Lot Of Fear Research Articles

NURSES’ EXPERIENCE OF BURNOUT SYNDROME WHILE WORKING IN ONCOLOGY DEPARTMENTS

When experiencing burnout, the emotional and physical health of nurses deteriorates, the quality of work decrea­ses, and patient dissatisfaction increases. Nurses working in oncology units, due to the nature of their specialty, face those with a cancer diagnosis, which causes a lot of fear and uncertainty. The aim of the study is to reveal the burnout experienced by nurses working in oncology departments. The Copenhagen Burnout Questionnaire was used to implement the quantitative study. The results of the study revealed that nurses working in oncology departments had the strongest personal and work-rela­ted burnout. The most common factors leading to bur­nout were lack of feedback from patients and decreased energy. The relationships between demographic indica­tors and burnout components were used to analyze the research results. Methodology. Analysis of scientific literature; question­naire; descriptive analysis of research data using IBM SPSS 22.0 computer program statistics package and MS Excel 2021 computer program. After analyzing the scien­tific literature, a descriptive quantitative research met­hod was chosen for the research. A questionnaire survey aimed at analyzing the burnout experienced by nurses working in oncology departments. The research was con­ducted in October-November 2023, the respondents were nurses working in the city of Klaipeda (Lithuania). Re­search object: burnout experienced by nurses working in oncology departments. The questionnaire survey was created on the website online. The survey instrument consists of demographic indicators and the “Copenhagen Burnout Questionnaire”. The sample consisted of 143 respondents. Selection criteria: age, seniority, education, marital status, distribution of working time, workload and workplace. Respondents were selected by convenient non-probability sampling, respondents could choose the right place and time when answering questionnaire qu­estions, because the survey was conducted online, and the duration of the survey was not limited. Conclusions. after examining the manifestation of bur­nout syndrome, it became clear that nurses with personal burnout usually experience frequent fatigue and emotio­nal exhaustion. Burnout caused by work was most stron­gly related to emotionally exhausting work and fatigue at the end of the working day, and burnout caused by work with patients was most strongly determined by decrea­sed energy due to work with patients, lack of feedback from patients. The least burnout caused by working with patients was caused by irritation while working with pa­tients and difficult work with patients.

There was a lot of fear in the health personnel: Implication of work stress on the mental health of nursing professionals during the covid-19 pandemic, in Chile: A study from the local

Esta investigación cualitativa es un trabajo con profesionales de enfermería, que trabajan en el sector intra y extrahospitalario en la ciudad de Talca, Chile. El objetivo es comprender cómo fue afectada la salud mental de enfermeros/as, debido al estrés laboral suscitado tras la emergencia COVID-19. Los resultados apuntan al miedo al contagio y a la muerte como factores altamente estresantes en términos laborales; por otra parte, se evidencia ausencia de autocuidado, así como de asistencia psicoemocional desde instituciones del Estado. También se evidencia que el estrés laboral se agrava cuando trabajadores/as no siente apoyo de supervisores ni compañeros/as de trabajo, así como al tener limitado control sobre su trabajo y presiones laborales. Finalmente, comparando experiencias de los equipos intra y extrahospitalario se observa que la dinámica grupal es fundamental para sobrellevar la carga laboral. En ese contexto enfermeros/as del área extrahospitalaria se vieron más afectados que quienes trabajan en el sector intrahospitalario. La discusión apunta a la necesidad de incorporar estrategias de cuidado para quienes cuidan, resaltando la importancia de analizar aspectos sociales que llevan al estrés laboral en situaciones límite, colocando el papel de lo comunitario y la agencia, como claves en la gestión de la salud mental.

Anticipated and Experienced Pain Associated with Root Canal Treatment in a Teaching Dental Hospital in India: A Survey

Abstract Introduction: The pain associated with endodontic therapy brings about a lot of fear and anxiety. This fear sometimes leads to patient avoiding to get the appropriate treatment and save the tooth. It becomes very important that the patient is well guided so he can resort to save the tooth rather than extract it. This study was undertaken to evaluate the pain which is felt before getting the treatment (anticipated pain) and also pain which was actually experienced (experienced pain). Methodology: This pilot study was conducted on a population of 100 in government dental colleges and hospitals. The consent was taken, and two questionnaires were got filled pretreatment and posttreatment. These questionnaires used a Modified Visual Analog Scale (0–3, 0 = no pain, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe). Results: The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and Kruskal–Wallis test. To statistically compare anticipated and experienced pain scores, the Wilcoxon test was used. Conclusions: This study showed that the anticipated pain was more than experienced pain. The two major reasons for the patients to withdraw from getting the treatment are the cost factor and the pain associated while getting the treatment done. Good anesthesia techniques help reduce the pain experienced and hence reduce the overall anxiety of the patient.

Ease of Governance -A Case of Pandemic

The pandemic crisis has presented us with problems related to the availability of resources, provision of various services, and accountability of policy implementation. Governance was not only a requirement for the government but also the businesses and citizens. Covid-19 pandemic has changed how efficiency is maintained at multiple levels concerning the cost and the delivery of goods and services. Its effect and impact on the various social-economic statuses of the people was so severe and complex that it caused a lot of fear in society. These are evident through the economic activity paralysis, labor migration issues, hospital management issues, lack of health facility provisions, transportation issues, etc. This paper attempts to discuss a case study of ease of Governance during pandemic. This case study discussed the various governance issue required to build a capable system, in order to overcome the pandemic situation.

Perceived distress due to nasopharyngeal swab collection: Correspondence.

Dear Editor, we would like to correspond on the publication “Assessment of perceived distress due to nasopharyngeal swab collection in healthy Indian infants participating in a clinical trial1”. Nasopharyngeal swab collection caused significant distress, which worsened with age, according to Kawade et al.1 The authors concluded that sample collectors should be properly trained, and parents should be encouraged to participate in the procedure.1 We agree that effective clinical specimen collection can lead to a high diagnostic yield and give patients the most comfort. However, regardless of the invasiveness of the treatment, fear of specimen collection is a prevalent problem among pediatric patients.2 Children may experience severe pain, worry, and suffering during a specimen collecting procedure.3, 4 Most young children who had clinical specimens collected reported having a lot of fear before the procedure.3 Children who experienced more moderate to severe pain throughout the specimen collection process were more likely to have high pre-procedural anxiety.4 To lessen the discomfort experienced during the procedure, anxiety-reducing therapies should be investigated.4 To lessen the subjects' worry and terror, a standard quality control for specimen collecting procedure as well as patient preparation is required. The reported distress may have been lessened had the authors applied effective distraction during the procedure. Any distraction method could have been chosen.2 Distraction tactics of any kind have been shown to significantly lower the perception of pain and anxiety.2 Kawade et al. should provide details on the distraction technique(s) used with the children in their study. None.

Care of the Hospitalized Patients with Kidney Failure during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned.

Care of the Hospitalized Patients with Kidney Failure during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned.

The relationship between anxiety caused by coronavirus disease and marital satisfaction mediated by empathy and conflict resolution styles in married women.

Crises such as the coronavirus outbreak is associated with a lot of fear and anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety caused by coronavirus disease (COVID) and marital satisfaction mediated by empathy and conflict resolution styles in married women. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 326 married women referring to a marriage counseling center in Tehran. Data were collected using the questionnaires of marital satisfaction, marital empathy, conflict resolution styles, and the coronavirus disease anxiety scale (CDAS). Data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM). The psychological symptoms of coronavirus disease anxiety (CDA) had a positive and significant effect on empathy and conflict resolution styles (P < 0.05) while the physical symptoms of CDA had a negative and significant effect on empathy, conflict resolution styles, and marital satisfaction (P < 0.05). The indirect effect of psychological symptoms of CDA on marital satisfaction due to empathy and conflict resolution styles was positive and significant (P < 0.05). The explained variance of marital satisfaction in terms of psychological and physical symptoms of CDA, empathy, and conflict resolution styles was equal to R2 = 0.42. Psychological symptoms of CDA increased marital satisfaction by affecting problem-solving styles and marital empathy. Therefore, empathy skills and conflict resolution styles can be used to reduce coronary anxiety and increase satisfaction levels.

Predicting the role of coping factors on pandemic-related anxiety.

The year 2020 saw the emergence of a worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19. Measures against further spread of the virus were taken nearly everywhere in the world. Many countries also imposed social distancing rules and lockdowns on their population. This situation has caused a lot of fear and insecurity, along with reactance and even unrest in some countries. In this study, we measured the psychological concepts of resilience, reactance, positive schemas, social solidarity, and anxiety among psychiatric patients and in how far these factors influence their psychopathological anxiety during the pandemic. The aim was to better understand in what ways these factors influence pandemic anxiety to be able to reduce its negative psychological effects. Findings show a significant effect of positive schemas and social solidarity on the level of pandemic anxiety in a sample of psychiatric patients, but no correlation between resilience or reactance and pandemic anxiety. Based on these insights, the inclusion of positive schemas and social solidarity for therapy should be considered. Looking deeper into the relation between positive schemas and pandemic anxiety could provide insight into the different ways that schemas influence people’s anxiety and determine whether some of them are particularly important.

Factors Affected Recovery Time Of Residents With Covid-19

Background: The massive spread of Covid-19 and made it a pandemic causing a lot of fear and anxiety among people around the world. Covid-19 has been a global disaster which has a high level of spread and severity since it is a contagious disease. The severity of this disease ranges from asymptomatic to severe with general symptoms of fever and cough and causing acute respiratory distress syndrome, especially in the elderly and people with comorbidity. Family support helps patients to meet their basic needs and can help to increase the spirit to recover which is one of the factors that accelerate the patient’s recovery process. &#x0D; Methods: Population in this study consisted 660 residents who had confirmed Covid-19 and 109 samples were taken with purposive sampling technique appropriately to inclusion criteria. Independents variables in this study consisted of history of co-morbidities, knowledge, family support and motivation to recover. While the dependent variable is the healing time of Covid-19. The instrument of this study used a questionnaire sheet. This is a correlational study with cross sectional quantitative analytic. &#x0D; Results: Bivariate analytic show that only family support variable has significant results with p value &lt;0,05. Family support is the determinant factors with p value of 0,0017 compared with other factors such as comorbid, knowledge and motivation. &#x0D; Conclusion: It can be conclude that family support is the determinant of recovery time of people affected by Covid-19. The most needed support for healing in the form of being sufficient and meeting the needs during ilness, both physically and psychologically.

Impact of Hurricane Sandy on Hospital Admissions 2 Years Later

Disaster exposure is often followed by acute illness and injuries requiring hospital admission in the weeks after the disaster. It is not known whether disaster exposure is associated with hospitalization in the years after the disaster. We examined the extent to which disaster exposure is associated with hospitalization two years after Hurricane Sandy. The analyses fill a gap in our understanding of long-term physical health consequences of disaster exposure by identifying older adults at greatest risk for hospitalization two years after disaster exposure. Older adults (n=909) who participated in a longitudinal panel study provided data before and after Hurricane Sandy. These data were linked with Medicare inpatient files to assess the impact of Hurricane Sandy on hospital admissions after the post-hurricane interview. Those who reported experiencing a lot of fear and distress in the midst of Hurricane Sandy were at an increased risk of being hospitalized in the second or third years after the hurricane [Hazard Ratio=1.81 (1.15 – 2.85)]. Findings held after controlling for pre-hurricane demographics, social risks, chronic conditions, and decline in physical functioning after the hurricane. These findings are the first to show that disaster exposure increases risk for hospital admissions two years after a disaster, and that older adults’ appraisal of their emotional distress during the disaster has prognostic significance that is not explained by known risks for hospital admissions. The findings suggest that interventions during the storm and after the storm, may reduce long-term health consequences of disaster exposure among older adults.

An Iconic Pillar of Hope in a Rural Township: The Emergence, Growth and Development of AIC Kapsowar Mission Hospital

The article is about the emergence, growth and development of AIC Kapsowar Mission Hospital, the hospital that was central to the development of Kapsowar town since its establishment in 1934. The hospital was so iconic in the sense that it opened Marakwet District to the rest of the world. The hospital created employment opportunities for Kenyans who flocked the town in their thousands in search of jobs. Kapsowar which was once a frontier town transformed into a medical town making it display many signs of prosperity. However, it was not easy for the Africans living in Kapsowar to let go of their lands. They had to fight back and protect what according to them was given to them by their deity ASIS. Among the Marakwet, land was communally owned and its use was decided by the community elders. Individuals did not own land as the sole owners but the land was in the custody of clans. This factor made it very hard for the missionaries to acquire land to establish the mission hospital when they first arrived at the place. The locals were only convinced after a series of successful surgeries were conducted by the mission doctors and that was when they allowed them to settle in their land. That move marked the beginning of a new civilisation among the Marakwet. Many women began to visit the hospital for child delivery, and child mortality rate reduced drastically owing to the good works of the mission doctors. All the good things brought about by the mission Hospital including the development of the town, employment opportunities, improved infrastructure among others notwithstanding, challenges never seized to hit the Mission hospital and the latest challenge was posed by the outbreak of the novel corona virus in 2020 causing a lot of fear and panic to both the doctors and the patients.

Pre-hospital management of childhood convulsions in Ilesa, South-west, Nigeria

Convulsion evokes a lot of fear in mothers and caregivers whenever it occurs. They even think that their child is dying. Many interventions are often carried out because of anxiety and limited knowledge. The aim of this study is to examine the interventions instituted by caregivers for children with convulsions before presentation in the hospital for treatment. We prospectively studied all the 276 children that presented to the emergency room with convulsion over a period of seven months and the care administered at home before presenting in the hospital was noted. One hundred and nine (39.5%) of the children had water poured on them during convulsion. Substances administered orally were; salt 32 (11.6%), onions 14 (5.1%), palm oil 3 (1.1%) and herbal concoctions 13 (4.7%), of which two contained cow urine. Metal spoons were used as mouth gag in 41 (14.9%) of subjects while 29 (10.5%) children had intramuscular (IM) injections given by health workers at home (eight) in various health centres (15) and hospitals (6). Other interventions were scarifications and drinking of their mothers’ urine. While 40 (14.5%) children had more than one treatment given to them before their arrival, 99 (35.9%) had no treatment given before their arrival. Caregivers continue to carry out various interventions at home for convulsions in children. Majority of the interventions are not beneficial while some are harmful. There is, therefore, need to continue to educate caregivers on the appropriate prehospital interventions of convulsions in children before presenting in the hospital. Key words: Convulsion, pre-hospital interventions.

A Conceptual Paper on Extrinsic Rewards and Employee Performance in the Pandemic of Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

With the breakout of the novel covid-19 pandemic otherwise known as corona virus, there has been a lot of fear and apprehension that organizations (banking sector) will experience a drastic shift in the way they conduct business. The covid-19 pandemic impact on employees and organizations across the world has been dramatic and horrifying. The big question now is how do organizations maintain and retain employees and also optimize performance. The purpose of this study is to find out how the deposit money banks in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, continue to operate during the lockdown expecting its employees to perform optimally and still stay safe in this pandemic of the covid-19. Employee performance can be enhanced during this pandemic by a variety of ways by using extrinsic reward system. The study relied on Vroom’s Expectancy theory as its literature review, while the methodology of this study was conducted using secondary sources only. It was gathered that the extrinsic reward system affects employee performance in the money deposit banks and it was also revealed that employees of the deposit money bank during this covid-19 pandemic period highly preferred the extrinsic rewards system. It is highly recommended that during this covid-19 pandemic period, money deposit banks should focus seriously on the extrinsic reward tools as form of motivating the employee and by so doing, enhance performance.

A review on Remdesivir (GS-5734) for the treatment of Covid-19

The COVID-19 has caused a lot of fear and unease among people all around the globe. This disease is caused by the virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since new viruses are emerging from animal reservoirs causing diseases in humans with increasing mortality rate there is an urgent need to find an antiviral drug with a broad spectrum activity. Hence, this review article discusses about the antiviral drug remdesivir which has shown a broad spectrum activity. Remdesivir is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients suffering from severe Covid-19.The scope of this review is to discuss the risks and benefits of using the drug Remdesivir, whether the treatment with it reduces mortality, whether it can reduce the time of hospitalized patients, the possible adverse effects and whether it can be used as a prophylactic agent for healthcare professionals concerned with screening and management of Covid 19 positive patients and susceptible individuals who have a high risk of developing Covid-19 will be discussed. Since this is the first and only drug that has been approved by FDA , Remdesivir should be used in patients with Covid 19 with caution owning the side effects and limited data available on it. More research should be conducted to find another drug or vaccine which would be more beneficial for patients with Covid19

Does previous dental care experience make the child less anxious? An evaluation of anxiety and fear of pain.

Evidence has shown an inverse correlation between previous dental care experience and anxiety levels in children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental anxiety in Brazilian schoolchildren and to evaluate the association between previous experience with the dentist and anxiety and fear of pain. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in two cities in Brazil with 1191 schoolchildren aged 6-12years. The data were collected through interviews and clinical examination. The interviews followed the Dental Anxiety Question (DAQ), the Fear of Dental Pain Questionnaire Short Form (S-FDPQ) adapted to children, and some sociodemographic questions. Dental anxiety was more prevalent in the younger group, with a higher prevalence of moderate and severe anxiety. The group with extreme anxiety showed a higher prevalence of extreme fear, whereas the group who did not present anxiety showed a higher prevalence of children with moderate fear of pain. Children who had not visited the dentist showed a higher prevalence of fear and a lot of fear (33.5%) as compared to those who had already experienced dental care (13.9%). The prevalence of severe anxiety and extreme fear of pain was higher in the group of female children aged 6-9years, and with caries experience (P < 0.001). The experience with the dentist was associated with less anxiety and fear of pain. The age of the child was a determining factor for changes in their anxiety level. Severe dental anxiety influences fear of pain experienced by the child.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among People in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Background Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the entire globe causing a lot of fear among the masses. India had more than 2,500 confirmed cases and more than 70 deaths at the time of submission of this article. This is probably the first study from India on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19. Presently, there is only 1 similar study from China. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was performed in a tertiary care hospital in India to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the participants toward COVID-19 during the pandemic. The participants had to answer a questionnaire in the language well understood by them. It pertained to their basic knowledge about this disease, their attitudes, and correct practices. The participants were either doctors, staff, patients, or relatives visiting the hospital. Results Among the various age groups, the highest proportion (57.21%) of very good knowledge was in the 20 to 30 years age group. Among the respondents, poor knowledge was seen in the patients. Overall, 47.99% participants had an extremely optimistic attitude, whereas &lt;50% doctors had extremely correct practices toward COVID-19. This is unacceptable during the ongoing pandemic and reveals scope for improvement. Conclusions The public health authorities at the regional and state level can use this information to increase awareness among the population, which may help to contain the pandemic. Educational campaigns targeting the correct population groups are essential to reduce the public anxiety toward this pandemic.

California Workers Get Ready For Workplace Immigration Raids

16 | International Union Rights | 24/2 FOCUS | UNITED STATES California Workers Get Ready For Workplace Immigration Raids At the end of February immigration agents descended on a handful of Japanese and Chinese restaurants in the suburbs of Jackson, Mississippi and in nearby Meridian. Fifty-five immigrant cooks, dishwashers, servers and bussers were loaded into vans and taken to a detention centre 158 miles away in Jena, Louisiana. Their arrest and subsequent treatment did more than provoke outrage among Jackson’s immigrant rights activists. Worker advocates in California also took note of the incident, fearing that it marked the beginning of a new wave of immigrant raids and enforcement actions in workplaces. In response, they’ve written a Bill with legal protections for workers, to keep the experience from being duplicated here. At the same time, training sessions have started to ensure workers know their rights during any jobrelated immigration enforcement action. Once the Mississippi restaurant workers had been arrested, they essentially fell off the radar screen for several days. Jackson lawyer Jeremy Litton, who represented three Guatemalan workers picked up in the raid, could not get the government to schedule hearing dates for them. He was unable to verify that the other detained immigrants were being held in the same centre, or even who they were. The Geo Corporation, formerly known as the Wackenhut Corporation, operates the LaSalle Detention Center. Geo’s roots go back to the Pinkerton Detective Agency, which became notorious in the first half of the twentieth century for brutal, violent assaults on unions and strikes. Today Geo operates 16 immigrant detention centres around the country, according to its 2015 annual report. It runs privatised prisons as well, some of which have been investigated by the Federal government over bad conditions and understaffing. The LaSalle facility has 1160 beds. Litton says it is normally full, so taking in an additional 55 detainees would result in severe overcrowding. The use of Jena’s immigrant jail to hold workers detained in workplace raids has a bitter history in Mississippi. In 2008, 481 workers were arrested at a Howard Industries electrical equipment factory, in Laurel, Mississippi, in the middle of union negotiations. They too were taken to the La Salle detention centre. There they were fed peanut butter sandwiches at mealtimes, and according to Patricia Ice, attorney for the Mississippi Immigrant Rights Alliance (MIRA), “there weren’t even enough beds and people were sleeping on the floor”. Eight workers detained in that raid were charged with aggravated identity theft in Federal court, for having given a false Social Security number to the employer when they were hired. “This latest raid is causing a lot of fear in our community”, according to MIRA director Bill Chandler. “There’s fear everywhere now because of the threats from Trump, but here in Mississippi our history of racism makes fear even stronger”. Agustin Ramirez, an organiser for the International Longshore and Warehouse Union in California, says the Mississippi raid has heightened fear here too. “What we have seen in the past, and the threats from Trump, tell us this is coming. We may not have had a raid like this here yet, but we can see the sky is dark, and we know it’s going to rain. We just don’t know when”. The legislative response in California came from United Service Workers West, the union for janitors, security guards and airport workers affiliated with the Service Employees International Union. “We want to lead the nation with the strongest resistance efforts to protect workers, not just in the community, but in the workplace”, explained David Huerta, USWW President. In California, with many times the immigrant population of Mississippi, the potential impact of workplace raids is enormous. Of the nation’s estimated eleven million undocumented immigrants, over 2.6 million live in this state. They make up almost half of its farm workers, and over twenty percent of its construction workers. Almost one in every ten California workers is undocumented. The National Restaurant Association says that of the country’s twelve million restaurant workers, nine percent are undocumented, while the Restaurant Opportunities Center estimates that in large cities they make up almost half of...

It Came From Beneath: Detecting and Mitigating Vapor Intrusion

Indoor exposure to naturally occurring radon gas has rocketed into public awareness since the 1980s, but now a similar, albeit lesser-known form of indoor pollution is gaining attention of its own. That form is vapor intrusion, the migration of volatile chemicals from groundwater and soil into buildings above them. Although indoor air quality has been a topic of intense public health inquiry for many years, it’s only been relatively recent that vapor intrusion has been recognized as a source of indoor air contaminants. Today researchers are searching for ... There are four main sources of vapor intrusion: industrial sites, military sites, dry cleaners, and gas stations—all locations that produced or heavily used solvents, degreasers, and other volatile chemicals, or that still do. Few experts feel comfortable estimating the scale of vapor intrusion in the United States. But Kelly Pennell, an engineering associate professor at the University of Kentucky Superfund Research Center, says, “Almost every urban environment we have has some kind of historical contamination associated with it.” If volatile chemicals are present as contaminants, then vapor intrusion may be a concern. “No one really knew [vapor intrusion] had the potential to have as many impacts as it does until the late 1990s and even into the 2000s,” says Dave Folkes, a Colorado-based engineer and senior principal at Geosyntec Consultants. “There was a lot of fear, unknowns, uncertainty because it was very new science, and we really didn’t know much about it. We were all running around trying to learn how to do things quickly.” Today, Folkes says, the field is more mature; there are tools for assessing and mitigating vapor intrusion, and regulations governing how to deal with it. With that maturation has come a more nuanced understanding of how vapor intrusion occurs and the health risks it can pose. It has also raised new questions. “Vapor intrusion is a complex problem that requires the integration of multiple disciplines to address the issue,” says William Suk, director of the Superfund Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), which funds a number of vapor intrusion projects. “By looking at the problem from a health perspective and an engineering perspective, scientists are working to understand how to detect chemicals and predict exposure, identify health concerns, and mitigate the problem.”

Islamophobia on Social Media: A Qualitative Analysis of the Facebook’s Walls of Hate

IntroductionThe growth and expansion of the Internet has created many positive opportunities for people to communicate and engage in a manner. However, it has also acted as a double-edged sword (Back et al., 2010) by creating an online vacuum and platform for people using hate as a means to appeal to a wider audience often under the cloak of anonymity that allows them to supersede and bypass editorial control and regulation (Bargh & McKenna, 2004; Blair, 2003; Citron, 2014; Hodges & Perry, 1999). The Internet therefore provides new opportunities for cyber-bullying (Hinduja & Patchin, 2008; Kowalski, et al., 2012) and cyber hate (Jaishankar, 2008).Online hate speech, bullying, incitement and threats of violence have in recent times become a key issue for social media networks, the police, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and policy-makers. In England and Wales, it is an offence to stir up and incite hatred through illegal hate content on the grounds of: race, religion and sexual orientation. There are also other offences such as using the content of a website which can also be illegal when it threatens or harasses a person or a group of people. If such material is posted because of hostility based on race, religion, sexual orientation, disability or transgender then it can be viewed as a hate crime. This material can also be disseminated in either words, pictures, video, music and could include; messages calling for racial or religious violence, direct webpages with pictures, videos or descriptions that glorify violence against anyone due to their race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or because they are transgender and chat forums, where people ask other people to commit hate crimes.Messages can be spread at great speed, people can remain anonymous and the nature of cyber space remains unregulated. In particular for hate groups, wanting to recruit people for their cause and also be given a platform to spread unsolicited material which can often go unnoticed (Hewson et al., 2003). This allows them to capture audiences and use the Internet as a propaganda tool for those purposes. Indeed, these communicative messages can also cause a lot of discontent and impact upon measures of community cohesion (McNamee et al., 2010).Hate speech in this context is any form of language used to depict someone in a negative fashion in regards to their race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation or physical and mental disability with promotes hate and incites violence (Yar, 2013; Feldman et al., 2013). This also links into the convergence of emotional distress caused by hate online, the nature of intimidation and harassment online, and the prejudice that seeks to defame groups through speech intending to injure and intimidate.Hate on the Internet can have direct and indirect experiences for victims and communities being targeted (Awan & Zempi, 2015a; Awan, 2016; Chakraborti & Garland, 2009). In one sense, it can be used to harass and intimidate victims and on the other hand, it can also be used for opportunistic crimes (Christopherson, 2007). The Internet, therefore is a powerful tool by which people can be influenced to act in a certain way and manner. What also is left in terms of direct impact is important, because it impacts upon local communities and the understanding of how this could constitute acts of violence offline (Douglas et al., 2005). Awan and Zempi (2015) found that online and offline anti-Muslim hate crime can impact upon people's lives to the extent that they feel a sense of anxiety, depression and feelings of isolation. This is particularly strong when considering hate speech online that aims to threaten and incite violence.As noted above, a lot of the material online can also cause a lot of fear and it is imperative that the police and other agencies within the security sector work together to tackle hate crime on the Internet (Awan & Zempi, 2015b). …

Government Surveillance and Counter-Surveillance on Social and Mobile Media: The Case of Iran (2009)

Government Surveillance and Counter-Surveillance on Social and Mobile Media: The Case of Iran (2009)