Lotus Development Research Articles

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Dof Transcription Factors in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.).

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a traditional Chinese aquatic flower with high ornamental and economic value, but water salinity seriously affects lotus cultivation and distribution. The Dof transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial function in the regulatory network of growth and defense in plants. However, no systematic investigations of the Dof TFs in lotus have been performed. In this study, comprehensive searches of the lotus genome yielded 29 potential NnDofs. We carried out a series of standardized analyses, which include physical properties, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, motif composition, cis-acting element prediction, chromosome distribution, and synteny analysis. The results showed that segment duplication probably caused the NnDofs gene family expansion. The potential functions of NnDofs in lotus development and stress conditions are speculated by promoter analysis. Furthermore, a complete expression investigation of NnDofs utilizing an RNA-seq atlas and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed. The majority of the NnDofs exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns, and many genes have been identified as being extremely sensitive to salt stressors. Overall, this study is the first to report a genome-wide assessment of the Dof family in lotus, and the findings offer vital insights for prospective functional studies on lotus salinity stress.

Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., Brief of 65 Intellectual Property Scholars As Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner

The Federal Circuit’s copyrightability ruling in Oracle has deepened splits in circuit court interpretations of several major copyright doctrines as applied to computer programs. This brief makes three principal points. First, the Federal Circuit’s merger analysis is in conflict with this Court’s ruling in Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1880), and decisions by the First, Second, Fifth, Sixth, and Eleventh Circuits. Second, the Federal Circuit’s interpretation of the scope of copyright protection available to computer programs is at odds with Baker and decisions of the First, Second, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits. Third, the Federal Circuit’s interpretation of the words and short phrases doctrine cannot be reconciled with holdings of the Third and Sixth Circuits. The merger doctrine holds that expressions in works of authorship are unprotectable by copyright law when, as a practical matter, there is only a limited number of ways to express an idea, fact, or function. When ideas, facts, or functions, in effect, “merge” with expression, copyright protection will be withheld from the merged elements. The merger doctrine fosters socially beneficial competition and ongoing innovation as well as promoting the ongoing progress of science and useful arts, as the Constitution commands. U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 8. The Federal Circuit’s copyrightability ruling conflicts with Baker in three respects: first, because the Federal Circuit concluded that merger can only be found if a first author had no alternative ways to express an idea when creating his work; second, because it held that constraints on a second comer’s design choices are never relevant to merger; and third, because it ruled that merger is only a defense to infringement, and never raises a copyrightability issue. Post-Baker cases from the First, Second, Fifth, Sixth, and Eleventh Circuits have conceptualized and applied the merger doctrine more broadly than the Federal Circuit. These idea/expression, fact/expression, and function/expression merger cases have resulted in uncopyrightability rulings, which contradict the Federal Circuit’s holding on merger. Beyond merger, the Federal Circuit’s interpretation of the scope of copyright protection available to software innovations conflicts with the rulings of other circuits in four respects. First, the Federal Circuit’s interpretation of the exclusion of methods and systems from copyright’s scope under 17 U.S.C. § 102(b) is contrary to the First Circuit’s interpretation in Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International, Inc., 49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir. 1995), aff’d by an equally divided Court, 516 U.S. 233 (1996). Second, several circuit courts have ruled in favor of compatibility defenses in software copyright cases. Only the Third and Federal Circuits have rejected them. Third, the Federal Circuit’s conception of “structure, sequence, and organization” (SSO) of programs as protectable expression as long as it embodies a modicum of creativity conflicts with the Second Circuit’s landmark decision, Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992). Altai rejected the conception of SSO as determinative of protectable expression. Id. at 706. Fourth, the Federal Circuit’s assertion that copyright and utility patents can provide overlapping protection to program SSO is in conflict with Baker as well as Tenth and Eleventh Circuit decisions. There is, moreover, conflict among the circuits concerning the protectability of “words and short phrases.” The District Court denied Oracle’s claim in part based on its view that names and short phrases are not copyrightable, but the Federal Circuit held that words and short phrases, such as the names of individual Java declarations, could, if original, be eligible for copyright protection. However, the Third and Sixth Circuits have denied similar claims in cases involving identifiers such as names and numbers. Granting the Petition would enable this Court to resolve this split as well.

Louis Gerstner and Lotus Development (C)

This case series deals with the acquisition by International Business Machines (IBM) of Lotus Development Corporation. The A case (UVA-OB-0696) lays out some of the strategic issues in the software industry as well as a brief history of IBM, Lotus, and their respective CEOs, Louis Gerstner and Jim Manzi. Issues of strategic and cultural fit can be analyzed. The A case ends with Louis Gerstner beginning a speech to Lotus employees, which provides an opportunity for student role-plays. The B case (UVA-OB-0697) is the text of the speech Gerstner actually gave, and can be analyzed in terms of content, purpose, and delivery. The C case covers issues concerning postmerger integration.

Recollections on Lotus 1-2-3: Benchmark for Spreadsheet Software

These recollections trace the founding of Lotus Development Corp. and the genesis of Lotus 1-2-3, the spreadsheet software for personal computers that took the market by storm in the early 1980s. The author examines the state of the personal computer industry at the time and forces that favored Lotus 1-2-3's success.

Some geometric applications using spreadsheets

Ever since their invention, spreadsheets have been used by mathematics teachers to teach many mathematical concepts. As computer software and hardware capabilities have increased, developers have added many powerful new features to the spreadsheet program, especially in the area of graphics. When the Lotus Development Corporation developed SmartSuite 97, they added some features which make it possible to easily create certain learning applications in geometry. This paper explores two geometric applications. One is a visual model for shortest network applications which might be used in a discrete mathematics course or a contemporary mathematics course, and the other is a simple Geo board application which might be used in a course for elementary teachers. This second application takes advantage of special features of Lotus 1-2-3 97 (or Lotus 1-2-3 version 9.5)

Not Only Microsoft: The Maturing of the Personal Computer Software Industry, 1982–1995

In the thirteen years following the introduction of IBM's first personal computer in 1982, Microsoft rose from being a small concern to become the colossus of the PC software industry. However, Microsoft was not the only software company to profit from the PC-software boom: firms like AutoDesk, Lotus Development, WordPerfect Corp., Ashton-Tate, Novell, Borland, Adobe Systems, Aldus, Symantec, and the Santa Cruz Operation all had their time in the sun. Whereas some of these firms lost their markets to Microsoft or stumbled through strategic errors, others remained hugely successful, and their relative obscurity is largely due to the contemporary obsession with Microsoft and its billionaire founder.

CAN AN IDEAL WEB-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM FOR TRAINEE PERFORMANCE BE CREATED?

S171 INTRODUCTION: A secure, comprehensive computerized reporting system for resident evaluation has been designed and pilot-tested. It successfully addresses issues including security, ease of use, reporter bias quantification and removal [1], prompt statistical identification of trainees in need of special attention. The training program as a whole, and individual faculty are screened for gender and ethnic bias [2]. The statistical operations are all validated by multiple internal cross checks. METHODS: A secure world wide web (WWW) site has been created using the Linux operating system and UNIX relational database and web-serving applications. Multiple layers of security include name-password identification of users in addition to dual key encryption to NSA standards of all traffic on web connections to and from the system. All data is backed up two-hourly. Easy access to the system is by recent versions of popular web browsers, including Internet Explorer (Microsoft) and Navigator (Netscape), running on PC, Mac or Unix platforms. Data entry is by mouse indentification of the resident name (with picture), followed by pointing to visual analog scales for Knowledge, Judgement and Practical Skill. Written comment is required for extreme grades, but is otherwise optional. Without written comment, the entire process requires only 5 mouse clicks, and takes but seconds to complete. The pilot-test took less than 2 minutes to submit all 23 evaluations. Faculty are reminded of the requirements of the American Board of Anesthesiologists before submitting reports. Graphic and text format report generation is automated and shows individual trainees, peer comparisons, ethnic/gender comparisons, longitudinal trend studies of performance and identification of residents whose performance differs statistically significantly from their peers. Reporter bias is removed by an original statistical analysis of all reports given by all faculty [1]. The statistics and logic were ported from a desktop spreadsheet application developed with Lotus 1-2-3 (r4 and later, Lotus Development Corp). RESULTS: (Table 1)Table 1Deliberate bias towards gender and an ethnic group were inserted in one set of "faculty" reports, and was correctly detected [2]. All statistical crosschecks for arithmetic and logic performed without fault. Security was tested by an independent professional networked data systems security consultant, who continues to fail to breach the confidentiality or functionality of the system. DISCUSSION: Spreadsheet resident data analysis methods previously validated with over 3000 data points form the logical core of the new online system. It satisfies our institutional requirements for data collection and is easily modified for use with training programs at other institutions. Following successful validation of the system with dummy data, we now collect real contemporaneous data on a weekly basis. Faculty compliance is high, and user comment has been almost universally favorable to date. The project continues.

Persuasion and Privacy in Cyberspace: The Online Protests over Lotus Marketplace and the Clipper Chip

From the Publisher: What happens when the Internet is used as a forum for public debate? Do the speed and power of computer-mediated communication foster democratic discourse and protest? This fascinating book examines two examples of social action on the Internet - the organized protests against Lotus MarketPlace and the Clipper chip - in order to evaluate the impact of the net on our social and political life. In 1990, Lotus Development Corporation announced the forthcoming production of a direct-mail marketing database that would contain the names, addresses, and spending habits of 120 million American consumers. A grassroots outcry on the Internet resulted in decision by Lotus to cancel the project. In 1994, the U.S. government proposed a new encryption standard called the Clipper chip, which, for the purposes of national security, could decrypt any message on any telephone in which it was installed. This encryption standard was implemented, despite opposition in the form of an online petition of more than forty thousand signatures. Laura J. Gurak tells the full stories of these protests, analyzes the resulting rhetoric and the reasons for the different outcomes, considers positive and negative aspects of computer-mediated communication, and challenges claims about cyberspace as a bastion of free speech by pointing out problems of access, structure, and gender bias on the Internet. In addition, because both cases involved technologies that raised concerns about the right to privacy on the Internet, she discusses issues of privacy in cyberspace.

MQseries and CICS link for Lotus Notes

article MQseries and CICS link for Lotus Notes Share on Author: Lotus Development Corp. View Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGMOD RecordVolume 25Issue 1March 1996 pp 113–118https://doi.org/10.1145/381854.381900Online:01 March 1996Publication History 0citation10DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads10Last 12 Months2Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access

Database support for usability testing

article Free Access Share on Database support for usability testing Authors: Kara Pernice Lotus Development Corp., METHODS & TOOLS COLUMN EDITOR Lotus Development Corp., METHODS & TOOLS COLUMN EDITORView Profile , Mary Beth Butler Lotus Development Corp., METHODS & TOOLS COLUMN EDITOR Lotus Development Corp., METHODS & TOOLS COLUMN EDITORView Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 2Issue 1Jan. 1995 pp 27–31https://doi.org/10.1145/208143.208156Published:02 January 1995Publication History 3citation492DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations3Total Downloads492Last 12 Months10Last 6 weeks2 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF

Why do NASDAQ Market Makers Avoid Odd‐Eighth Quotes?

ABSTRACTThe NASDAQ multiple dealer market is designed to produce narrow bid‐ask spreads through the competition for order flow among individual dealers. However, we find that odd‐eighth quotes are virtually nonexistent for 70 of 100 actively traded NASDAQ securities, including Apple Computer and Lotus Development. The lack of odd‐eighth quotes cannot be explained by the negotiation hypothesis of Harris (1991), trading activity, or other variables thought to impact spreads. This result implies that the inside spread for a large number of NASDAQ stocks is at least $0.25 and raises the question of whether NASDAQ dealers implicitly collude to maintain wide spreads.

Why do NASDAQ Market Makers Avoid Odd-Eighth Quotes?

The NASDAQ multiple dealer market is designed to produce narrow bid-ask spreads through the competition for order flow among individual dealers. However, we find that odd-eighth quotes are virtually nonexistent for 70 of 100 actively traded NASDAQ securities, including Apple Computer and Lotus Development. The lack of odd-eighth quotes cannot be explained by the negotiation hypothesis of Harris (1991), trading activity, or other variables thought to impact spreads. This result implies that the inside spread for a large number of NASDAQ stocks is at least $0.25 and raises the question of whether NASDAQ dealers implicitly collude to maintain wide spreads.

Harnessing the Board's Potential

Corporate Governance: An International ReviewVolume 2, Issue 3 p. 135-135 Harnessing the Board's Potential Colin Coulson-Thomas, Colin Coulson-Thomas Extract with permission from Dr. Colin Coulson-Thomas, from Harnessing the Potential of Groups, a survey sponsored by Lotus Development; Adaptation Ltd., Rathgar House, 237 Baring Road, Grove Park, London SE12 OBE, UK. 1993Search for more papers by this author Colin Coulson-Thomas, Colin Coulson-Thomas Extract with permission from Dr. Colin Coulson-Thomas, from Harnessing the Potential of Groups, a survey sponsored by Lotus Development; Adaptation Ltd., Rathgar House, 237 Baring Road, Grove Park, London SE12 OBE, UK. 1993Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.1994.tb00069.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume2, Issue3July 1994Pages 135-135 RelatedInformation

Learned Hand Never Played Nintendo: A Better Way to Think about the Non-Literal, Non-Visual Software Copyright Cases

Learned Hand Never Played Nintendo: A Better Way to Think about the Non-Literal, Non-Visual Software Copyright Cases

African Americans and Privacy

In January 1991, Lotus Development Corporation announced its intention to abandon efforts to develop a new software product because of what it understood to be a groundswell of public opposition. This product, Lotus Marketplace, was to have provided its customers with personal information about the resources and habits of the members of some 120 million U.S. households. The sorts of information Lotus would supply were already easily attainable from a host of information suppliers serving the direct marketing industry, but what made the Lotus product different was that it would be available on CD-ROM disks, which could be searched by anyone with an Apple Macintosh computer, a video-disc player, and $695 for the first 5,000 names. Lotus and its partner, Equifax, had apparently lost an early battle in what promises to be a hotly contested war to determine who has the right to control the collection, sharing, and use of personal information. The contemporary debate about privacy takes place in the context of substantial changes in the structure of the American political economy. The effort to rationalize the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services has involved the widespread computerization of many of the routine processes involved in these spheres. The coordination of these increasingly complex systems has come to require the collection, storage, and use of unimaginable amounts of information-much of which is information about identifiable individuals. Modem telecommunications systems provide for reli-

Micro Law: a guardedly cheerful note-for a change (computer program copyright)

The past and current trends in court decisions concerning computer programs and their copyrights are reviewed. The court decisions discussed are Whelan Associates Inc. vs. Jaslow Dental Laboratory Inc.; CADAM vs. Adra; CADAM vs. Adage; Lotus Development Corp. vs. Paperback Software International; Computer Associates International Inc. vs. Altai Inc.; Brown Bag Software vs. Symantec Corp.; Sega Enterprises Ltd. vs. Accolade Inc.; and Atari Games Corp. vs. Nintendo of America Inc. >

Biological modeling on a microcomputer using standard spreadsheet and equation solver programs: The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis as an example

Computer modeling of biological systems has many applications, with contributions possible in locations ranging from the classroom to the clinic. Many modeling systems have utilized mainframes or minicomputers and specifically designed programs, factors which have limited the widespread adaptation of these tools. The medical community has made increasing use of microcomputers and off-the-shelf software packages. Research in biological modeling might be enhanced by the availability of such systems running off of general use software (e.g., spreadsheet programs). The present project was undertaken to determine whether a general purpose spreadsheet program can serve as a medium for modeling a complex biological system. The physiology underlying the human menstrual cycle is highly complex. It involves the integration of input from the higher brain centers, the hypothalamus, the pituitary, the adrenals, the ovaries, and peripheral hormonal conversion. The classical “simplified” system considers only the input from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary (I, 2). A biological model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPOA) has previously been completed on a mainframe (3). We have now built a model of the HPOA with the use of a spreadsheet program (Lotus 1-2-3, Lotus Development Corp., Cambridge, MA) and an equation solver program (Eureka, Borland International Inc., Scotts Valley, CA) for use on IBM microcomputers and compatibles. The mathematical equations derived through Eureka were extrapolated from existing biological data. We believe this is the first such model of its type ever constructed. More importantly, it demonstrates the ability to accomplish such complex biological modeling on microcomputers using mainstream programs.

Legally speaking: how to interpret the Lotus decision (and how not to)

On June 28, 1990, a federal court judge in Boston made public his decision in favor of Lotus Development Corporation in its software copyright lawsuit against Paperback Software. People in the software industry had been waiting for this decision since the lawsuit was first filed in January 1987, certain that it would be a landmark case and would resolve many vexing questions about copyright protection for user interfaces. The trade press has abounded with varying interpretations of Judge Keeton's opinion in the Lotus case: Some have said the decision is a narrow one, making illegal only the direct copying of another firm's interface [9]; Some have seen it has a much broader ruling—one that will have a chilling effect on development of competitive software products [5]; Others have asserted the case draws a reasonable line, and will have a positive effect overall [4]; Several have argued the ruling will be harmful because it ignores the interests of users of software, and will make standardization of user interfaces impossible to achieve. [3] Still others perceive the opinion as only setting the stage for a new confrontation over the issues in the appellate courts. [1] Lotus has given some indication of how broadly it interprets the Paperback decision by filing a new round of user interface copyright lawsuits against two of its other spreadsheet competitors. his column, rather than just adding one more interpretation of the Lotus decision to the bin of those already expressed, will give the reader a glimpse of the nature of the legal process and of judicial opinions so he or she can see why people can interpret the Lotus opinion differently. The following three factors make it difficult to know what the Lotus decision means: 1) The legal process is not yet over, and the meaning of the case will depend in part on the outcome of this further process. 2) While Judge Keeton makes some statements that seem to suggest his ruling is a narrow one, some of his other statements could be interpreted much more broadly. 3) Even from unambiguous statements Judge Keeton makes, different people can draw reasonable but nonetheless differing inferences about what the judge would do in similar (though somewhat different) cases. For these reasons, it is impossible to know with any certainty what the law concerning copyright protection for user interfaces is in the aftermath of the Lotus decision.

Macintosh Workstations

What is hacking? Is it an art form to explore computers, a means to accumulate information as proof of an electronic passage through security systems and around passwords? Or is it an illegal venture whose sole purpose is mischief, digital anarchy, a form of revolution against the government, corporations, and other powers that own mainframes and their associated data files? The issue of hacking has erupted with even more vigor this year with the conviction of Robert T. Morris, the author of the Internet worm, along with the recent support of hackers by Mitch Kapor, founder of the Lotus Development Corp. A new aggressive stance by the U.S. Justice Department to track down specialists stealing passwords and credit card numbers has created sensational headlines along with a number of new virulent viruses on personal computers.

Agenda version 1.01. Vendor: Lotus development corporation 55 Cambridge Parkway Cambridge, MA 02142. Retail Price: $395.00 Hardware: hard disk drive, DOS 2.0 or later. Memory Requirements: 640K RAM

Performance + InstructionVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 39-40 Software Review Agenda version 1.01. Vendor: Lotus development corporation 55 Cambridge Parkway Cambridge, MA 02142. Retail Price: $395.00 Hardware: hard disk drive, DOS 2.0 or later. Memory Requirements: 640K RAM Thomas J. Lenzo, Thomas J. Lenzo 330 S. Mentor Ave. #335, Pasadena, CA 91106 Thomas Lenzo is an independent consultant specializing in training and development for high technology companies and products.Search for more papers by this author Thomas J. Lenzo, Thomas J. Lenzo 330 S. Mentor Ave. #335, Pasadena, CA 91106 Thomas Lenzo is an independent consultant specializing in training and development for high technology companies and products.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4160290411 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume29, Issue4April 1990Pages 39-40 RelatedInformation