region, in terms of water contamination, a scalable and low-cost system is necessary to map the water quality at different locations and allow the prioritization of more sophisticated and expensive monitoring campaigns on those areas where a suspicious behavior seems to be occurring. This paper presents the design and implementation process of such an IoT-based solution for low-cost and scalable water quality monitoring applications. To achieve that end, we propose the utilization of a low-cost inter-digital capacitance (IDC) sensor to characterize the conductivity of the water, a very telling parameter about the level of pollution in the water. Additionally, an embedded method to measure such sensor was designed and implemented, which considers the requirements of a portable platform: low computational capabilities, small memory and low power consumption. Our results show that an IDC sensor is capable of detecting the changes of the capacitance of the sample, and therefore mapping the changes in the conductivity of the water. Additionally, integrating an embedded measuring method is a valid option for in-situ characterization of water samples and the complete solution enables a new paradigm for water quality monitoring in large scale scenarios.

Sistem sensor untuk pemantauan kadar oksigen terlarut berbasis galvanik pada kolam budidaya ikan air tawar

This study aims to develop low-cost and environmentally friendly material galvanic-based dissolved oxygen sensors. A Dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor has been designed and fabricated on an 85 x 205 mm galvanic-based. The sensor structure device consists of Al-Zn reference layer electrode, Ag/AgCl active electrode, 120ml KCl electrolyte solvent 0,1 M, and closed by TiO2 membrane (PTFE). The Al-Zn formation reference electrode was done by Ag layer chlorination using FeCl3, and the TiO2 membrane was formed by TiO2 paste screen printing. The test was done to measure the sensor’s performance based on the current-voltage characteristics between 1.0 and 1.8 V. The results showed that a stable diffusion current was obtained when the input voltage was 1.5 V, resulting in the best sensor performance with a sensitivity of 0.7866 μA L/mg and a stable step response time of 3 mins. This prototype sensor showed high potential for prototyping for a low-cost water quality monitoring system.

Remotely controlled boat for water quality monitoring and sampling

• Prototype of a remotely controlled boat to monitor the real-time water characteristics. • Characteristics monitored are temperature, pH, conductivity with GPS location. • Open-source software application and hardware is used for monitoring device. • A low-cost water quality monitoring device. This research work entails the design and manufacturing of a prototype of a remotely controlled boat which can monitor the real-time water characteristic of a large water body like a lake or river. These characteristics can be used to plot a map of a water body and help to identify zones of concentrated contamination. The continuous nature of the water will be identified, and results are shown through a multi-sensor network. It will consider numerous components and presents this ongoing quality through the presentation of its electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), along with the temperature of the water that is being tried and tested. The water monitoring and sampling can help in understanding the effect of water pollution on aquatic life. The boat is planned with a square frame structure utilizing PVC pipes which will limit the resistivity of water stream and this shape additionally keeps up the stability of the boat in the water. This water quality observing boat incorporates a Bluetooth module for remote correspondence. All the outcomes are created and shown with their readings on the PC and LED screen, alongside water's pollutants and restriction points. A GPS unit mounted on the boat enables the user to get the exact location of the boat and contamination. The related probe will be immersed in water and reads the data accordingly. The water sampling unit can be used to collect samples at different locations and the samples can be sent for intensive testing. The boat is controlled using a smartphone application for its movement to different locations to conduct the required analysis. The data collected is sent to the data server and displayed with the user-friendly digital display system. The entire system is compact and easy to handle. Thus, this wirelessly controlled boat can prove to be an efficient and accurate water quality monitoring device.

On the Use of an IoT Integrated System for Water Quality Monitoring and Management in Wastewater Treatment Plants

The deteriorating water environment demands new approaches and technologies to achieve sustainable and smart management of urban water systems. Wireless sensor networks represent a promising technology for water quality monitoring and management. The use of wireless sensor networks facilitates the improvement of current centralized systems and traditional manual methods, leading to decentralized smart water quality monitoring systems adaptable to the dynamic and heterogeneous water distribution infrastructure of cities. However, there is a need for a low-cost wireless sensor node solution on the market that enables a cost-effective deployment of this new generation of systems. This paper presents the integration to a wireless sensor network and a preliminary validation in a wastewater treatment plant scenario of a low-cost water quality monitoring device in the close-to-market stage. This device consists of a nitrate and nitrite analyzer based on a novel ion chromatography detection method. The analytical device is integrated using an Internet of Things software platform and tested under real conditions. By doing so, a decentralized smart water quality monitoring system that is conceived and developed for water quality monitoring and management is accomplished. In the presented scenario, such a system allows online near-real-time communication with several devices deployed in multiple water treatment plants and provides preventive and data analytics mechanisms to support decision making. The results obtained comparing laboratory and device measured data demonstrate the reliability of the system and the analytical method implemented in the device.

Bisphenol A Electrochemical Sensor Using Graphene Oxide and β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

Bisphenol A, an endocrine disrupting compound, is widely used in food and beverage packaging, and it then leaches in food and source water cycles, and thus must be monitored. Here, we report a simple, low-cost and sensitive electrochemical sensor using graphene oxide and β-cyclodextrin functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the detection of BPA in water. This sensor electrode system combines the high surface area of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, and the superior host-guest interaction capability of β-cyclodextrin. A diffusion-controlled oxidation reaction involving equal numbers of protons and electrons facilitated the electrochemical sensing of BPA. The sensor showed a two-step linear response from 0.05 to 5 μM and 5-30 μM with a limit of detection of 6 nM. The sensors also exhibited a reproducible and stable response over one month with negligible interference from common inorganic and organic species, and an excellent recovery with real water samples. The proposed electrochemical sensor can be promising for the development of simple low-cost water quality monitoring system for monitoring of BPA in water.

A Low-Cost Water Quality Monitoring System for the Ayeyarwady River in Myanmar Using a Participatory Approach

Newly developed mobile phone applications in combination with citizen science are used in different fields of research, such as public health monitoring, environmental monitoring, precipitation monitoring, noise pollution measurement and mapping, earth observation. In this paper, we present a low-cost water quality mobile phone measurement technique combined with sensor and test strips, and reported the weekly-collected data of three years of the Ayeyarwady River system by volunteers at seven locations and compared these results with the measurements collected by the lab technicians. We assessed the quality of the collected data and their reliability based on several indicators, such as data accuracy, consistency, and completeness. In this study, six local governmental staffs and one middle school teacher collected baseline water quality data with high temporal and spatial resolution. The quality of the data collected by volunteers was comparable to the data of the experienced lab technicians for sensor-based measurement of electrical conductivity and transparency. However, the lower accuracy (higher uncertainty range) of the indicator strips made them less useful in the Ayeyarwady with its relatively small water quality variations. We showed that participatory water quality monitoring in Myanmar can be a serious alternative for a more classical water sampling and lab analysis-based monitoring network, particularly as it results in much higher spatial and temporal resolution of water quality information against the very modest investment and running costs. This approach can help solving the invisible water crisis of unknown water quality (changes) in river and lake systems all over the world.

A Study on IOT for Smart Water Quality Monitoring Using MQTT Algorithm

The decrease in quality of water resources has become a common problem. The standard methods of water quality surveillance include water sample manual collection from various locations. These water samples were tested in laboratory using intelligence capabilities. Such approaches take time and are no longer considered inefficient. The old method of water quality detection was time consuming, less accurate and expensive. By focusing on the above problems, IOT can be used to monitor water quality in real time, a low cost water quality monitoring system. Water quality parameters in the proposed system are measured by various sensors such as pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen to transfer data on a platform via a microcontroller system. Therefore, to meet these needs, you can use other technologies such as MQTT (Message Sorting Delimiter Transform), allowing the Sensor and End device rankings to publish and subscribe. And the number of data simultaneously between sensors and servers with the help of the MQTT algorithm.

Development of an Autonomous Remote Access Water Quality Monitoring System

<p>Due to the vast increase in global industrial output, rural to urban drift and the over-utilization of land and sea resources, the quality of water available to people has deteriorated greatly. Before the sensor based approach to water quality monitoring, water quality was tested by collecting the samples of water and experimentally analyzing it in the laboratories. However, in today, with time being a scarce resource, the traditional method of water quality testing is not efficient anymore. To tackle this issue, several electronic (microcontroller and sensor based) water quality monitoring systems were developed in the past decade. However, an in depth study of this current water quality testing technology shows that there are some limitations that should be taken into consideration. Therefore, an automatic, remote, and low cost water quality monitoring system has been developed. This system consists of a core microcontroller, multiple sensors, GSM module, LCD display screen, and an alarm subsystem. The quality of water is read from the physical world through the water quality testing sensors and sent to the microcontroller. The data is then analyzed by the microcontroller and the result is displayed on the LCD screen on the device. At the same time, another copy of the sensor readings is sent remotely to the user’s mobile phone in the form of SMS. If an abnormal water quality parameter is detected by any sensor, the alarm system will turn on the respective red LED for that parameter and the buzzer will give warning sound. At the same time, the abnormality of the water parameter is reported to the user through SMS. The system is aimed to be used for wide applications and by all categories of users. It can facilitate the process of water quality monitoring autonomously and with low cost; to help people improve their quality of drinking water, household water supplies and aquaculture farms, especially in rural areas where residents do not have access to standardized water supply and suffer from different diseases caused by contaminated water.</p>

A low-cost water quality monitoring prototype device with embedded chromogenic reagent capsules and dynamic colorimetric detection

A low-cost, compact, pumpless and valveless device is proposed in this study for water quality in field detection. Capsules filled with chromogenic reagent were fixed inside reservoirs. A series of reservoirs were mounted on a revolver. The device can automatically open the reservoirs and the capsule, so that the water sample can come inside then mix and react with the chromogenic reagent. During the reactions, the color data of samples were recorded dynamically and the chromogenic reaction rate constants were derived. According to different reaction rate constants, the concentration of target substance can be determined since the concentration and rate constant are positively correlated. A prototype was built and experiments were carried out to determine concentration of a typical nutrient, nitrite, in water samples to evaluate the effectiveness of the device. It was found that the limit of detection (LOD) for nitrite was approximately 0.01mg/L. With minor modification, the device can be used to monitor quality parameters in natural water, and wastewater from sewage, agriculture, fishery or industry.

Pressurized Water Supply System of Energy Saving Optimization and Technical Innovation

This paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages as well as the applicability of pressurized water supply system. The following aspects were also summarized: 1) How to elect the overlying water-supply system 2) high-rise building pressurized water supply green energy saving considerations. 3) Reduction of the pipe leakage of cutting-edge technology, which focuses on the high-sensitivity, low-cost water quality monitoring technology. 4) Secondary pressurized water management, operation and scheduling as well as the establishment of relevant platforms, including wisdom water system construction, digital water supply system and secondary water supply management information system in figure.

Aquaculture Water Quality Index: a low-cost index to accelerate aquaculture development in Indonesia

Due to a lack of the related data, there were no simple water indexes available for indicating water quality. Motivated by the fact that many lakes and reservoirs in Indonesia have been polluted because of aquacultural activity, this paper proposed a Water Quality Index, called the Aquaculture Water Quality Index (AWQI), and presented the development of practical tool to aid the development of aquaculture in Indonesia. Specific purposes included: (a) providing a brief summary of the assessment results of the existing WQI; (b) developing the AWQI method for applying in an aquacultural context; (c) implementing the AWQI method in Depok Area (Indonesia) as study area. An AHP method was also processed to define the weights of selected water quality parameters: DO, ammonia, pH, and fecal coliform. The AWQI had several features: (a) a low-cost water quality monitoring program that could be used by developing countries; (b) a useful tool for water resource agencies, especially for local agencies, to manage waterbodies and to raise public awareness of water pollution for its data, as its data could be easily understood and interpreted.