Loud Noise Research Articles

Speech communication interference in the robotic operating room.

Miscommunication in the OR is a threat to patient safety and surgical efficiency. Our objective was to measure the frequency and causes of communication interference between robotic team members. We observed 78 robotic surgeries over 215h. 65.4% were General Surgery, most commonly cholecystectomy, identifying Speech Communication Interference (SCI) events, defined as "surgery-related group discourse that is disrupted according to the goals of the communication or the physical and situational context of the exchange". We noted the causes and strategies to correct the miscommunication, near misses, and case delays associated with each SCI event. Post-surgery interviews supported observations and were analyzed thematically. Overall, we observed 687 SCI events (mean 8.8 ± 6.5 per case, 3.2 per hour), ranging from one to 28 per case. 48 (7.0%) occurred during docking and 136 (19.8%) occurred during a critical moment. The most common causes were concurrent tasks (66.1%); loud noises (10.8%) from patient cart, lightbox fan, and suction machine; and overlapping conversations (4.2%). 94.8% resulted in a case delay. These events distracted from monitoring patient safety and resulted in near misses. Mitigating strategies included leaning out of the surgeon console to repeat the message and employing a messenger. These findings help characterize miscommunication in robotic surgery. Possible interventions include microphones and headsets, positioning the surgeon console closer to the bedside, moving loud equipment further away, and upgrading the patient cart speaker.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KEBERADAAN PETERNAKAN BABI DI DESA TOMBI KECAMATAN AMPIBABO KABUPATEN PARIGI MOUTONG

Raising pigs is one of the businesses managed by a portion of the population in Indonesia. This is because it can provide great benefits if managed properly, including the manure which can be used as fertilizer and a promising source of feed ingredients. This study aims to determine Community Perceptions of the Existence of Pig Farms in Tombi Village, Ampibabo District, Parigi Moutong Regency. This research took place in Hamlet I and Hamlet II, Tombi Village, Ampibabo District, Parigi Moutong Regency. It was carried out from September to November 2022. The type of research used was descriptive qualitative. The method used is survey method (observation and interview). The population in this study were all the people in hamlet I and hamlet II of Tombi Village, totaling 229 people. Determination of the number of samples using descriptive statistics based on the Slovin formula as many as 70 people and the method of taking respondents using accidental sampling. Data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistics using a Likert scale. The results of this study revealed that the public's perception of the existence of a pig farm in Tombi Village, Ampibabo District, Parigi Moutong Regency, as a whole was disturbed. snoring, continuous noise and loud noises with a weight of 43.3%, waste treatment with indicators piled up in the disposal pond and lack of cleanliness with a weight of 77.25% and socio-culture with indicators of community approval and adaptation to smells and sounds with an index value of 60.63% The data shows that respondents feel disturbed by the existence of pig farms close to residential areas, even though it is known that setting up pig farms must be far from residential areas, so as not to disturb the comfort of the people who live in Hamlets I and II of Tombi Village.

Neonatal Health Risks Among Children of Female Military Aviation Officers

INTRODUCTION: The aviation occupational environment may expose a developing fetus to intermittent hypoxia, high gravitational force, toxic materials, loud noise, high frequency vibrations, and galactic cosmic radiation. These exposures in animal models are associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. We sought to investigate whether a maternal military aviation career was associated with adverse neonatal health outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of female officer’s children born in the Military Health System from October 2002 to December 2019. Female fixed-wing aviation officers were identified by the presence of an aviation occupation code prior to birth. Adverse neonatal outcomes were identified by International Classification of Diseases codes in in-patient medical records. Binomial regression was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk (aRR) of neonatal health outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 27,033 eligible births, with 1144 children born to female fixed-wing aviation officers and 25,889 to female nonaviation officers. Children of fixed-wing aviation officers had a significantly lower adjusted risk of overall neonatal growth abnormalities compared to children of nonaviation officers [aRR 0.74 (95% Confidence Interval 0.57–0.99)], but did not have significant differences in low birth weight [aRR 0.78 (0.56–1.10)] or small for gestational age [aRR 0.72 (0.46–1.10)] diagnoses. There were no statistically significant adverse neonatal outcomes. DISCUSSION: Children of female military fixed-wing aviation officers were at decreased risk of neonatal growth abnormalities compared to children of nonaviation officers and had no significant adverse neonatal health outcomes. Further research is needed to determine how flight impacts neonatal health outcomes. Stark CM, Sorensen IS, Royall M, Dorr M, Brown J, Dobson N, Salzman S, Susi A, Hisle-Gorman E, Huggins BH, Nylund CM. Neonatal health risks among children of female military aviation officers. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(11):815–820.

Acquired long QT interval syndrome as a predictor of sudden cardiac death: Causes, diagnostic criteria, and management strategy

Despite medical advances in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Sudden cardiac death, an extreme and irreversible outcome of cardiac arrest, is observed in 50% of cases and is often the first suddenly detected pathology. Long QT syndrome is a variant of electrical heart disease resulting from both congenital and acquired dysfunction and/or regulation of cardiomyocyte ion channels, accompanied by impaired depolarization and repolarization of the ventricular myocardium and characterized by QT prolongation and T abnormalities on the electrocardiogram, clinically accompanied by syncope, bidirectional spindle ventricular tachycardia of the “pirouette” type (torsade de pointes), associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death or sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Effective management of these patients requires an individualized approach: careful examination, calculation of corrected QT, determination of typology (hereditary or acquired syndrome), risk assessment using the Tisdale scale, and selection of optimal therapy. Treatment should be comprehensive and include pharmacological (beta-adrenergic blockers, correction of electrolyte balance) and surgical (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and left-sided thoracic sympathetic denervation of the heart), lifestyle (avoidance of drugs that contribute to prolongation of the QT interval, avoidance of specific arrhythmia triggers (active swimming, exposure to loud noises)) and regular consultation with a cardiologist. Early diagnosis and a comprehensive approach are key to successful prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with Long QT syndrome.

Field Visits as a Pedagogical Tool to Understand Health Determinants

Abstract Background Medical education often focuses on curative medicine, neglecting health determinants. Field visits, common in other educational contexts, enhance understanding of these factors. We aim to offer insights into pedagogical methods applicable to similar educational settings. Objectives Medical students completing an internship at the Gaia-Espinho Public Health Unit participated in field visits to enhance their understanding of health determinants. Guided through two economically distinct areas within a walkable distance of 2km, students documented health determinants through notes and photos. Discussions were held on-site and after visits integrating the real-world experience with theoretical frameworks. An inductive thematic analysis of students’ satisfaction and pedagogical effectiveness of the activity was performed on the internship reports from the 2023/2024 academic year. Results Out of 18 internship reports, 10 described the activity as positive and enriching, of which six highlighted it as a crucial part of the internship. Thirteen reports noted that the activity led to new perceptions about health determinants, and nine highlighted its practical value. Nine students included photos in their reports, bike paths being the most featured. Seventeen provided a clear description and listed the determinants they were able to detect. Discussions highlighted sensory experiences that are uniquely discernible through physical site visits including unpleasant odours, loud noises, and the cooling effect of blue areas on hot days. Three did not provide any evaluative comments, but correctly listed the determinants identified. Conclusions Field visits may enhance medical students’ understanding of health determinants, being recognized as an engaging pedagogical tool. Potential biases in assessments that rely on student satisfaction reports must be considered. Findings support the continuation and expansion of visits in other Public Health internships. Key messages • Field visits, used as a pedagogical tool, may enhance medical students’ ability to understand health determinants. • User Field visits provide a new perspective on previously acquired theoretical knowledge regarding prevention.

Behavioral responses of free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to sudden loud noises.

We opportunistically observed 31 cases of responses to sudden loud noises mainly caused by falling rocks and trees in a free-ranging, provisioned group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, at Katsuyama, Japan, and analyzed 27 cases for which we successfully recorded their responses. In 88% of the 24 cases in which the highest- or second-highest ranking adult male probably heard the noise, one or both of them vocalized aggressively in response. Other males tended to vocalize when they were far away from the two highest-ranking males (in 5 of 7 cases in which they vocalized). Adult females vocalized in only 8% of cases, even when they fled from the noise source. These findings suggest that, unlike tree-shaking and female-directed aggression- both performed often in the mating season and accompanied by vocalizations in both high- and low-ranking males of Japanese macaques- vocalizing in response to sudden loud noises is usually limited to one or two high-ranking males in the vicinity. This vocal response could be a way for the males to advertise their social status; it may also serve to calm group members scared by the noise, preventing them from fleeing in panic and dispersing widely. Our observations also suggest that males may monitor which other males remain nearby, and that whereas females may scream in response to socially induced fear, they are least likely to do so in response to fear arising from non-social contexts.

Exploding Head Syndrome among Patients Seeking Help for Tinnitus and/or Hyperacusis at an Audiology Department in the UK: A Preliminary Study.

Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is characterized by hearing a sudden loud noise or experiencing a sense of explosion in head during the transition of sleep-wake or wake-sleep. The experience of EHS shares similarities with tinnitus, where an individual perceives a sound without any external sound source. To the authors' knowledge, the possible relationship between EHS and tinnitus has not been explored. Preliminary assessment of prevalence of EHS and its related factors among patients seeking help for tinnitus and/or hyperacusis. Retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 148 consecutive patients who sought help for tinnitus and/or hyperacusis at an audiology clinic in the United Kingdom. The data regarding demographics, medical history, audiological measures, and self-report questionnaires were collected retrospectively from the patients' records. Audiological measures comprised of pure-tone audiometry and uncomfortable loudness levels. The self-report questionnaires which were administered as a part of standard care comprised of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, numeric rating scale of tinnitus loudness, annoyance, and effect on life, hyperacusis questionnaire, Insomnia Severity Index, Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale 7, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). To establish presence of EHS, participants were asked "Do you ever hear a sudden, loud noise, or feel a sense of explosion in your head at night?" EHS was reported by 8.1% of patients with tinnitus and/or hyperacusis (12 out of 148). The patients with and without EHS were compared, but no significant relationships were found, between the presence of EHS and age, gender, tinnitus/hyperacusis distress, symptoms of anxiety or depression, sleep difficulties, or audiological measures. The prevalence of EHS in a tinnitus and hyperacusis population is similar to that in the general population. While there does not seem to be any association with sleep or mental factors, this might be due to the limited variability in our clinical sample (i.e., most patients exhibited high level of distress regardless of EHS). Replication of the results in a larger sample with more variety of symptom severity is warranted.

Impact of easy-care and softener treatments on fabric frictional noise properties: a study on two protective fabrics

This research aimed to reduce fabric frictional noise to enhance wearing comfort, as such noise can be bothersome. This goal was achieved through chemical surface treatments, specifically cross-linker treatment and silicone softener treatment. Frictional noise from the treated fabrics was generated, recorded, and analyzed using a frictional noise generator, fast Fourier transform, and sixth-band analysis to determine the total noise level. A novel aspect of this work is the use of psychoacoustic characterization to evaluate the fabric frictional noise by calculating Zwicker’s parameters using the Brüel and Kjær application. In addition, the mechanical properties were tested using the Kawabata compression and surface testers, with data comparison achieved using Student’s t-test. The results showed that softeners are more effective than cross-linkers in reducing the total frictional noise level, loudness, and fluctuation strength. However, cross-linkers are better at reducing sharpness. Neither treatment affected the roughness of the frictional noise. In summary, both easy-care and softener treatments help reduce discomfort and produce less loud and sharp fabric frictional noise.

General Purpose Alarm Device: A programmable annunciator

The General Purpose Alarm Device (GPAD) shines lights and makes loud noises to draw the attention of a human being to a problem. It provides a programmable, 80 character display to provide textual information. As an inexpensive modular annunciator, it is intended to decrease the cost of any system that requires complex monitoring and rapid human intervention. Fundamentally, it is designed to act as a peripheral to a controlling computer or microcontroller. The controller may communicate over a USB (COM) connection or a 5V SPI connection via an RJ12 cable. The GPAD is intended to be as general purpose as possible, so that it can be used to provide alarm functionality for many engineering and scientific projects, hobby machines, instruments, and various situations. The original driving use case is to provide medical alarm capability to the PolyVent open-source mechanical medical ventilator. The GPAD supports 5 alarm levels above “silent” of increasing urgency in terms of light, rhythm, and frequency. It has a mute button. It is based on the Arduino Uno Atmega328 design and is potentially extensible through headers and shields like an Uno. The GPAD includes a printed wiring assembly, firmware for the GPAD peripheral, a simple documented API and a 3D printable enclosure. The repo includes instructions for using a second GPAD as a controller as an example for programming.

Railway curve squeal detection and tonal analysis

Railway curve squeal is a loud tonal noise generated by instabilities in the wheel-rail contact of railway vehicles while negotiating tight curves. The emitted noise is perceived as highly disturbing and contributes to noise problems in urban environments. Traditional monitoring of squeal occurrence involves analyzing train pass-by sound measurements. Such monitoring system is sensitive to high background noise which can pose a problem in urban environments with limited possibilities for suitable microphone placement. To overcome these issues, an alternative approach to detect curve squeal from rail vibration measurements is investigated. This comprises a simple and practical monitoring solution virtually unaffected by sound disturbances from the surroundings. Furthermore, this method can identify whether squeal noise occurs on the low or high rail. Field measurements involve a two-part analysis: 1) the development and validation of a method for detecting squealing events from rail vibrations, and 2) identifying tonal components from the measured signals. Results from the first part suggest that curve squeal can be detected from rail vibrations and the specific rail where squeal is generated can be identified. In the second part, specific frequency regions where squeal tonal components tend to emerge are recognized.

Survey on sound exposure for musician using a noise dosemeter

Recently, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan has revised guidelines for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss among workers in the workplace. The target group is workers who are engaged in noisy work in factories and construction sites. It is thought that it is not only those engaged in noisy work who are exposed to loud noises. We considered that musicians playing musical instruments are also exposed to loud noises on a daily basis. Therefore, we have considered protecting musicians from hearing loss by determining the extent to which they are exposed to loud sounds on a daily basis. As a basic study, we explored the daily sound exposure of professional musicians using a RION dosemeter, which was developed in accordance with the Guidelines for the Prevention of Noise Disturbance.

Reprogramming with Atoh1, Gfi1, and Pou4f3 promotes hair cell regeneration in the adult organ of Corti

Abstract Cochlear hair cells can be killed by loud noises, ototoxic drugs, and natural aging. Once lost, mammalian hair cells do not naturally regenerate, leading to permanent hearing loss. Since the mammalian cochlea lacks any intrinsic ability to regenerate, genetic reprogramming of cochlear supporting cells that lie adjacent to hair cells is a potential option for hearing restoration therapies. We targeted cochlear supporting cells with three hair cell transcription factors: Atoh1, or Atoh1 + Gfi1, or Atoh1 + Gfi1 + Pou4f3 and found that 1- and 2-factor reprogramming is not sufficient to reprogram adult supporting cells into hair cells. However, activation of all three hair cell transcription factors reprogrammed some adult supporting cells into hair cell-like cells. We found that killing endogenous hair cells significantly improved the ability of supporting cells to be reprogrammed and regenerated numerous hair cell-like cells throughout the length of the cochlea. These regenerated hair cell-like cells expressed myosin VIIa and parvalbumin, as well as the mature outer hair cell protein prestin, were innervated, expressed proteins associated with ribbon synapses, and formed rudimentary stereociliary bundles. Finally, we demonstrate that supporting cells remained responsive to transcription factor reprogramming for at least 6 weeks after hair cell damage, suggesting that hair cell reprogramming may be effective in the chronically deafened cochlea.

Wireless In-Ear Communication for Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Simulated Operating Room Evaluation

BackgroundEffective surgical team communication is a key component of patient safety. However, communication failure is common and has previously been identified as one of the leading causes of error. Nonetheless, there has been a lack of innovation in this domain. Contemporary communication technology may hamper loud noises frequently encountered during total joint arthroplasty surgery to allow the surgical team to communicate safely and effectively. The objective of this study was to assess whether the use of in-ear communication devices during simulated arthroplasty surgery could improve communication compared to standard of loud voice communication. MethodsThis was a randomized simulation study designed to evaluate differences in communication. Participants were recruited to engage in simulations of total joint arthroplasty with in-ear wireless communication devices and traditional methods. Data collected included participant demographics, sound level exposure, and communication effectiveness using a created list of phrases commonly involved in arthroplasty surgery. A System Usability Scale questionnaire and survey comparing participant experiences was given. ResultsFifteen participants were recruited. The median age was 29 years (standard deviation 2.9) and 66% were women. There were significant differences in the percent of correctly identified phrases (78.6% vs 44%), mean effectiveness (7.9/10 vs 4.9/10) and mean clarity (8/10 vs 4/10) in favor for the wireless in-ear communication simulation (P < .001 for all). Out of the 10 questions in the System Usability Scale questionnaire, 4 exhibited significant differences, favoring the use of in-ear communication, while the others showed no difference. The mean level of sound recorded was 86 dB in the in-ear device and 87.6 dB in the control group (P = .680). ConclusionsWireless in-ear communication appears to be safe and effective during total joint arthroplasty surgery which may promote efficiency and patient safety. Further, in-ear communication systems can dampen the loud and potentially damaging noise in orthopaedic procedures and may protect surgeons exposed to loud noises.

Relationship between Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Personality Traits

Reactions to stimuli vary from person to person. The same stimulus has different effects depending on the perception of different people and the physical and mental states they are in. Considering this difference, situations can be seen in which a person perceives a specific stimulus or group of stimuli as negative and disturbing for themselves. In particular, people with high levels of sensory processing sensitivity feel the negative effects of stimuli more intensely both in terms of their internal processes (hunger, pain, sadness, stress, etc.) and the situation of the physical environment (loud noise, bright light, pungent odor, etc.) which they are in. On the other hand, the existence of situations where sensory processing sensitivity has a positive effect is also noticeable. In this context, the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity and personality traits is examined. The concept of personality is explained in different ways by many different theorists in the international literature. In order to avoid confusion that may arise in the definition and understanding of personality traits, in this review study, personality traits are examined on the basis of the Five Factor Personality Theory. Within the framework of the personality definition of the Five Factor Personality Theory, The relationship between five basic personality traits and sensory processing sensitivity is examined by also considering the subdimensions of each five personality traits.

Auditory decision-making deficits after permanent noise-induced hearing loss.

Loud noise exposure is one of the leading causes of permanent hearing loss. Individuals with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) suffer from speech comprehension deficits and experience impairments to cognitive functions such as attention and decision-making. Here, we tested whether a specific sensory deficit, NIHL, can directly impair auditory cognitive function. Gerbils were trained to perform an auditory decision-making task that involves discriminating between slow and fast presentation rates of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise. Decision-making task performance was assessed across pre-versus post-NIHL sessions within the same gerbils. A single exposure session (2 hours) to loud broadband noise (120 dB SPL) produced permanent NIHL with elevated threshold shifts in auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). Following NIHL, decision-making task performance was tested at sensation levels comparable to those prior to noise exposure in all animals. Our findings demonstrate NIHL diminished perceptual acuity, reduced attentional focus, altered choice bias, and slowed down evidence accumulation speed. Finally, video-tracking analysis of motor behavior during task performance demonstrates that NIHL can impact sensory-guided decision-based motor execution. Together, these results suggest that NIHL impairs the sensory, cognitive, and motor factors that support auditory decision-making.

Recreational Noise and Hearing Loss. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Noise Induced Hearing Loss is a sensorineural hearing loss caused by exposure to loud noises within a long duration. In 2015, WHO predict that more than 1 billion teenagers and young adults are at risk of hearing loss due to unsafe listening practices. There is yet a concrete conclusion on how recreational noise effect hearing ability. This study aims to discover whether recreational noise can cause hearing loss. Purpose: To study the effect recreational activities, have on hearing ability. Method: The design of this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis method with a case-control approach. Of the 2072 studies identified, 3 studies passed the Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) eligibility test and was proceed to a meta-analysis using the REVMAN MANAGER 5.4 software. Results: The result are there is no significant effect of recreational noise on hearing loss (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.16, 06.26 P = 0.99). Conclusion: Statistically, there is no clinical significance of hearing loss caused by exposure from recreational activities, but there is a need for more variety of recreational activates sound exposure outside of the music sphere and need for more homogenous of methods amongst Noise Induced Hearing Loss caused by Recreational Activities.

Robust speech command recognition in challenging industrial environments

Speech is among the main forms of communication between humans and robots in industrial settings, being the most natural way for a human worker to issue commands. However, the presence of pervasive and loud environmental noise poses significant challenges to the adoption of Speech-Command Recognition systems onboard manufacturing robots; indeed, they are expected to perform in real time on hardware with limited computational capabilities and also to be robust and accurate in such complex environments. In this paper, we propose an innovative system based on an End-to-End architecture with a Conformer backbone. Our system is specifically designed to achieve high accuracy in noisy industrial environments and to guarantee a minimal computational burden to meet stringent real-time requirements while running on computing devices that are embedded in robots. In order to increase the generalization capability of the system, the training procedure is driven by a Curriculum Learning strategy combined with dynamic data augmentation techniques, that progressively increase the complexity of input samples by increasing the noise during the training phase. We have conducted extensive experimentation to assess the effectiveness of our system, using a dataset composed of more than 50,000 samples, of which about 2,000 have been acquired during the daily operations of a Stellantis Italian factory. The results confirm the suitability of the proposed approach to be adopted in a real industrial environment; indeed, it is able to achieve, on both English and Italian commands, an accuracy higher than 90%, maintaining a compact model size (the network is 1.81 MB) and running in real-time on an industrial embedded device (namely 41ms over an NVIDIA Xavier NX).

Wireless driven and self-sensing flexible gripper based on piezoelectric elastomer/high-entropy alloy magnetoelectric composite

The mechanical gripper shows significant importance as an alternative to manual work, but presents certain limitations in its gas or electric power with complex wire connection, presents limited available area and loud working noise, and lacks sensing function for feedback to the environment. In the present work, a novel magnetically driven and self-sensing flexible gripper was prepared based on piezoelectric elastomer and high-entropy alloy composite. The high-entropy alloy is prepared as FeCoNi(AlGa)0.5 to realize high permeability, while the piezoelectric elastomer is synthesized with superior elasticity and low modulus. The incorporation of FeCoNi(AlGa)0.5 into the piezoelectric elastomer exhibits high flexibility, magnetostriction performances and piezoelectric responses, reaching maximum strain of 1534.5 %, maximum magnetostrictive coefficient of 320 ppm and maximum piezoelectric response of 0.28 V/N. Meanwhile, the flexible gripper achieves synchronous wireless driven gripping function with a maximum lifting ratio to dead load over 41.38, and self-sensing function of target physical size with accuracy over 95 %. The flexible gripper shows maximum work power as low as 5 W. Thus, the magnetically driven and self-sensing flexible gripper shows great potential in intelligent industrial equipment.

Visitors Mediated Spatio-Temporal Variation in Noise Pollution of Lahore Zoo and Possible Effects on Animal Behavior

Lahore Zoo is an ex-situ conservation facility housing various indigenous and exotic species of captive wild animals and is a source of gratification for visitors, especially children. The location of Lahore Zoo is very prominent in this regard, making it a most active and accessible tourist/visitor destination. On average working days, around 3000-4000 visitors are recorded in Lahore Zoo, which can shoot up to 20,000 on peak weekends and public holidays. The present investigation was carried out to measure spatial and temporal variation in sound levels (dB (A)) at selected sites, along with on-site behavioral recording of selected animals throughout the week. Spatial analysis (Inverse Distance Weighted -IDW) of recorded sound data was done with ArcGIS 10.5 software. A comprehensive questionnaire was also designed to determine visitors' attitudes toward this issue. Results for sound level reveal that the average sound level was under the WHO limits mostly during weekdays, where the average visitor number ranges from 3838 to 4148. On weekends, it goes from 8950 to 19154 visitors with loud noise recorded at most sites. Results from the general ethogram revealed that socially interactive species like monkeys, deer, and bears were more responsive towards visitors, unlike felines (leopard, tiger and lion) which increased their resting period with increased visitor density. Highlighted noisy areas by surveyed visitors were Tiger, Lion, Deer, Monkey, Aquarium, Rhino, Wolf, Cafeteria, Bird section, Ostrich, Camel, Snake House, Zebra, Giraffe, and Bear. To combat this issue, an awareness campaign has been done in the zoo to educate visitors.

ESR Essentials: basic physics of MR safety-practice recommendations by the European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology.

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is safe from a long-term perspective since there are no known cumulative risks for patients or personnel. However, the technique comes with several acute risks associated with the powerful electromagnetic fields that are necessary to produce medical images. These risks include, among other things, a projectile hazard, loud noise, and the risk of heating. Safe use of MRI requires knowledge about the different hazards related to MRI and organizational structured work including the implementation of routines describing a safe workflow from the referral of a patient to the signed report. In this article, the risks associated with MRI are described along with suggestions for how each risk can be minimized or eliminated. The aim of this article is to provide support for the development of, and compliance with, MRI safety routines, and to work with the technique in a safe way. The scope of this treatise does not cover specific details of implant safety, however, the physical principles described can be applied to the risk assessment of implants. Establish whether any MR contraindications apply to the patient. Evaluate means to deal with identified risks for both patients and personnel. It is imperative to always perform and document a risk-benefit assessment.