Low Arch Research Articles

Analysis of 3-D human foot forms using the Free Form Deformation method and its application in grading shoe lasts

An effective way to design well-fitting products is to analyse human body forms and to classify them into several groups. In the present study, a new method is proposed to analyse human body forms using the FFD (Free Form Deformation) technique. The FFD method is a way to deform the shapes of object smoothly by moving control lattice points set around the object. The reference body form is automatically deformed to coincide with the other body forms using the FFD method. The dissimilarity is defined by the movements of the control lattice points. The foot forms of 56 Japanese adult females were analysed with this method, and distributions for them were calculated using multi-dimensional scaling. The first axis contrasts feet with high dorsal arches and low dorsal arches, and the second axis is related to the antero-posterior proportion of the foot. As an application of the present method, a last of width EEEE was designed from an existing last of width E by applying the control lattice points that converted a representative foot of width E into a foot of width EEEE. The new EEEE width last reflected the allometric differences between narrow and wide feet better than one obtained by a conventional method. It was found that the present method with FFD is not only useful for classifying 3-D human body forms, but also has potential as applications for designing well-fitting products.

Kinematic interptetation of walking of 6-year old children with lowered, elevated and normal arch of the foot

Kinematic interptetation of walking of 6-year old children with lowered, elevated and normal arch of the foot

Ultima Thule

ULTIMA THULE/Davis McCombs Mammoth is a grand, gloomy and peculiar place, not soon to give up its last, darkest secret. —Stephen Bishop Stephen Bishop was the slave of Dr. John Croghan, owner of Kentucky's Mammoth Cavefrom 1839 to 1849. Bishop served as a guide at the cavefrom 1838 until 1857. His daring explorations , which led to the discovery of miles of cave passageways , were covered in newspapers and books. His fame drew visitors from all over the world. By smoking their names onto the walls of the cave, he learned to read and write. Stephen Bishop died in 1857 at the age ofthirty-seven. Oddly, the cause ofhis death was not recorded and remains unknown. Candlezvriting Childhood was a mapless country, a rough terrain of sinks and outcrops. Not once did I suspect the earth was hollow, lost as I was among the fields and shanties. I remember the wind and how the sounds it carried were my name, meant me, Stephen . . . called out over the cornfield where I hid. There was no sound when candlesmoke met limestone—just this: seven characters I learned to write with a taper on a stick. What have they to do with that boy in the weeds? Am I the letters or the hand that made them? A word I answer to and turn from, or the flame that holds the shadows, for a time at least, at bay? 50 · The Missouri Review Star Chamber Once, the Doctor spoke to me at length of stars and prognostications, how, when we observe the waxing of the Moon, everything cognate to her nature—marrow in bones and in trees, flesh of the river mussel—increases also. He told of tides and how the ocean is affixed as with a chain to moonlight. I think it must be different in the Cave, where no light penetrates. There, I have lost hours, whole cycles of the sun. At Star Chamber, I control the spheres— a lantern hung just-so will produce the night sky as if seen from a gorge; wobble it, and a comet, smoky, pestilent, streaks across the Ether. Visitations There came to us, Tuesday last, a man of most peculiar visage. The Doctor, to whom we turned for insight, muttered of abominations, dismissed our questions. And yet I did not hesitate to show the Gentleman as far in the Cave as his leisure and his pocket would allow. For, there, to the faltering glow of a greaselamp or candle, throng shadows far more monstrous than he. These I do not fear. It is the women on the tours that give me pause, delicate, ghost-white, how, at night, Tm told, they wake to find themselves in unfamiliar beds, and lost, bewildered, call my name. Davis McCombs The Missouri Review · '51 Bottomless Pit Before I crossed it on a cedar pole, legs dangling into blackness, here the tours would end: a loose and shingly precipice. From my pack I would produce a scrap of oiled paper, set fire to it, and send it twisting and sputtering into the abyss. I never saw it land, a flicker of light on the fluted cistern. Soon I had found the rivers beyond, their strange inhabitants that emerged into the circle of my light as if from another world, then vanished at the least agitation of the water. Touched, they said,fish with no eyes! until I sloshed a pailful into light, reveled in their silence. Echo River Soon we had fashioned a rude boat, and with lanterns affixed to the prow, were ferrying tours across the smoky waters: Styx, Lethe, Echo River, the host of wonders I had found. By slapping the water with the flat of my paddle, there comes a sound like the ringing of bells, a mournful, hollow melody—waves lapping and beating under the low stone arches. The voice, too, will reproduce in myriad; often I have led a tour in song, shouts raised or pistols fired on the dark, deep water. Children of a clanging, squeaking world, we cannot bear the silence. 52 · The Missouri Review Davis McCombs Shadow World I am speaking of the shade of walls and woods, the half...

Biomechanical risk factors for exercise-related lower limb injuries.

There is a significant risk of injury when undertaking physical activities. Abnormal biomechanics of the lower limb has been implicated as a causative factor for injury. Although there have been a large number of studies in this field, many lack consistency of definitions and methodology. A large number of these studies have been retrospective, and it is often impossible to identify the baseline population. The evidence suggests that limitation of range of ankle dorsiflexion, limitation of range of hip eversion, excessive joint laxity, leg length discrepancy, an excessively supinated or pronated foot, excessively high or low arches of the foot and a large Q-angle are risk factors for injury. On the other hand, there is little convincing evidence that an abnormal range of ankle plantar flexion, genu varum or valgum or undue muscle tightness may be potential risk factors. All of these biomechanical abnormalities need further evaluation as potential risk factors for injury. Any trials undertaken must endeavour to define and describe their methods fully, and ensure that their results are reproducible.

Examination of low palatal arch with long low hanging soft palate in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and cephalometry

In order to clarify morphological abnormalities of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and to predict the severity as well as the effect of surgery, we statistically examined the relationship between the degree of low palatal arch and the result of cephalometry in 45 adult male patients with OSAS who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. The patients were divided into 3 types, A, B and C, according to the degree of low palatal arch on inspection, and type C was regarded as having a low palatal arch with a long low-hanging soft palate. It was found that (1) type C patients showed a higher preoperative apnea index and lower minimal blood oxygen saturation, suggesting a serious condition. (2) In type C patients, the long axis (PNS-H) of the airway was larger, and the oral area was smaller. The area of the entire tongue, especially the upper half of the tongue, was larger than that in patients of other types. Type C patients were further divided into 3 subtypes: (1) those with a substantially long low-hanging soft palate; (2) those with a long low-hanging soft palate and large tongue; and (3) those in whom the large tongue is the main factor for the apparent low-hanging soft palate. These subtypes should be confirmed by cephalography before treatment for effective surgical results.

Exercise, Training and Injuries*

Although exercise results in a number of well documented physical fitness and health benefits, accruing such benefits entails a risk of exercise-related injuries. Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently among fitness programme participants, runners, athletes, military recruits and others who engage in routine vigorous exercise. The same parameters of exercise (intensity, duration and frequency) that determine the positive fitness and health effects of physical training also appear to influence the risk of injuries. Studies of runners and other physically active groups have consistently demonstrated that greater duration and frequency of exercise are associated with higher risks of injury. However, the sports medicine literature shows little association between exercise intensity and injuries, a finding which may be misleading. The strongest and most consistent association reported exists between greater total amounts of exercise and higher risks of injury. This is not surprising, since the total amount of exercise is the product of the intensity, duration and frequency of exercise. Recent military research confirms the finding that higher volumes of running are associated with higher rates of injury. Furthermore, the study of army recruits suggests that greater amounts of exercise not only result in greater risks of injury, but in some instances may also impart no additional increase in fitness, a finding consistent with an earlier study of civilian runners. Several military studies also demonstrate that those recruits who have been more physically active in the past are less likely to be injured during basic training. These military studies also document a number of other factors, such as older age, smoking, sedentary jobs and lifestyle, high or low flexibility and high arches of the feet, which may contribute to or modify the risks for exercise-related injuries. In conclusion, the present review suggest that, for activities such as running, specific parameters of exercise may contribute to the overall risk of injuries in rough proportion to their contribution to the total amount of activity performed. Also, better knowledge of the effects of the parameters of training and other factors on the risks of exercise-related injuries is necessary to make more judicious choices about how to best achieve the benefits of exercise and to prevent injuries.

Effects of arch height of the foot on ground reaction forces in running

There is a suggested link between running injuries and arch type of the foot. However, a distinct cause and effect relationship has not been established. Feet may be functionally categorized on the basis of arch height. The purpose of this study was to compare selected ground reaction force variables in running for different arch heights. Static height of the medial longitudinal arch was measured using a caliper, arch flattening during running was determined by video analysis, and ground reaction forces during running were recorded from a KISTLER force plate. Thirty-four subjects were divided into three arch height and three arch flattening groups, and single-factor analyses of variance were conducted to compare the groups. Arch height and arch flattening were not found to be significantly related. However, the initial medial force peak in the low arch group occurred significantly later than in the normal and high arch groups, and the anterior force peak in the low flattening group was lower compared with the medium and high flattening groups (P < 0.05). Both arch measurements were ineffective in accounting for the observed variability in the ground reaction forces in running. Specifically, the impact forces did not differ for the different arch height and arch lowering groups.

Association between morphology of the first cervical vertebra, head posture, and craniofacial structures

In order to test the assumption of an association between the anatomy of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas, and dentofacial build, roentgen-cephalograms of 78 young adults with either a markedly high or a low atlas dorsal arch were analysed with regard to head posture, and cervicovertebral and dentofacial anatomy. The high and low dorsal arch groups each comprised 22 women and 17 men. The head was more extended in the low arch groups and particularly so among the women, in whose low arch group there was a tendency for the cervical spine to be inclined more forward. Both the dorsal arch and the dens of the second vertebra were vertically smaller in the low arch groups, and more so among the men. Vertebral length was reduced more in the women, however. The clival plane was more parallel to the foraminal plane in the low arch groups and the gonial angle was more obtuse. Furthermore, the women with low arches showed a steepened mandibular plane, a backward-rotated condylar head, a decrease in the ratio of posterior to anterior face height, smaller vertical overbite and reduced proclination of the lower incisors. The prevalence of severe malocclusions was higher than in the corresponding high arch group.

Unique X‐linked mental retardation syndrome with fingertip arches and contractures linked to Xq21.31

We studied 10 members of a 4 generation Missouri kindred with a dominant mental retardation syndrome with increasing severity in males. The 21 year-old propositus presented with severe mental retardation, microcephaly, asymmetric face, exotropia, hypogonadism, joint hypermobility, rocker bottom feet, and 10 low digital arches. Two brothers and a male cousin had similar features. The mother, sister, niece, maternal aunt, female cousin, and grandmother were examined and each had 8 to 10 low digital arches. Five of the women had exotropia and one had pes cavus feet. Chromosome analysis for fragile X in multiple relatives was normal. To determine the likelihood that this was an X-linked syndrome. DNA from relatives was hybridized to probes which detect 13 different loci spanning the X-chromosome. A peak LOD score of 2.78 at theta equal to 0.0 was calculated for the syndrome locus and DXYS1 (pDP34). The more distal Xq loci showed increasing recombination with the syndrome locus. These results are consistent with location for this syndrome near Xq21.31, the chromosomal locus for DXYSI.

Footprint Analysis Between Three and Seventeen Years of Age

Footprints of both feet were analyzed from 1676 schoolchildren of both sexes (1013 girls and 663 boys), aged between 3 and 17 years. The sample was divided into five age groups. In each footprint the Footprint Angle and the Chippaux-Smirak Index were obtained. Classification of individual shapes of foot arches and different types of foot morphology followed that used by Jaworski and Puch in 1987. A high percentage of lowered longitudinal medial arch in the youngest age group of the study was found. The percentage is lower in the older age groups. The longitudinal medial arch has a physiological development in the earlier years of growth.

Role of the calcaneal inclination in the energy storage capacity of the human foot—a biomechanical model

The energy storage capacity of the human foot as a passive structure depends on both its geometry and elastic properties. The present study examines theoretically the relationship between the energy stored in the longitudinal arch and the inclination of the calcaneus, when a vertical load is applied. A simple two-dimensional model was used, consisting of two inclined rigid elements, hinged at the apex of the arch and connected by a horizontal tension spring at the bottom of the arch. The spring serves as the energy-storing element of the model, representing the foot plantar ligaments. The behaviour of the model was examined using both a linear and an exponential spring. It demonstrated that the stored energy depends strongly on the calcaneal inclination. For a given vertical load, the energy storage capacity is low at both large and small inclinations and rises markedly at an intermediate value. Assuming that the incidence of stress fractures during locomotion is affected by insufficient energy attenuation of the foot, this model provides an explanation for the higher prevalence of tibial and femoral stress fractures in subjects with high or low arches.

Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket: a prospective study.

Eighty-two high performance young male fast bowlers (mean age 16.8 years) were tested immediately prior to the season for selected kinanthropometric and physiological data. Subjects were also filmed both laterally (200 Hz) and from above (100 Hz) while bowling so that their front foot impacted a force platform during the delivery stride. The players then completed a log book over the ensuing season that detailed their training and playing programmes. All cricket related injuries over this season were assessed by a sports physician who used computerized tomography to assist in the diagnosis of spinal injuries. At the completion of this season the players were grouped according to their injury status (Group 1--bony injury to a vertebra; Group 2--soft tissue injury to the back that caused the player to miss at least one game, and Group 3--no injuries). A one-way analysis of variance was used to identify if any variables were significantly (P less than 0.05) different between the three groups, and a Scheffe post hoc comparison was used to determine which groups were significantly different. Eleven per cent of the players sustained a stress fracture to a vertebra(e) (L4 to S1), while 27 per cent sustained a soft tissue injury to the back. Bowlers with a low longitudinal foot arch were more likely to develop a stress fracture than those with a high arch. Shoulder depression and horizontal flexion strength for the preferred limb and quadriceps power in the non-preferred limb were also significantly related to back injuries. Results suggest that bowlers with the above physical characteristics, who bowl with these biomechanical techniques for extended periods, are predisposed to back injuries.

Orogenic belts on Venus

Research Article| December 01, 1986 Orogenic belts on Venus L. S. Crumpler; L. S. Crumpler 1Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar James W. Head; James W. Head 1Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Donald B. Campbell Donald B. Campbell 2NAIC Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information L. S. Crumpler 1Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 James W. Head 1Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Donald B. Campbell 2NAIC Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 Geological Society of America Geology (1986) 14 (12): 1031–1034. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<1031:OBOV>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation L. S. Crumpler, James W. Head, Donald B. Campbell; Orogenic belts on Venus. Geology 1986;; 14 (12): 1031–1034. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<1031:OBOV>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Recent radar observations of Venus show evidence for three types of deformational features in the linear mountain belts of Ishtar Terra: linear ridges and troughs oriented parallel to the strike of the mountains and interpreted to be anticlines and synclines; broad low arches similar to mare-ridge-type features seen on the Moon and interpreted to represent low-angle thrusting and buckling; and linear discontinuities that cut across the strike of the ridges and troughs and are interpreted to represent strike-slip movement. On the basis of the localized concentration of these features, their orientations and patterns of distribution, and their association with linear mountainous topography, we conclude that they mark the location of concentrated horizontal compressional deformation and that Akna and Freyja Montes represent erogenic belts on Venus. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Snap-Through Buckling of the Low Arch by the Trefftz Criterion

Technical Briefs Snap-Through Buckling of the Low Arch by the Trefftz Criterion G. J. Simitses, G. J. Simitses School of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar H. M. Caldwell, III H. M. Caldwell, III School of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and Article Information G. J. Simitses School of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. H. M. Caldwell, III School of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. J. Appl. Mech. Mar 1977, 44(1): 169-171 (3 pages) https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3423987 Published Online: March 1, 1977 Article history Received: April 1, 1976 Revised: August 1, 1976 Online: July 12, 2010

Snapping of Low Arches with Nonuniform Stiffness

Results in the form of critical load versus rise parameter are presented for two different types of symmetric stiffness distribution and three cross-sectional area to moment of inertia relations. Critical conditions are obtained through an approximate Ritz-type approach for both types of instability, limit point and unstable bifurcation. Exact solutions are obtained, whenever possible, which are used to provide a confidence factor for the approximate technique. Except for one special case, nonuniform stiffness geometries yield a stronger configuration than uniform stiffness geometries. In addition, for both nonuniform stiffness distributions considered, the more the stiffness is concentrated towards the center of the arch the stronger the arch.

Los Angeles Erosion Surface of Middle Cretaceous Age

The Los Angeles lowlands and the offshore continental borderland, south of the northern Channel Islands, taken together, have the shape of an inverted and distorted recumbent L, with an east-west leg 225 mi (362 km) long and a north-south spread of about 120 mi (190 km). The crystalline and semicrystalline basement of this area seems to have been eroded to low relief in middle Cretaceous time, to form what we suggest calling the Los Angeles erosion surface. Onshore this surface, cut on Catalina blue and green schists, quartz plutonites, and other rocks, forms the floor of the Los Angeles basin and, farther inland, the surface of the basement rocks of the somewhat higher Perris block, the latter modified by Tertiary erosion to principal levels of about 1,500 and 1,600 ft ( 00 m) elevation. The basement rocks are middle Cretaceous or older, from both radiometric and fossil evidence. Offshore, the basement everywhere seems to be Catalina Schist, overlain by Cenomanian and younger sedimentary rocks. Probably five-sixths of the area was cut on Catalina Schist, and the remaining, northeasternmost sixth on more siliceous basement. The first notable deformation of the surface was at the end of Cretaceous time, when a low southwest-northeast Los Angeles arch rose in the central and northeastern parts of the area and soon was denuded almost entirely of its thick Cretaceous cover, which was similar to that preserved in the Santa Ana and Santa Monica Mountains on the southeast and northwest respectively. In Cenozoic time, Paleocene(?), Eocene, and later marine and no marine deposits successively overlapped from the west and south onto the denuded basement, in part filling newly developed deep and shallow basins. The overlaps were interrupted in early middle Miocene time by local uplifts. During Pliocene and Pleistocene times, the surface was deformed rather profoundly, as deep basins and high mountains formed.

Digital dermatoglyphics of three caste groups of Mysore

An analysis of digital pattern types and digital ridge counts was made for samples of three endogamous Mysore castes, viz., Lingayat, Vokkaliga and Adi Karnataka. The pattern types exhibit significant variations between Lingayat and Vokkaliga, and between Adi Karnataka and Vokkaliga, though, in general, distributional trend of the three principal pattern types are of the same order in all the three castes, having high frequency of loops, moderate whorls and low arches. In pattern types, differences between sexes are highly significant. The total ridge count (TRC) in both males and females is lower in the Adi Karnataka than in the Lingayat and Vokkaliga and the same holds good for the counts on each hand. Bimanual differences among the groups are small, and left hand counts in almost all the digits are consistently smaller than those of the right hand in all the castes irrespective of sex. TRC differences between sexes are not significant. It is striking that by contrast with the pattern type frequency data very little difference among the three Mysore castes emerges from the analysis of finger quantitative features, i.e., in total ridge count and pattern intensity index. Overall finger pattern frequencies of the present caste samples fit generally with those observed in other caste groups of Mysore but differ from the frequencies in Madras samples.

Complete interruption of the aortic arch. 1. Characteristic radiographic findings in 21 patients.

The radiographs of 21 patients with complete interruption of the aortic arch are reviewed, together with the literature, to emphasize characteristic radiographic features previously not recognized or discussed. In addition to the nonspecific radiologic findings of a left-to-right shunt through the invariably present ventricular septal defect, charateristic and unique features noted on chest radiograph and barium swallow that may suggest the diagnosis prior to catheterization include: a) a midline trachea; b) a hypoplastic ascending aorta with direct vertical ascent toward the neck; c) absence of the aortic "knob;" d) termination of the descending thoracic aortic shadow at the level of the main pulmonary artery; e) a "low arch" on lateral or left anterior oblique projections; and f) absence of the normal aortic impression on the barium-filled esophagus. Rib notching, when present, in association with the above findings indicates a stenotic or closed ductus arteriosus with collateral circulation through intercostal arteries to the descending aorta. The bilateral or unilateral location, right or left side, of the notching is dependent on the site of interruption and origin of the subclavian arteries and may permit differentiation into types and subtypes on chest radiograph.

Fe XXIV Emission in Solar Flares Observed with the NRL/ATM XUV Slitless Spectrograph

During the Skylab Mission, the NRL slitless spectrograph photographed a number of flares in the 170–600 Å region with a spatial resolution approaching 2″. At flare maximum the 2s2S1/2— — 2p2P1/2, 3/2transitions of Fe XXIV are present, and show the location of the (approx.) 20 × 106deg plasma with respect to the surface magnetic field and chromospheric (He iiemissions. Three examples are discussed (two only briefly).In the small, intense disk flare of 1973, August 9 the high temperature region appears at the foot of a low altitude arch. The estimated electron density is 5 × 1011cm–3.In the limb flare of 1974, January 15 the hot X-ray emitting component is at a very low altitude compared to the flare loops.In the impulsive double ribbon flare of 1973, June 15 the Fe XXIV emission is centered over the neutral line, forming a bridge-like structure between magnetic regions of opposite polarity. The estimated electron density is 5 × 1010cm–3.The Fe XXIV emission was visible 8 to 10 min as compared with a calculated cooling time by conduction of only 5 min. The lengthened life of the emission may be associated with the observed ‘turbulence’, which inhibits the heat conduction, or alternatively, with a slower energy release prolonged beyond the end of the burst phase.

Snapping of Low Pinned Arches on an Elastic Foundation

The problem of a low half-sine pinned arch under a quasi-statically applied half-sine load is considered. The low arch is resting on an elastic foundation. Critical loads are obtained by investigating the stability of the equilibrium positions by considering all possible modes of deformation. It is assumed that the behavior of the arch is linearly elastic up to the critical load. The entire range of values for the modulus of the foundation is considered. The results are presented graphically as either critical load (snap-through) or classical buckling load (stable bifurcation) versus the rise parameters for a large number of values of the modulus of foundations. This investigation presents an interesting model for stability studies, because, depending on the value of the rise parameter and the modulus of the foundation, the load-deflection curve exhibits the possibilities of the top-of-the-knee buckling, snap-through buckling through unstable bifurcation, and classical buckling (stable bifurcation).