Lotion Samples Research Articles

Formulation of Body Lotion with Sucrose Ester Emulsifier

Abstract Sucrose ester is synthesized from palm fatty acid methyl ester and sucrose using a base catalyst. Emulsifiers that replace palm oil with sucrose esters are biodegradable and potentially non-toxic to the skin. The efficiency of sucrose ester production was obtained by using water as a solvent for sucrose, with a mass ratio of 3:5 for water and sucrose. Dilution of sucrose with water reduces caramelization during reaction. Based on laboratory research, sucrose ester has good emulsion stability from sucrose myristate ester, sucrose palmitate ester, and sucrose laurate ester. The design used a random block design with three levels of variation in sucrose ester concentration, namely 2%, 6%, and 10%. Based on ANOVA, there is a very significant effect between variations in concentration on specific gravity, pH, viscosity and surface tension. Verification tests were carried out on consumer references in the form of organoleptic tests on 35 respondents. Then, microbial tests are carried out based on Indonesian National Standards, namely the maximum number of total plates (10−2 colonies), negative tests for fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Coliform (maximum 3). Determining the best combination uses the Composite Performance Index (CPI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on organoleptic tests, the best sample is 10% myristate. The analysis of organoleptic results is consistent with the analysis of laboratory results which states that the lotion sample made from 10% sucrose myristate ester is the best sample. The best lotion samples have good emulsion stability and are not contaminated by microbes.

Identifikasi hidroquinon dalam lotion pemutih dengan metode kromatografi lapis tipis

Background: Cosmetics have been widely used to enhance the appearance and make it look more attractive. One of the most commonly used cosmetics is lotion. As science and technology progress, many lotions are introduced to the market. As pharmaceutical regulations require, not all lotion products are safe, effective, and of high quality. However, many losses are caused by whitening lotion products in circulation, one of which is the addition of hydroquinone, a whitening substance that can cause damage to the skin.Objectives: This study aims to identify the hydroquinone content contained in whitening lotion.Methods: Experimental research using the Thin Layer Chromatography (KLT) method to test lotions for hazardous ingredients. It was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory of Poltekkes Kemenkes Aceh in June 2022. Materials are whitening hand body lotion available online and not branded as many as five samples—determination of criteria, namely, low prices, high demand, and instant results. The single variable used in this study determines the presence or absence of hydroquinone in lotion samples.Results: This study has shown that five whitening lotion samples are positive. Sample S4 contains hydroquinone with an Rf value of 0,55 (< 0,05). Meanwhile, samples S1, S2, S3, and S5 were negative for hydroquinone.Conclusion: Some lotions tested have met the requirements of BPOM regulations and are safe to use, but one lotion is unsafe to use because it contains high hydroquinone.

A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe based on dual-emission carbon dots for highly sensitive detection of salicylic acid

In this study, a novel ratiometric fluorescence probe based on dual-emission carbon dots (CDs) for the sensitive detection of salicylic acid (SA) was constructed for the first time. The dual-emission CDs were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method using tartaric acid (TA) and m-phenylenediamine (mPD) as raw materials. In the presence of SA, the fluorescence intensity of CDs was enhanced at 499 nm, but remained basically unchanged at 439 nm. This phenomenon is caused by the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. The concentrations of SA had an excellent linear relationship with CDs' fluorescence intensity ratio (F499/F439) in a range of 1 ∼ 120 and 120 ∼ 240 μM with low detection limits of 0.68 and 1.05 μM. The established ratiometric fluorescent probe is economical, simple and green, and can be used for the effective detection of SA. In addition, the proposed ratiometric fluorescent probe was successfully used to monitor SA in facial mask and toning lotion samples with a satisfactory recovery of 99.7–106.7 %. The results show that the constructed fluorescent probe based on dual-emission CDs has a great potential for the rapid and sensitive analysis of SA in actual samples.

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent for recognition and extraction of three glucocorticoids in lotion

In this study, a magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (MD-μ-SPE) pretreatment method assisted by deep eutectic solvent-magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (DES-MMIPs) was established in combination with UHPLC-UV analysis method for extraction and determination of Hydrocortisone (HC), cortisone (COR) and dexamethasone (DEX) in lotion. The prepared DES-MMIPs were characterized by FT-IR, SEM and VSM, showing the successful synthesis DES-MMIPs. Then, a series of adsorption affinity tests indicated the prepared material had excellent adsorption capacity, specific recognition performance (IF = 1.33–1.44) and satisfactory reusability (four times). The DES-MMIPs combine the low toxicity of DES, selectivity of MIPs and the convenience of recovery offered by magnetism. Furthermore, the adsorption and desorption conditions were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the method detection limits (MDLs) of HC, COR and DEX were 0.6, 0.6 and 0.9 ng mL−1, respectively. And the method linear ranges of HC, COR and DEX were 1.8–115.2, 1.8–115.2 and 3.5–224.0 ng mL−1, respectively, which showed a good correlation (r > 0.9997). The extraction recovery ranged from 81.2 % to 96.7 %. Finally, three glucocorticoids were not detected in some lotion samples. Therefore, the established MD-μ-SPE-UHPLC-UV method provides a promising strategy to the selective extraction and determination of three GCs in lotion.

Analysis of FTIR Spectra, Flavonoid Content and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity of Extracts and Lotion from Garcinia schomburgkiana by Multivariate Method

In this study, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study, total flavonoid content and anti-tyrosinase activity of leaf, seed and flesh extracts of Garcinia schomburgkiana and lotion formulation from the extracts were carried out. Additionally, a relationship among FTIR spectra, total flavonoid content and anti-tyrosinase activity was analysed by partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis. The result indicated that the highest total flavonoid content was found in leaf ethanol extract (214.00 ± 7.32 mg rutin equivalent per mg extract). For lotion samples, lotion containing leaf ethanol extract revealed the strongest level of total flavonoid content (5.51 ± 0.04 mg rutin equivalent per mL lotion). Moreover, anti-tyrosinase activity was observed in lotion containing the extracts (1/EC50 ranged from 0.0063 to 7.2334) higher than that of aqueous, ethanol and propanediol extracts (1/EC50 ranged from 0.0099 to 0.5319). The FTIR result confirmed the presence of various function groups in different parts of G. schomburgkiana and lotion samples, which involved the structure of flavonoids namely O-H stretch, C=O bending vibrations, unsaturation bonds, phenol or tertiary alcohol (O-H bend), C-O-H deformation and C-O stretching vibrations of aromatic ethers. The PLS-SEM analysis indicated a moderate positive relationship between the total flavonoid content and FTIR data, significantly (β = 0.502, t = 2.239, p-value < 0.05). The FTIR and subsequent PCA analysis could differentiate of aqueous, ethanol and propanediol extracts and lotion samples.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 FTIR data positively correlated with total flavonoid content
 Extract and lotion samples revealed total flavonoid content and anti-tyrosinase activity
 The PLS-SEM analysis showed significantly positive relationship between the total flavonoid content and FTIR data
 FTIR and subsequent PCA analysis differentiated extracts and lotions
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical development of polyherbal Kushthaghna Mahakashaya lotion with FTIR and HPTLC characterization

Introduction: Kushthaghna Mahakashaya is a traditional herbal group of ten medicaments (dashemani) explained in classical texts and administered in the form of kashaya (decoction) indicated for the management of Kushtha (skin ailments). In the present scenario, based on disadvantages of the kashaya like lesser shelf-life, cumbersome, difficult to prepare and administer on a daily basis. Furthermore, if it is administered by an external route then, it may avoid first-pass metabolism and thereby enhancing the drug’s bioavailability and causing its rapid action. So, the present study is an attempt to prepare and analyze the modified dosage form of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Kwatha in the form of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Lotion. Materials and methods: Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Churna, Ghana, and Lotion were all prepared. Lotion was made by mixing the aqueous and oil phases together at the same temperature. It was stabilized with Carbopol and neutralized with Triethanolamine to improve the sample's stability. Different trials were conducted to check the excipient ratio in the formulation, and samples were evaluated according to standards. Organoleptic parameters, physico-chemical analysis, FTIR, HPTLC, and microbiological specification tests were all performed on the Ghana and Lotion. Results: All the tests and observations were carried out on Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Ghana and Lotion samples, and the results were recorded. Conclusion: Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Lotion can be prepared from Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Kwatha. The prepared lotion will be light brown in colour, characteristic smell and semi-liquid in consistency with good spreadibility.

A sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the detection of three chlorophenols in cosmetic samples

AbstractA sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (sweeping-MEKC) enrichment model was established for the determination of three chlorophenols (CPs) in cosmetics, namely, bithionol, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). The optimum electrophoretic conditions were 20 mM NaH2PO4-80 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 30% (v/v) acetonitrile (pH 2.3). The optimum on-line concentration conditions were as follows: sample matrix, 100 mM NaH2PO4; pressure injection at 20.67 kPa (3 psi) for 25 s. The linear range of bithionol, PCP, and 2,4,6-TCP are 0.20–4.00 μg mL−1, 0.10–2.00 μg mL−1, and 0.05–2.00 μg mL−1 respectively, with correlation coefficient (r) over 0.9972. The limits of detection (LOD) based on three times the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) are in the range of 0.0061–0.024 μg mL−1. Recoveries for the three CPs in powder and lotion samples are between 79.7 and 110.2% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.38–5.54% and 92.2–121.3% with RSD of 0.72–6.09%, respectively. The proposed method can provide reference for the determination of trace CPs in different sample matrix.

Screening and quantitative analysis of nine illicit antiallergics in emulsion cosmetics by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry

A rapid and accurate analysis method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS) was developed to screen and determine nine antiallergy drugs in emulsion cosmetics. First, a standard library of the target compounds was established. The library contained the TOF-MS information and secondary MS information such as retention time, ion addition mode, mass error, isotope distribution, mass-to-charge ratio of the parent ion, and fragment ion distribution. According to the European Union regulation (SANTE/11945/2015), the standard for the qualitative determination by HRMS was determined; that is, each compound was confirmed by two ions with a mass error below 5%, and the abundance ratio of the two ions was less than 30%. Second, the instrument conditions and sample pretreatment conditions for the determination of different compounds were optimized, and the influence of different levels of quantitative ions on the matrix effect was compared. The following observations were made:(1) the addition of 0.1% formic acid to the water phase improved the response of the chromatographic peaks; (2) among the various solvent amounts tested (4, 5, 6, 8 mL acetonitrile and 4, 5, 6, 8 mL methanol), 4 mL acetonitrile showed the best extraction efficiency; (3) PRiME HLB had a better purification effect than the other two purification columns (C18 and HLB solid-phase extraction cartridges), thus reducing the interference of impurities and ensuring good recovery of the target compounds; (4) the use of two pairs of secondary product ion quantification could significantly reduce the matrix effect of anti-allergic compounds and improve the quantification accuracy. Finally, based on the above findings, the experimental procedure was established. The lotion samples were first ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile and purified on the PRiME HLB column. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters XBridge C18 column with gradient elution using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile. Finally, the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH), which shows obvious advantages in continuous and high-throughput acquisition, was selected for MS data acquisition. The retention time, mass accuracy, isotope distribution, and fragment ion matching ratio were used for fast qualitative screening, while the peak areas of characteristic product ions were used for precise quantification. All the calibration curves showed good linearity (r2>0.99) within the tested ranges (5-100 μg/L) under the optimum conditions. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.05-0.10 mg/kg. The recoveries were in the range of 65.3%-107% at three spiked levels (0.10, 0.20, and 0.60 mg/kg), with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) below 20%. Compared with the existing ion exchange column methods, the proposed "one-step" purification method based on PRiME HLB is simpler and more rapid, where the extraction solution is filtered directly after allowing it to pass through the column, without any subsequent washing and elution procedures. In addition, the LOQs of this method are lower than those of other LC-MS/MS methods, indicating that the proposed method has higher sensitivity. The application of SWATH data acquisition makes it possible to achieve quantification with two pairs of product ions, thus reducing the matrix effect and ensuring accuracy of the quantitative results. Therefore, the proposed method is less time-consuming and operationally convenient, and it can be used for the rapid screening and accurate quantification of antiallergics in lotion samples.

Ultrasonic Nebulization-Dispersive Solid-Phase-Monolithic Microcolumn Extraction Coupled with HPLC–MS/MS for Analyzing Sex Steroids in Lotion Samples

An ultrasonic nebulization-dispersive solid-phase-monolithic microcolumn extraction method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed and applied for the extraction and analysis of 15 sex steroids in lotion samples. In this method, the analytes were microextracted from a liquid phase to a dispersive solid phase, and then, a monolithic microcolumn was prepared with these dispersive solid-phase particles using our device. In this way, a more efficient extraction method was developed. Several experimental parameters, including the extraction sorbent, amount of the adsorbent, extraction time, and extraction temperature, were optimized. Calibration curves for steroid concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 1461.00 ng mL−1 were obtained for analyzing the sex steroids. The recoveries in the determination of the sex steroids were between 53.19 and 96.99%, and the relative standard deviations ranged from 2.58 to 7.52%. These results indicated that the proposed method is a fast, sensitive, low-cost, and highly efficient extraction and enrichment technique for the analysis of nonvolatile analytes in liquid samples.

A NEW ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR BASED ON MODIFIED CARBON NANOTUBE-GRAPHITE MIXTURE PASTE ELECTRODE FOR VOLTAMMETRIC DETERMINATION OF RESORCINOL

Objective: A new carbon nanotube (CNT)-graphite mixture paste electrode modified by Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant (SDSMCNTGMPE) was prepared and applied for sensitive electrochemical determination of resorcinol (RS).Method: Cyclic voltammetry, variable pressure scanning electron microscopy, and differential voltammetry were employed for the surface analysis of the bare CNT-graphite mixture paste electrode and SDSMCNTGMPE. Comparison between the unmodified electrode and modified electrode, the modified electrode oxidation peak current significantly improved. The effects of the pH, scan rate, and concentration of RS on the peak current were investigated.Results: Results indicated that the peak current of RS is highest in 0.2 M pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solutions and that the electrode reaction corresponds to a rate controlled process. Under optimized experimental conditions, the oxidation peak current of RS was linear over a concentration range of 2×10−6 to 1.0×10−3 M with a detection limit of 5.8×10−6 M and quantification limit of 19×10−6 M.Conclusion: The prepared sensor also shows other features such as good stability, reproducibility and repeatability. The proposed sensor exhibits good application toward the detection of RS in commercial RS lotion samples.

Voltammetric Determination of Boron using Poly Xylenol Orange-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode

ABSTRACTThis study describes a new voltammetric method for sensitive and accurate determination of boron using the poly xylenol orange-modified and oxidized pencil graphite electrode. The oxidation of tiron at +0.86 V in the boron–tiron complex formed in phosphate buffer solution at pH 8 was evaluated as a response. The parameters for voltammetric determination of boron were optimized. The modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The limits of detection and quantification were estimated to be 28 and 83 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviation value was 4.89% for 0.2 mg/L boron. The recovery results were 98.72, 100.53, and 100.14% for tap water, drinking water, and eye lotion samples, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested using a certified reference material (UME CRM 1201: Elements in Spring Water).

Slurry sampling flow injection chemical vapor generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace Ge, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Bi in cosmetic lotions

A slurry sampling inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method has been developed for the determination of Ge, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Bi in cosmetic lotions using flow injection (FI) vapor generation (VG) as the sample introduction system. A slurry containing 2% m/v lotion, 2% m/v thiourea, 0.05% m/v l-cysteine, 0.5μgmL−1 Co(II), 0.1% m/v Triton X-100 and 1.2% v/v HCl was injected into a VG-ICP-MS system for the determination of Ge, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Bi without dissolution and mineralization. Because the sensitivities of the analytes in the slurry and that of aqueous solution were quite different, an isotope dilution method and a standard addition method were used for the determination. This method has been validated by the determination of Ge, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Bi in GBW09305 Cosmetic (Cream) reference material. The method was also applied for the determination of Ge, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Bi in three cosmetic lotion samples obtained locally. The analysis results of the reference material agreed with the certified value and/or ETV-ICP-MS results. The detection limit estimated from the standard addition curve was 0.025, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.03ng g−1 for Ge, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Bi, respectively, in original cosmetic lotion sample.

Cosmetic Scents by Visual and Olfactory Senses versus Purchase Intention

While scent is generally considered the more important factor determining consumers’ choice of cosmetics, the first impression gained by a potential purchaser is the sight of the packaging design. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative roles of sight and smell in consumers’ choice of body lotion, using a combination of sense testing, questionnaire and interview. A total of 492 convenience-selected volunteers were asked to designate their favourite scents of five prepared body lotion samples by sight and by smell. They then undertook a questionnaire survey, and 21 of the group took part in semi-structured in-depth interviews. Most participants chose different scents when relying on sight or smell, and this difference affected their purchasing intention and purchasing motivation, with visual features of products influencing intentions more than olfactory properties. While scent was not the major reason for purchasing a cosmetic, for many participants it was an important factor. The method used may have advantages in market research over others not utilising one or other of the components.

생약재 추출물로부터 주름 개선 소재의 발굴 및 이를 이용한 화장품의 안정성 시험

Various herbal medicinal extracts were examined for the development of cosmetic products with anti-oxidative and anti-wrinkle activity. First, total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities of herbal medicinal extracts were measured. Most herbal samples, except for DW extracts of Portulaca oleracea, Caesalpinia sappan, Taraxacum platycarpum, Carthamus tinctorius, and 70% EtOH extracts of Taraxacum platycarpum and Carthamus tinctorius, showed DPPH radical scavenging activity over 80% at a concentration of 400㎍/㎖. SOD-like antioxidant activity of DW extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, DW extracts of Eriobtrya japonica and 70% EtOH extracts of Sophora japonica was measured as 40%, 35% and 80%, respectively at a dry matter concentration of 50㎍/㎖. In elastase inhibition assay, DW extracts of Lycium chinense (50㎍/㎖) and 70% EtOH extracts of Areca catechu (50㎍/㎖) showed 50% and 40% of inhibition, respectively. At a concentration of 1,250㎍/㎖, DW extracts of Lycium chinense and 70% EtOH extracts of Areca catechu showed 10% and 30% of collagenase inhibition, respectively. Skin and lotion samples were prepared using the two herbal extracts of high anti-wrinkle activity: Lycium chinense extract and Areca catechu extract. The storage stability of skin and lotion containing each of the selected herbal extracts was evaluated. pH and viscosity were used as stability indicators for the stability test under different storage temperatures and freeze-thaw cycle conditions. The skin and lotion containing each of DW extract of Lycium chinense and 70% EtOH extract of Areca catechu was showed high pH and viscosity stability. The skin and lotion containing DW extracts of Lycium chinense showed relatively higher stability than the skin and lotion containing 70% EtOH extract of Areca catechu, at cycle chamber and freeze-thaw conditions. In summary, these results indicated that cosmetics containing DW extract of Lycium chinense were relatively stable, and this herbal extract could be used as a stable functional cosmetic material.

Frictional behaviors during applications of lotions by use of a novel friction meter and evaluation of tactile feeling

Vol. 43, No.3 (2009) pp.171–176 A novel friction meter that allows us to measure normal force and friction force at the same time was developed, and the frictional behavior of cosmetics during application was investigated for an evaluation of a tactile feeling, permeability. As a result of measurements of four lotion samples by 15 panels, time courses of normal forces, friction forces and friction coefficients were different among the panels though they used the same samples. It was also found that the maximum value of differentiation in friction coefficient with better permeability feeling was larger than those with less permeability feeling. This suggests that relative changes in the time course of friction coefficients have an important influence on a tactile feeling, permeability.

A novel hemin-based organic phase artificial enzyme electrode and its application in different hydrophobicity organic solvents

Based on the newly discovered artificial enzyme formed by mixing hemin with supramolecular hydrogels via the self-assembly of amphiphilic oligopeptides, we prepared a novel organic phase artificial enzyme electrode by coating the artificial enzyme on an electrode which was then covered with sodium alginate for protection. Scanning electron micrograph showed that the supramolecular hydrogel kept its nanofibers structure on the electrode surface. Hemin dispersed in the supermolecular hydrogel as monomer greatly promotes its direct electrochemistry behavior in organic solvents. At the same time, this electrode exhibited higher electrocatalytic ability to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) than free hemin modified electrode (free hemin mainly present as dimer). As low as 27μM TBHP could be detected with a linear range from 6.6×10−5 to 1.27×10−2M via amperometric method. The biosensor can reach 95% of the steady-state current in about 10±2s. More importantly, it can be applied in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents without adding extra buffer or mediators to them that cannot be received by most traditional organic phase enzyme electrodes. This unique property greatly promotes the development of the organic phase enzyme electrodes by facilitating the detection of different kinds of substrates of the hemin-based artificial enzyme soluble in hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents. The artificial enzyme electrode was successfully used to determine organic peroxides in body lotion samples.

Determination of organic peroxides in reversed micelles with a poly- N-methylpyrrole horseradish peroxidase amperometric biosensor

The preparation of a peroxidase biosensor by immobilization of the enzyme during the electropolymerization of N-methylpyrrole and its use in the determination of organic peroxides in a predominantly nonaqueous medium, such as reversed micelles, is reported. Reversed micelles were formed with ethyl acetate as the continuous phase, 4% of 0.05 mol l −1 phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4 as the dispersed phase, and 0.1 mol l −1 AOT as the emulsifying agent. Working variables affecting the polymer biosensor preparation, such as the polymerization potential, the constant accumulated charge to stop the polymerization process, the concentration of monomer and enzyme in the polymerization solution and the pH and concentration of the phosphate buffer solution, were optimized and discussed. Concerning the variables regarding the amperometric measurements in the reversed micellar medium, the potential value applied, the pH of the phosphate buffer solution, and the temperature were also optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the steady-state current for 2-butanone peroxide is reached in only 4 s. Linear calibration plots over the ranges 5–85 μmol l −1, and 2–48 mmol l −1 were obtained for 2-butanone peroxide and tert-butylhydroperoxide, respectively. The limits of detection obtained were 0.086 μmol l −1, and 0.03 mmol l −1, respectively. The poly- N-methylpyrrole-HRP amperometric biosensor was used for the determination of the organic peroxide content in body lotion samples, by employing 2-butanone peroxide as a standard. Optimization of the peroxide extraction step from the sample was carried out, and recoveries approximating 100% were obtained.

Radiometric determination of boron with mandelic acid and zinc-65-labelled bis(1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II)

The use of solvent extraction methods for the radiometric determination of boron is scarce. This work was undertaken to examine the feasibility of an indirect radiometric method for the determination of trace amounts of boron by solvent extraction. Mandelic acid was used as the complexing agent for boron and the complex anion formed was extracted as an ion associate with zinc-65-labelled bis(1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II) into isobutyl methyl ketone. The activity of zinc in the organic layer was measured using an NaI–Tl well-type scintillation detector, and was a linear function of the concentration of boron in the aqueous phase over the range 0–10 µg in a final volume of 15 ml. A detection limit of 0.25 µg of boron in a 15 ml aqueous volume could be achieved. The interfering effect of various ions was overcome by selective distillation of boron as methyl borate. The method was applied to the determination of boron in Cr–Mo–B alloy, ointments, talcum powder and eye lotion samples. The reliability of the proposed method was checked by comparing the results obtained for the above samples with those given by ICP-AES.