Lots Of Soybean Seeds Research Articles

Vigor and anaerobic metabolism of soybean seeds evaluated by ethanol test

Abstract: Among the vigor tests, ethanol is an alternative that provides desirable characteristics to be applied in seed-producing companies internal quality control planning. The aim was to evaluate the vigor of soybean seeds by the ethanol test and the fermentative metabolism after its application. A completely randomized experimental design with five replications was used, with treatments consisting of 10 lots of soybean seeds, except for the variables composing the fermentative metabolism, for which five lots of soybean seeds were used. First, the initial quality of the lots was assessed by evaluating water content, germination, seedling emergence, accelerated aging, tetrazolium test (vigor), electrical conductivity, and seed respiration. For the ethanol test, the seeds were subjected to soaking times of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes until the moment of reading, and subsequently, the fermentative metabolism was evaluated (lactate dehydrogenase - LDH, pyruvate decarboxylase - PDC, and alcohol dehydrogenase - ADH). The ethanol test in soybean seeds efficiently ranks lots into different levels of vigor, using the soaking time of 30 minutes, showing a moderate association between the electrical conductivity test and seed respiration. Furthermore, the activity of the enzymes LDH, PDC, and ADH proves that ethanol is produced during the soaking process of soybean seeds.

Development of an ethylometer with an MQ-3 sensor for measuring ethanol in soybean seeds

ABSTRACT In the seed production sector, it is essential to use fast and practical equipment to help decision-making processes. Thus, the use of sensors that can capture information to assist in agriculture has contributed significantly to soybean cultivation worldwide, being used in several stages, whether pre-harvest or post-harvest. Thus, this study aimed to develop a prototype of ethylometer with an MQ-3 sensor and to evaluate its stabilization time when used in soybean seed lots submitted to hypoxia. The research was carried out with 10 lots of soybean seeds from five cultivars (NS 8383 RR, SOY Peso RR, M 8372 IPRO, M8644 IPRO and M8808 IPRO) and was divided into two stages. The first one corresponds to the development of the ethanol measuring equipment with an MQ-3 sensor, and the second one to measurement of the sensor’s stabilization time (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 s) in soybean seeds submitted to anaerobiosis. The equipment and the MQ-3 sensor showed the stability of average measurement at 16 s after activation. This time is recommended for use of the ethylometer in soybean seeds. Through the MQ-3 sensor, it is possible to efficiently detect ethanol present in the air released by soy seeds during the anaerobic process.

PENGARUH PENYIMPANAN SAMPAI ENAM BULAN MENGGUNAKAN BUBUK DAN TANPA BUBUK LADA TERHADAP MUTU LIMABELAS LOT BENIH KEDELAI (Glycine max L.)

This study aims to determine the best seed quality from fifteen lots of soybean seeds that are stored for up to six months using pepper powder and without using pepper powder. The treatment was applied in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which was repeated three times. The combination of treatments derived from three varieties, namely Anjasmoro, Gerobogan, and Burangrang combined with 5 SP-36 fertilizer doses, namely 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg / ha. The experiment consisted of two experiments. Experiment 1, the fifteen lots of seeds were stored without pepper powder. Experiment 2, the fifteen lots of seeds were ground with pepper in their storage. Storage at room temperature ranges from 28-30oC in the Seed and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung in October 2017 to April 2018 The results showed that the combination treatment of Burangrang varieties with SP-36 250 kg / ha fertilizer stored without pepper powder or pepper powder was able to maintain its higher quality compared to other treatment combinations after being stored for up to six months Key words: Fertilizer, pepper powder, soybean, storage, variety

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as a Powerful Tool for Distinguishing High- and Low-Vigor Soybean Seed Lots

The tests commonly used to determine seed vigor are often laborious and time-consuming; thus, rapid methods are highly required for identifying high-vigor seeds among different batches. In this paper, we describe a novel approach able to distinguishing among batches of soybean seeds of different physiological quality based on their nutrient content measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) assisted by multivariate analysis and machine learning algorithms. These include principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machine learning (SVM), linear and quadratic discriminant analyses (LDA and QDA), and nearest neighbor methods (KNN). A total of 92 measurements, 46 collected from batches marketed as low-vigor seeds and 46 as high-vigor seeds, were analyzed. The SVM method performed the best in discriminating among the batches. In particular, the quadratic SVM function could classify correctly 100% of the high-vigor samples and 97.8% of the low-vigor samples, whereas the cubic function yielded the opposite result; i.e., 97.8% of the high-vigor samples and 100% of the low-vigor samples were classified correctly. The best LIBS spectral region for the analysis was in the range of 350–450 nm, with calcium being the main distinguishing element. Thus, the LIBS technique combined with machine learning classification methods showed a promising potential for classifying soybean seed batches according to their physiological quality.

Characterization of the physiological quality of soybean seeds produced in Santa Catarina State

The soybean seeds produced in Santa Catarina have the potential for the application of new marketing strategies because they have superior quality over the minimum standards established by the Brazilian legislation. This potential was verified using time series analysis (TS). The main goal of this study was to characterize the physiological quality of soybean seeds produced in the State of Santa Catarina using data from the last five harvests in order to establish new commercialization strategies based on seed quality. Historical data for germination and vigor were obtained from the 2012/2013 to 2016/2017 harvests, with a total of 4606 lots studied. To validate the historical data, data from the 2016/2017 harvest were included. For this analysis, 100 lots of soybean seeds from the 2016/2017 harvest were collected, and laboratory tests for germination and vigor were performed. The results of the time series analysis showed that, on average, the germination rate ranged from 89 to 93%, with all values being higher than the minimum required for commercialization by the Brazilian legislation. Vigor ranged on average from 82 to 90%. Currently, there is no reference value for vigor in the Brazilian legislation for seed commercialization purposes. Of the total of lots evaluated, 1%, 2%, 21%, and 76% of seeds presented germination < 70%, 70–80%, 80–90%, and > 90%, respectively, whereas 4%, 3%, 7%, 17%, and 69% of the lots presented vigor < 70%, 70–75%, 75–80%, 80–85%, and > 85%, respectively. Considering that 76% of the lots presented germination > 90% and 69% of the lots had vigor > 85%, the lots that presented these percentages were ranked, and 64% were determined to meet high quality standards. Taking into account the 100 sampled lots from the 2016/2017 harvest, 55% presented germination > 90% and 58% had vigor > 85%. In this harvest, 41% of the lots met the standards of at least 90% germination and 85% vigor according to the ranking methodology. This study concludes that due to the stability of climatic conditions, the State of Santa Catarina produces soybean seeds with physiological quality above the minimum standards, which allow the establishment of a minimum vigor standard of 85% for the commercialization of soybean seeds.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) seed quality treated with timbó (Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil) seed coat

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.

Green soybean seeds: effect on physiological quality

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to assess the manner in which the presence of green soybean seeds affects their physiological quality. In this study, six lots of soybean seeds of cultivar 5958RSF IPRO with 0, 0, 7, 8, 16 and 18% of green seeds were examined. The tests done included the first germination count, germination, electrical conductivity, field emergence, accelerated aging, emergence speed index, Tetrazolium, length, dry mass and seedling growth curve. Results were tested employing the normality test and analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability level, employing the Rbio statistical program. Growth data were analyzed by the nonlinear regression analytical method, using the SigmaPlot 12.0 software. The viability and vigor of the greenish seeds were confirmed to reveal higher deterioration, proportional to the percentage of seeds in which the cotyledons had green pigmentation, indicating that the presence of chlorophyll caused the physiological quality of the soybean seeds to decrease.

Electrical conductivity test in soybean seeds with reduced imbibition period

The search for vigor tests that offer fast and reliable information about the physiological potential of seeds is fundamental in quality control. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different temperatures associated with the reduction of soybean imbibition period in the electrical conductivity test. Seven seed lots of the cultivar TMG 7062 IPRO were used in this assessment. For the initial characterization of the lots, we determined the water content, the first and the final count of the germination test, the emergence, the accelerated aging, and the traditional electrical conductivity. The other method used for the electrical conductivity test consisted of 20 replicates of 10 seeds which were placed in plastic cups with 25ml of deionized water, and soaked in 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min at temperatures of 30oC, 35oC, 40oC, and 45oC. The experimental design was completely randomized. We were able to reduce the imbibition period since its results were similar to those of the traditional methodology. The electrical conductivity test performed using the 30 minutes imbibition period at temperatures of 30oC or 35oC provides consistent information that allows the identification of lots of soybean seeds with different levels of vigor.

SAPL®: a free software for determining the physiological potential in soybean seeds1

ABSTRACT Obtaining image-based information is a powerful approach to capture and quantify seed vigor data. However, commercial systems that facilitate the processing and acquisition of images are often cost prohibitive. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the Seedling Analysis System (Sistema de Análise de Plântulas - SAPL®), in order to analyze the physiological potential of soybean seeds, in comparison with the information provided by vigor tests which are traditionally recommended for this species. Nine lots of soybean seeds were submitted to germination, germination speed, seedling emergence, cold test and electrical conductivity tests. In the SAPL® analyzes, seedlings of four and six days, counted from the beginning of the germination test, were evaluated, resulting in values for seedling length, growth, development uniformity, vigor index and corrected vigor index. The evaluated lots with emergence greater than 90 % showed a vigor index higher than 600 and 800, respectively in the fourth and sixth days. The indexes generated by SAPL®, except for the uniformity index, presented positive and high correlations with the traditional tests (> 0.80). SAPL® is efficient in identifying differences in the vigor of soybean seed lots.

EXUDATE pH AND FLOODING TESTS TO EVALUATE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN SEEDS

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the variations in the parameters of the exudate pH and flooding tests to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds. We subjected the lots of soybean seeds to germination, emergence, exudate pH, and flooding tests. Further, water content of the seeds, first count of germination, and emergence speed index were also determined. The exudate pH test studied the variations in the soaking period and temperature, while the flooding test assessed the variations in the amount of water and temperature at different periods of immersion. The experiment design was completely randomized. The results were presented as means and were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the exudate pH and emergence of seedlings, and also between the flooding test result and emergence of seedlings were calculated. The results of the study indicated that the exudate pH test can be used to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds after 30 min of imbibition at 20 °C. Further, the flooding test was efficient in evaluating the vigor of soybean seeds after 4 h of immersion either in 50 mL of distilled water at 25 °C or in 75 mL of distilled water at 30 °C.

Macronutrients and Micronutrients Variability in Soybean Seeds

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of the macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S), and micronutrients: boron (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), and the elements aluminum (Al) and sodium (Na) measured in soybean seeds from different producing regions of Brazil. This work was carried out by sampling 2543 lots of soybean seeds produced in the 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. There is high variability of macro and micronutrients concentration in soybean seeds produced in several regions of Brazil. The nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium are the most pronounced macronutrients in soybean seeds. Among the micronutrients, iron, manganese and zinc are those with more evidence. Understanding macro and micronutrients variability is critical for improving management and fertility treats in soybean seed production fields.

Investigation of soybean sprout rot and the elimination of improper seeds for quality control on soybean seedlots

Soybean sprouts have been a considered a nutrient-rich vegetable for hundreds of years. To evaluate the seedlot quality of soybean sprouts grown, and to evaluate a method for reducing the presence of improper seeds in soybean seedlots, microbes associated with soybean sprout rot were isolated from samples collected. Morphological characteristics and gas chromatography profiles of the cultured fungal and bacterial strains were identified. Eight types of improper seeds were identified: purple stain(Ps), black rot(Br), seed coat black spot(Cb), wrinkled seed(Ws), brown hilum(Bh), seed coat fracture(Cf), unripe seed(Us), and brown seed coat(Bc). The improper seeds were also dipped into 15%, 20%, and 25% NaCl solutions, as well as a saturated solution of NaCl, for 1min. As the NaCl concentration increased, the number of floating improper seeds increased as well. The highest floating rates were observed for the Cf seeds.

Germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de soja convencional e sua derivada transgênica RR em condições de estresse salino

O Brasil destaca-se como um dos maiores produtores mundiais de soja transgênica, sendo sua produção estendida principalmente a regiões com solos salinos, onde há acúmulo de sais que interferem na germinação da semente e no desenvolvimento das plântulas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do estresse salino sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de soja convencional e sua derivada transgênica Roundup Ready (RR), submetidas a diferentes condições de salinidade. Para tanto, utilizaram-se dois lotes de sementes de soja (CD 206 e CD 206 RR), sendo que os tratamentos constaram dos seguintes níveis de NaCl: zero; 5; 15; 30; 60 e 120mmol L-1. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi obtida pelos testes de germinação, comprimento de raiz e plântulas, massa seca de plântulas e volume radicular. O estresse salino reduz a germinação das sementes de ambos os genótipos, sendo que o desenvolvimento de plântulas do genótipo transgênico RR é menos sensível em condições de maior salinidade (60 a 120mmol L-1 de NaCl).

Study of Different Priming Treatments on Germination Traits of Soybean Seed Lots

Oilseeds are more susceptible to deterioration due to membrane disruption, high free fatty acid level in seeds and free radical production. These factors are tended to less vigorous seed. Priming treatments have been used to accelerate the germination and seedling growth in most of the crops under normal and stress conditions. For susceptible and low vigor soybean seed, this technique would be a promising method. At first, in separate experiment, effects of hydropriming for (12, 24, 36 and 48 h) with control (none prime) were evaluated on germination traits of soybean seed lots cv. ‘Sari’ (include 2 drying method and 3 harvest moisture). Then, next experiment was conducted to determination the best combination of osmopriming in soybean seed lots, hence 3 osmotic potential level (-8, -10 and -12 bar) at 4 time (12, 24, 36 and 48 h) were compared. Analysis of variance showed that, except for seedling dry weight, the other traits include standard germination, germination rate, seedling length and vigor index were influenced by osmopriming. Hydropriming had no effect on these traits and decreased rate of germination. Finally the best combination of osmopriming were osmotic potential -12 bar at 12 hours for time, that submitted acceptable result in all conditions and recommended for soybean seed lots cv. ‘Sari’.

Respiratory activity for the differentiation of vigor on soybean seeds lots

Currently, the highest interest with respect to the assessment of seed physiological quality is to obtain reliable results in a relatively short period of time. This initiative allows for prompt decisions during different phases of seed production primarily after physiological maturity. This research was performed to verify the efficiency and rapidity of the method of Pettenkofer to determine the respiratory activity and to differentiate vigor levels of soybean seed lots. Three lots of soybean seeds cv. 8000 were used. Seed performance was determined by respiratory activity, compared to the following tests: standard germination, germination first count, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, seedling shoot and root length and total dry mass. Results ranked seed lots according to defferences in physiological quality. Seed imbibition and conditioning period in Pettenkofer's equipment were enough to detect differences in vigor among seed lots, showing that the determination of the respiratory activity is a promising procedure to identify differences in vigor levels among soybean seed lots.

Occurrence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Soybean Fields in East-Central Illinois and Enumeration of Inocula in Soybean Seed Lots.

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of soybean is an important disease in the northern soybean-production areas of the United States. In Illinois, the occurrence of SSR has been limited to the northern-most soybean-production areas. In this study, soybean fields in east-central Illinois were surveyed for incidence of SSR. Of 68 fields surveyed, 31 contained SSR. Of the fields with SSR, 25 had between 1 and 5% SSR incidence, while 6 fields had more than 5% SSR incidence. The pattern of the disease in one field was mapped, and the spatial distribution of SSR was aggregated with a Lloyd's index of 1.4. In addition to field incidence of SSR, seed lots suspected of being contaminated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia were obtained from the Illinois Crop Improvement Association. Sclerotia and seeds were separated, and seeds were germinated to determine the level of seedborne infection by S. sclerotiorum. Sclerotia were recovered from 71 of 81 seed lots. Most of the seed lots were from the north-central area of Illinois, but one seed lot was from Madison County in the southwestern area of the state, and three and six seed lots contaminated with sclerotia were from Iowa and Wisconsin, respectively. Sclerotia counts ranged from 0 to 363 per seed lot. Normal-appearing seeds from the 81 seed lots (100 to 200 seeds per lot) were tested for germination and incidence of seedborne infection by S. sclerotiorum. Eight seed lots had at least one infected seed, and the incidence of seed infection ranged from 0.07 to 0.1%. From 10 randomly selected seed lots of the 81, discolored, shriveled seeds were selected and germinated to determine the incidence of seedborne infection. Seed infection rates ranged from 0 to 70%. The occurrence of SSR throughout Illinois and the importance of seedborne infection as a source of inoculum dispersal need further documentation.

Seedbed Conditions and Prediction of Field Emergence of Soybean Seed

It has been difficult to develop consistent relationships between lab measures of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed quality (germination and vigor) and field emergence. Twenty six field emergence experiments (two to four planting dates per year) were conducted over 10 yr to evaluate the effect of seed bed conditions and carryover vs. noncarryover seed on the relationship between standard germination (SG) or accelerated aging germination (AA) and field emergence. Seedbed conditions were characterized by the field emergence index (FEI = mean field emergence/mean SG x 100) calculated for each experiment. The ability of the lab tests to predict field emergence was evaluated by the prediction accuracy (proportion of the seedlots in each test with a specified quality level that had a field emergence above the minimum level). The FEI varied from 108 to 44 and the prediction accuracy varied from 0 to 100%. The prediction accuracy was high for SG and AA for ideal field conditions (FEI ≥ 100) and decreased as soil stress increased. The AA test had higher prediction accuracy than SG in moderate stress. Lowering the minimum acceptable field emergence from 80 to 60% improved the prediction accuracy for SG and AA, but only seedlots with AA ≥ 80% showed acceptable prediction accuracy over a wide range of seedbed conditions. Noncarryover seed had higher prediction accuracy than carryover seed for SG, but there was little difference for AA. High vigor seed (AA ≥ 80%) provided adequate performance in a wide range of seedbed conditions only when the minimum acceptable emergence was lowered to 60%.

CONDITIONING SHRIVELED SOYBEAN SEED PART ii. CORRELATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT The physiological properties of samples at different stages during conditioning of shrivelled soybean seedlots were analyzed and correlated with physical properties. Conditioning improved seed viability and vigor. Operation capacities needed to be reduced to obtain optimal separation of shrivelled seeds with minimal loss of good seeds. Correlations of shrivelled seeds with germination, cold, stress, oil and yield tests presented a negative trend. KEYWORDS. Soybean conditioning. Physiological properties.

CONDITIONING SHRIVELED SOYBEAN SEED PART i. VARIATION IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of various cleaning and upgrading equipment in removing shrivelled seeds from drought-damaged soybean seedlots. The conditioning line, consisting of an air-screen cleaner, spirals and a gravity table, successfully improved quality, but at the cost of a high number of discards. Shrivelled seeds removed during conditioning were significantly lower in seed weight, seed volume, and bulk density that the normal seeds. KEYWORDS. Soybean conditioning, Drought damage.

Field Performance in Soybean with Seeds of Differing Size and Density1

A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to determine if separation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds by size or density might be effective in improving seedling emergence, speed of emergence, or yield. Eighteen soybean seedlots were separated into four size classes using round—hole screens, and into two density classes by floating low density seeds on sucrose solutions. These seeds were planted in a Typic Hapludalf—grey brown podsolic soil type. Seeds of largest size and seeds of lowest density had the lowest percent emergence and speed of emergence, provided these seeds came from seedlots of intermediate vigor. Seed size and density effects were greater when seeds were subjected to greater field stresses of low temperature and wet or crusted soils. The stand differences due to seed size and density persisted until harvest maturity. If compared to the unseparated control, only the smallest seed size was superior in emergence and speed of emergence, and high density seed did not show any advantage. Seed size had no effect on yield in early or late plantings, but high density seeds outyielded low density seeds in the late plantings. High density seeds did not outyield the unseparated seeds. In general, the effects of seed size and seed density on percent emergence, speed of emergence, and yield indicate that the potential for large scale vigor improvement in soybean seedlots through processing or conditioning is limited.