Low-cost Catalysts Research Articles

Upcycling of post-industrial multilayer plastic packaging waste through gasoline-equivalent hydrocarbon-targeted pyrolysis by an environmentally friendly catalyst

This study’s novelty lies in investigating the performance of calcined cement kiln dust (CCKD) as a new, low-cost catalyst in the flash pyrolysis of EVOH-containing multilayer plastic packaging waste (MLPW). An analytical pyrolyzer, connected with gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection (Py–GC/MS), was employed to investigate the catalytic pyrolysis of MLPW. Py-GC/MS experiments have shown that condensable volatiles from catalytic pyrolysis of MLPW exhibit higher yields of aromatics (24.7 %) and cyclic aliphatic compounds (26.3 %). The catalytic pyrolysis of MLPW yields C5–C12 hydrocarbons (76.2 %), while the non-catalytic conversion yields C8–C24 hydrocarbons (95.4 %). These results underscore the efficacy of catalytic pyrolysis in recovering gasoline-range hydrocarbons from MLPW, selectively enhancing the yield of cyclic aliphatics and aromatic compounds. Thus, within the circular economy’s horizon, flash pyrolysis can be scaled up to process large amounts of MLPW using CCKD as a low-cost catalyst, converting MLPW into a potential gasoline-range transportation fuel.

Increased water splitting activity of self-supported 3D nanoporous Ni and Co-based phosphides prepared by dealloying and electrophoretic deposition

The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis is an essential route to promote hydrogen energy. Design catalysts with plenty of active sites and non-precious metals is the key to realizing hydrogen production by water cracking. We have prepared nanoporous NiCoP using a dealloying method, and deposited the resultant NiCoP on sulfide-treated nickel foam (NF) by electrophoretic deposition to give a nanoporous NiCoP/Ni3S2/NF composite water electrolysis catalyst. The NiCoP–Ni3S2 heterostructure exhibits an abundance of active sites, and the self-supporting structure enhances electron transfer rate, resulting in superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and good oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity using the NiCoP/Ni3S2/NF composite electrode. The associated HER over-potential in a KOH electrolyte was 27 mV with a Tafel slope of 83 mV/dec and a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The OER over-potential was 353 mV at the current density was 100 mA/cm2. The results generated serve to establish a general method for the preparation of high-performance and low-cost self-supported catalysts for water splitting.

Strengthening heterogeneous strain in FeCoNiMo-based high-entropy alloys for advanced energy conversion

Inducing lattice distortion and applying strain between atoms to regulate the electronic structure is an effective strategy for optimizing catalytic activity; however, several challenges still remain. Herein, heterogeneous strain triggered by large-radius atoms is proposed to effectively optimize the electronic structure and energy level of FeCoNiMo-based HEAs, thereby significantly enhancing alkaline hydrogen evolution and triiodide reduction reaction performance. Following the introduction of large-radius atoms such as Nb, W or Ta into FeCoNiMo-based HEA catalysts, the overpotential at η10 was reduced by more than half (from 172 to 84 mV). Using FeCoNiMoNb/C as the counter electrode in photovoltaic devices, 8.50% PCE was achieved, which is higher than that of FeCoNiMo- and Pt-based photovoltaic devices. This study leverages large-radius atoms to trigger strengthened heterogeneous strain within HEA catalysts, providing an innovative approach to effectively regulate their electronic structures and develop high-performance, low-cost bifunctional HEA catalysts.

Waste to resource: Developing red mud as low-cost catalysts to enhance catalytic co-pyrolysis of tobacco waste and low-density polyethylene

Solid waste co-utilization technology is an effective way to improve the resourceful use of solid waste. In this study, Ni- CRM600 catalysts were prepared from industrial solid waste red mud (RM) and used to catalyze the co-pyrolysis of tobacco waste (TW) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for H2-rich combustible gas (H2, CO and CH4) production. The results showed that the Ni-CRM600 catalyst was able to significantly promote the reforming reaction of volatile matter, compared to the original RM, the modified Ni-CRM600 catalyst improved the H2 yield by more than 8 times and the CO yield by more than 6 times in the co-pyrolysis of TW with LDPE. The highest yield of H2 reached 572.02 mL/g, and the low heating value (LHV) of the combustible gas was 143.54 J/g. In the regeneration experiments of the catalyst, the regenerated catalyst showed excellent stability and remained catalytic activity after 10 cycles. The characterization of the Ni-CRM600 catalyst showed that the large number of oxygen vacancies (Ov) in RM provided an active site for NiO, resulting in the excellent catalytic activity of Ni-CRM600. The investigation of the main active components of Ni-CRM600 showed that Fe2O3 significantly promotes the yield of CO, CO2 and light hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H4, C2H6) in the gas, while NiO has a high selectivity for H2. This study provided a novel solution for co-disposal of multi-source bulk solid waste with implications on high-quality combustible gas production and synergistic resource utilization.

In-situ confinement growth of FeNi alloy within B/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as efficient electrocatalyst for water splitting

Developing low-cost and efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) still remains a challenge in water electrolysis. Herein, FeNi alloy encapsulated within boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon (FeNi@BNC) nanotubes are synthesized through a simple one-step pyrolysis method using FeCl3·6H2O, NiCl2·6H2O, H3BO3, urea and PEG-2000 as precursors. The BNC nanotubes are quite requisite for dispersing and stabilizing FeNi alloy nanoparticles (NPs) during pyrolysis. Benefiting from the synergistic catalytic effect of Fe and Ni, as well as the confinement effect of BNC nanotubes, such FeNi@BNC catalyst demonstrates impressive activities for both HER and OER, much superior to pristine Fe@BNC and Ni@BNC. Notably, the overpotentials needed to achieve a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 are just 230 mV for HER and 280 mV for OER. Moreover, the FeNi@BNC catalyst demonstrates significant stability, showing no noticeable degradation during potentiostatic electrolysis or repeated CV tests. Furthermore, FeNi@BNC exhibits remarkable activity for overall water splitting, requiring cell voltages of just 1.24 V and 1.60 V vs. RHE to achieve current densities of 10 mA·cm−2 and 20 mA·cm−2, respectively. This study introduces a novel strategy for developing bifunctional electrocatalysts with high-efficiency water splitting performance.

FeCo Alloy-Decorated Proton-Conducting Perovskite Oxide as an Efficient and Low-Cost Ammonia Decomposition Catalyst

Ammonia is known as an alternative hydrogen supplier because of its high hydrogen content and convenient storage and transport. Hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition also provides a source of hydrogen for fuel cells. While catalysts composed of ruthenium metal atop various support materials have proven to be effective for ammonia decomposition, non-precious-metal-based catalysts are attracting more attention due to desires to reduce costs. We prepared a series of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cu monometallic catalysts and their alloys as catalysts over proton-conducting ceramics via the impregnation method as precious-metal-free ammonia decomposition catalysts. While Co and Ni showed superior performance compared to Fe, Mn, and Cu on a BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−б (BZCYYb) support as an ammonia decomposition catalyst, the cost of Fe is much lower than that of other metals. Alloying Fe with Co can significantly increase the conversion and stability and lower the overall cost of materials. The measured ammonia decomposition rate of FeCo/BZCYYb reached 100% at 600 °C, and the ammonia decomposition rate was almost unchanged during the long-term test of 200 h, which reveals its good catalytic activity for ammonia decomposition and thermal stability. When the metallic catalyst remained unchanged, BZCYYb also exhibited better performance compared to other commonly used oxide supports. Finally, when ammonia cracked using our alloy catalyst was fed to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), the peak power densities were very close to that achieved with a simulated fully cracked gas stream, i.e., 75% H2 + 25% N2, thus proving the effectiveness of this new type of ammonia decomposition catalyst.

Iron-containing tailings catalyst modified by Mn for SCR of NO with NH3 at low temperature: Study of carrier treatment and calcination temperature

The development of cost-effective low temperature selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) catalysts for nitrogen oxides is a major challenge. To this end, a low-cost rare earth tailings catalyst modified by Mn was successfully synthesized by the impregnation method using rare earth tailings as raw materials. The iron-containing tailings catalyst modified by Mn exhibited high NH3 SCR activity with high N2 selectivity at low temperature range (150–200 ℃). The H2SO4 modification resulted in the weakening of the Fe-O bonds on the catalyst, thereby producing the active component, iron sulfate salt. The coordination occupancy of Brønsted acid sites is increased, thereby facilitating electron transfer and redox cycling of SCR. Furthermore, by modulating the calcination temperature, the synergistic effect of Fe and Mn is augmented, resulting in the generation of a substantial number of Mn-Fe composite oxides, which is conducive to the enhancement of NH3 adsorption and activation on the catalyst. The formation of additional Brønsted acids was identified as a primary factor influencing the enhancement of N2 selectivity in the catalyst. The catalytic process followed both the E-R and L-H mechanisms on the catalyst. The Iron-containing tailings catalyst modified by Mn represents a cost-effective and resource-conserving alternative. The provision of high denitrification efficiency, coupled with the capacity to address the issue of low N2 selectivity, offers a sustainable and low-carbon solution for the industrial reduction of NOx.

Catalytic degradation of various dyes using silver nanoparticles fabricated within chitosan based microgels

Precipitation polymerization method was used to synthesize chitosan based poly[chitosan-N-isopropylmethacrylamide-acrylic acid] [P(CS-NI-AA)] microgel particles. Synthesized P(CS-NI-AA) microgel particles were utilized as micro-reactors for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) inside the structure of microgels through chemical reduction of Ag+ ions using NaBH4 as reducing agent. P(CS-NI-AA) and Ag-P(CS-NI-AA) systems were analyzed using various characterization techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV–visible) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Catalytic activity of Ag-P(CS-NI-AA) for individual and simultaneous degradation of various dyes like methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), brilliant blue (Bb), methyl orange (MO) and Rhodamine B (RB) was investigated in aqueous phase using NaBH4 as reductant. The Pseudo 1st order rate constant (k1) for dyes degradation were evaluated. The Ag-P(CS-NI-AA) hybrid system was observed to be efficient, low-cost and stable catalyst for quick degradation of dyes.

Catalytic pyrolysis of different plastics using low-cost catalysts: wax characteristics and oil stability

Catalytic pyrolysis of different plastics using low-cost catalysts: wax characteristics and oil stability

Efficient and versatile catalyst for nitrobenzene compounds reduction based on magnetite coated with semi-metallic bismuth

Developing low-cost catalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene compounds is crucial for advancing industrial applications and environmental remediation processes. We report the synthesis of metallic bismuth supported on magnetite nanoparticles. The material was evaluated as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) using NaBH4 as the reducing agent, demonstrating high catalytic activity by converting 4-NP into 4-AP within just 1.0 min. The catalyst exhibited a first-order kinetic constant 72 times higher than the magnetite control. The effects of reaction temperature and reactant concentration were investigated. After the reaction, the catalyst was easily removed from the reaction system using a magnet and was efficiently reused for four additional cycles. Mag-Bi was efficient as a catalyst for the reduction reaction of other nitrobenzene compounds, including 4-nitrotoluene, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, and 2,4-dinitrophenol.Overall, these results suggest that Mag-Bi is a promising catalyst for nitroarene reduction, exhibiting excellent catalytic performance and good recyclability.

Nano-pumice derived from pumice mine waste as a low-cost electrode catalyst for microbial fuel cell treating edible vegetable oil refinery wastewater for bioenergy generation and reuse

This study aimed to assess nano-pumice (NP) from pumice mining waste as a local, cost-effective anode catalyst in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for treating edible vegetable oil refinery wastewater (EVORW) and generating bioenergy. Pumice mining waste was converted into nano in three stages: crushing up to ≤3 cm, reducing the size of the previous step particles to 150 μm and converting the previous step particles to <100 nm. Nano-pumice prepared was coated on the carbon cloth (CC) to increase anode surface area of MFC. Two MFCs were utilized, with MFC-1 serving as a control and MFC-2 incorporating a CC electrode coated with nano-pumice. The surface morphology, elemental and chemical composition, and textural characterization of CC, pumice, NP, and CC coated with NP were analyzed using FE-SEM, EDX, XRF, and BET techniques. MFC-2 achieved a maximum power density of 30±4W/m³ at a current density of 55±5A/m³. The MFC-1 reached a maximum power density of 18±4W/m³ at a current density of 35±6A/m³. In MFC-2, the EVORW treatment achieved maximum removals of COD (94 ± 2 %), NH4+-N (85 ± 4 %), TP (76 ± 5 %), SO42− (68 ± 6 %), TSS (81 ± 2 %), and TDS (73 ± 1 %). MFC-1 achieved removal efficiencies of 66 ± 3 % for COD, 57 ± 6 % for NH4+-N, 48 ± 3 % for TP, 45 ± 3 % for SO42−, 65 ± 3 % for TSS, and 61 ± 1 % for TDS. MFC-2 power density rose significantly, reaching 61 ± 3 % (1.6 times) higher than MFC-1and it also demonstrated a superior ability to improve raw wastewater quality compared to MFC-1. The MFC with the CC/NP anode exhibited both excellent power production and high COD removal efficiency, making nano-pumice a suitable anode catalyst for MFC applications.

Optimization of process parameters of catalytic pyrolysis using natural zeolite and synthetic zeolites on yield of plastic oil through response surface methodology

This study aims to reach a sustainable solution for waste management of medical plastics through value-added product extraction. It uses the DOE technique to examine the effect of natural zeolite and synthetic Al2O3 and SiO2 as catalysts. A small lab-scale pyrolysis setup was used for medical plastic waste management treatment. Pyrolysis of medical plastics with temperature range (350–450 °C), three catalysts, and wt.% are examined. This process is designed for 3 factors and 3 levels, such as type of catalyst, catalyst wt.%, and temperature, to create an L9 orthogonal array. At the same time, the heating rate and residence time are maintained constant at 5 °C/min and 75 minutes, respectively. Furthermore, this study analyzed the input variables in catalytic pyrolysis using response surface methodology. As a result of the study, generating the regression equation for oil yield, F and P values assure the model is significant. Optimization result shows the type of catalyst, temperature, and catalyst concentration values are found as aluminum oxide, 376 °C, and 6.6 wt.%, respectively. HDPE and LDPE oil yield a value of 58.3648 and 61.2051 wt%, respectively, under the optimum variables condition. For oil yield prediction, HDPE and LDPE’s correlation coefficient (R2) were 0.9949 and 0.9943, respectively. Authentication of the model response using a regression equation validated with the experimental result shows good agreement. The produced medical plastic oil has a density, viscosity, flash & fire point, carbon residue, and cetane number 904 kg/m3, 2.3 cSt, 42 & 45 °C, 7.1 wt.% and 51 respectively. Finally, this study concludes that plastic oil extraction from medical waste through catalytic pyrolysis can be a potential source of alternative fuels in IC engines. Priority to optimization and low-cost catalysts highlights medical plastics waste management under the socio-economic model.

A MoNi4(312) surface preferred reconstruction enhancing hydrogen evolution

Nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo) alloys have garnered significant attention for superior electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Generally, catalysts undergo reconstruction during HER, leading to surface structure evolution, which is crucial for catalytic properties. However, the real electroactive sites and mechanisms underlying the structure evolution of Ni-Mo alloys through the electrochemical process remain unclear. Herein, we propose a Ni-Mo alloy with enriched MoNi4(312) plane exposure after electrochemical reconstruction due to its preferential growth during the HER. The atomic interaction within the MoNi4(312) plane facilitates the electron transfer from Ni to Mo and optimizes the electronic configuration, accelerating the release of gaseous hydrogen and smoothing the HER process. The reconstructed Ni-Mo alloy demonstrates exceptional HER performance, achieving an ultrasmall overpotential of 23 mV at 10 mA cm–2. Additionally, by scaling up the electrode by 8 times, the overpotentials required remain similar to a small electrode. This study provides insights into surface reconstruction and orientational crystal plane design of low-cost transition metal-based alloy catalysts for industrial hydrogen production.

Self supported FeS/Fe5Ni4S8 heterostructure catalyst for efficient water splitting

With the development and progress of society, there is an increasing demand for hydrogen energy. Developing efficient, low-cost catalysts for electrolytic hydrogen production is a challenging but significant task. In this work, we successfully achieved the in-situ growth of FeS/Fe5Ni4S8 heterostructure catalyst on the surface of iron foam through a one-step solvothermal method. The heterostructure can produce more lattice defects. Additionally, the unique synergistic effect between Ni and Fe, along with rapid electron transfer kinetics at the heterointerface, collectively enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of the FeS/Fe5Ni4S8 heterostructure nanomaterials. In 1 M KOH electrolyte, this catalyst achieves low overpotentials of only 181 mV and 193 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), at the current density of 10 mA cm-2, with Tafel slopes of 23.14 mV dec-1 and 88.21 mV dec-1. After 200 h of OER and overall water splitting stability testing, the current density remains stable, providing insights into exploring efficient NiFe-based electrocatalysts.

Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural Under Mild Conditions Over Single-Atom Pd1/α-MoC Catalyst.

The selective activation of C=O bonds was the key challenge in the field of biomass utilization. Researchers worked on this purpose by developing high-active and high-selective catalysts. In this study, a Pd1/α-MoC single-atom catalyst was synthesized and applied in selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural with 96.7 % conversion and 92.4 % selectivity under a near-room temperature. With various characterizations, the formation of Pd single-atom sites over the surface of α-MoC was confirmed. Then, the dominant structure of Pd single-atom site and the reaction pathway were proposed with experimental and Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies. Compared with undecorated α-MoC, the introduction of Pd single-atom species significantly altered the reaction mechanism from Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) process. Moreover, the Pd single-atoms loading on α-MoC(111) surface notably reduced the energy barriers of H2 activation and C=O bond hydrogenation, which may lead to the improving catalytic performance of α-MoC based catalyst. Hence, this investigation could provide a new strategy and understanding for the development of high-active and low-cost catalysts.

TM and P dual sites on polymeric carbon nitride enable highly selective CO reduction to C2 products with low potentials: A theoretical perspective.

The CO reduction reaction (CORR) for the production of high-value-added multi-carbon (C2+) products is currently being actively investigated, where searching for high-efficiency catalysts with moderate CO intermediate binding strength and low kinetic barrier for C-C coupling poses a significant challenge. In this study, we employed density functional theory computations to design four synergistic coupling dual sites catalysts for CORR to C2 products, namely, TM-P@melon, by co-doping transition metals (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) and phosphorus (P) into the polymeric carbon nitride (i.e., melon-CN). Mn-P@melon and Ni-P@melon exhibit higher selectivity toward C2H5OH and C2H6, respectively, with limiting potentials (C-C coupling kinetic energy barriers) of -0.43V (0.52eV) and -0.17V (0.26eV), respectively. The introduction of TM and P atoms not only narrows the band gap of melon-CN but also favors the coupling of CO and *CHO, providing an active site for C-C coupling, thus facilitating the catalytic reaction. Our work provides rational insights for the design of stable, low-cost, and efficient CORR dual sites catalysts that facilitate the sustainable production of high-value C2 chemicals and fuels.

A Highly Conjugated Nickel(II)-Acetylide Framework for Efficient Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction.

The incorporation of transition-metal single atoms as molecular functional entities into the skeleton of graphdiyne (GDY) to construct novel two-dimensional (2D) metal-acetylide frameworks, known as metalated graphynes (MGYs), is a promising strategy for developing efficient catalysts, which can combine the tunable charge transfer of GDY frameworks, the catalytic activity of metal and the precise distribution of single metallic centers. Herein, four highly conjugated MGY photocatalysts based on NiII, PdII, PtII, and HgII were synthesized for the first time using the 'bottom-up' strategy through the use of M-C bonds (-C≡C-M-C≡C-). Remarkably, the NiII-based graphyne (TEPY-Ni-GY) exhibited the highest CO generation rate of 18.3 mmol g-1 h-1 and a selectivity of 98.8 %. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of pyrenyl and -C≡C-Ni(PBu3)2-C≡C- moieties. The pyrenyl block functions as an intramolecular π-conjugation channel, facilitating kinetically favorable electron transfer, while the -C≡C-Ni(PBu3)2-C≡C- moiety serves as the catalytic site that enhances CO2 adsorption and activation, thereby suppressing competitive hydrogen evolution. This study provides a new perspective on MGY-based photocatalysts for developing highly active and low-cost catalysts for CO2 reduction.

Boron doped Fe3S4/Co3S4 decorated with multi-wall carbon nanotubes as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Designing an exceedingly active and universal electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction is utterly essential for commercial development. Herein, boron-doped cobalt-iron bimetallic sulfide synthesized through an easy single-step hydrothermal route is reported as electrocatalyst. The B-Fe3S4/Co3S4 was further decorated with the multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT). The morphology of B-Fe3S4/Co3S4 was sphere like and it was converted to marigold flower-like after decorating it with MWCNT. The catalytic efficiency of Fe3S4/Co3S4 increased by doping with Boron and further increased by decorating with MWCNT. The prepared catalyst B-Fe3S4/Co3S4/MWCNT was tested for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solution and offered 319 mV as overpotential and 60 mV/decas Tafel slope value. In addition to it, the catalyst shows good stability, large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (30.24 m2/g), and low value of charge transfer resistance (6.5Ω), indicating that it is efficient catalyst and its high efficiency is associated with its morphology and ternary composite structure. The investigated low cost catalyst is as good as the commercially used high cost noble metal RuO2 catalysts.

NiMo/NiFe-LDH heterostructured electrocatalyst for hydrogen production from water electrolysis

Constructing low-cost and efficient catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen is of great significance. In this study, we successfully prepared NiMo/NiFe-LDH electrocatalysts with abundant coupled interfaces using a hydrothermal method and electrodeposition. The synergistic effect between the NiMo alloy and NiFe-LDH nanosheets induces charge redistribution at the interface and accelerates charge transfer, thus improving reaction kinetics and enhancing electrocatalytic performance. Experimental results show that at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the HER overpotential of NiMo/NiFe-LDH is 35 mV, demonstrating excellent water-splitting performance. This work provides insights into the development of alloy/transition metal hydroxides for efficient water-splitting hydrogen production.

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles supported on carbonized corncob as heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for efficient degradation of methyl orange

The pollution especially organic dyes pollution of water resources is an urgent issue to be solved. It is crucial to develop highly efficient, low cost and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for wastewater treatment. In this study, a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst loaded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles was prepared by one step pyrolysis using natural crop waste corncob as carbon source. The prepared porous carbon catalyst can effectively degrade methyl orange (MO, 25 mg·L−1) at room temperature, and the degradation rate is 99.7%. In addition to high catalytic degradation activity, the layered porous carbon structure of the catalyst also provides high stability and reusability. The degradation rate can be maintained above 93% after 10 cycles. Furthermore, the prepared catalyst is magnetic, which makes the catalyst easy to recycle in practical applications. In addition, the prepared Fe3O4/RCC catalyst has efficient Fenton degradation activity for bisphenol A (BPA) (96.9%) and antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) (95.5%), which proves that it has universal applicability for the degradation of most organic pollutants. This study provides a feasible and scalable strategy to prepare a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst treating wastewater and high-value utilization of biomass waste.