Lost Generation Research Articles

THE LOST GENERATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LITERATURE AND CULTURE IN THE WAKE OF WORLD WAR I

The Lost Generation refers to a cohort of American writers who emerged in the aftermath of World War I, characterized by their disillusionment with traditional values and societal norms. This article examines the historical context surrounding the Lost Generation, highlighting how the war's brutality led to a profound sense of alienation and existential questioning among these writers. Key figures such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, and T.S. Eliot are discussed for their contributions to modernist literature, showcasing recurring themes of disillusionment, alienation, and the critique of the American Dream. The influence of the Lost Generation extends beyond literature into visual arts and music, reflecting broader cultural movements of the 1920s and 1930s. Ultimately, the legacy of the Lost Generation continues to resonate in contemporary literature and culture, offering insights into the human condition that remain relevant today.

THE LOST GENERATION AND ITS EXPLORATION OF DISILLUSIONMENT AND ALIENATION IN A CHANGING WORLD OF LITERATURE

The Lost Generation, a cohort of American writers who came of age during and after World War I, profoundly shaped the literary landscape of the early 20th century. Characterized by a pervasive sense of disillusionment and alienation, these writers sought to articulate their experiences in a world irrevocably altered by war and societal change. This article explores the central themes of identity crisis and alienation in the works of key figures such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and T.S. Eliot. It examines innovative narrative techniques, symbolism, and the impact of place, particularly the expatriate experience in Paris. The analysis highlights how the literature of the Lost Generation reflects broader societal issues, including gender dynamics and class disparities, while offering a timeless commentary on the human condition in an increasingly fragmented world.

Are early career researchers feeling the consequences of the COVID pandemic?

AbstractDuring the COVID pandemic, some commentators thought that early career researchers (ECRs) would become a ‘lost generation’. Yet the Harbingers (H‐2) longitudinal study, which followed ECRs for 2 years during the pandemic found that ECRs took things in their stride. More than 2 years on, we returned, as part of the AI stage of the Harbingers study (H‐3), to see what has transpired and interviewed nearly 70 ECRs from six countries as part of an exploratory study. We found that: (1) only one in six ECRS thought they were suffering from the residual impacts of the pandemic, with increased workload creating the greatest stress; (2) working remotely, digitally and more flexibly was thought by many to be the biggest dividend delivered, making the job more desirable and competitive; (3) an apparent growth in jobs and promotions (tenures) confirmed the bounce‐back. Given the modest size of the study, analysis by country has to be undertaken with caution, but China, where political and economic factors have stifled any bounce‐back, stands out for special attention in a future full‐blown study. Finally, the study yielded informed and considered views that the long‐term impact of the pandemic appears to be beneficial rather than disadvantageous.

Black Internationalism and Shakespeare and Company

In the interwar period, Paris became home to a network of Black writers and artists from around the world. Using data from the Shakespeare and Company Project, as well as various archival sources, this article reveals connections between this network and Sylvia Beach’s bookshop and lending library. The article begins with the Harlem Renaissance writer and artist Gwendolyn Bennett, arguing that her relationship with Shakespeare and Company illuminates a porousness between the “Lost Generation” and “Paris Noir.” The article then examines how Beach connected writing from Harlem to Black intellectuals in Paris, who were in the process of creating a new anti-colonial articulation of race.

Unraveling Disillusionment: An Examination of Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises

This research aims to analyze the disappointment felt by the characters in the novel using an objective approach with a qualitative descriptive method. In this method, the researcher collects data from the novel in the form of quotations in the novel by summarizing accurate data, such as facts in the story and character depictions that describe disappointment. After the data is analyzed, the discussion of this journal includes the characters in The Sun Also Rises and how they experience disappointment due to war and socio-political upheaval at that time. The results of this study show that the concept of disillusionment in The Sun Also Rises can be well understood, it is the researcher's finding that the expression of a deep sense of disillusionment that permeates the lives of the characters, stemming from the impact of World War I and the Lost Generation's search for meaning and purpose. The researchers also have uncovered the profound sense of disillusionment that pervades the characters' lives, stemming from the aftermath of World War I and the Lost Generation's search for meaning and purpose.

The Patriarchal Values Embodied in the Tough Image in The Old Man and the Sea

Ernest Miller Hemingway is a representative of America’s “Lost Generation” writers. He has always been known as a tough man in the literary world, and he is a spiritual monument of the American nation. Hemingway’s works marked the formation of his unique creative style, which occupies an important position in the history of American literature and even in the history of world literature. Since its publication, The Old Man and the Sea has attracted extensive research from scholars all over the world. This article selects the patriarchal values embodied in the tough guy image in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea as the object of study. In order to explore the profound connotations of the spirit of the tough guy in Santiago, the author will combine specific novel excerpts and use relevant background of English and American literature to explore the intrinsic relationship between the images of the tough guy patriarchal values. Hemingway created a series of tough guy images in his works, which all reflect Hemingway’s philosophy of life and moral ideals. According to patriarchal values, readers can think about the concept of gender roles and patriarchal society, so as to help us understand Hemingway’s characters better.

Behavioral difficulties and associated factors among the ‘lost generation’ of Syrian children and adolescents

Childhood and adolescence, vital in shaping adult life and society, are profoundly impacted during conflicts like Syria’s devastating war. This study explores the prevalence of behavioral disorders in Syrian children and adolescents, examining the influence of war and family-related factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 2–17 years at a children’s outpatient clinic in Damascus, Syria. We assessed parents’ quality of life, war and family-related factors, and behavioral difficulties through parental interviews using two questionnaires: the Arabic version of the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the brief Arabic version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). 74.67% of children aged 2–4 years and 61.29% of children aged 5–17 years were experiencing behavioral difficulties, with emotional difficulties being the most prevalent ones. Children exposed to kidnapping, family losses, lack of school enrollment, and those with parents having lower education, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer quality of life exhibited higher Total SDQ scores. The high prevalence of behavioral difficulties among children and adolescents in Syria is a major concern, with both direct and indirect war-related factors contributing to this issue.

A New Historicist Reading of John Dos Passos’ Novel The Big Money: Depiction of Children as a “Second Lost Generation”

This article examines the representation of children as a “second lost generation” in John Dos Passos’ novel The Big Money. It explains that the documentary and narrative sections that Dos Passos integrates into the novel explore how children’s position in the 1930s is caught between parents’ care and indifference. Dos Passos clarifies the impact of the American Dream and materialism upon the structuring of this conflicted position. In the novel’s Newsreels, Dos Passos presents a composite of popular songs and news headlines that present children seeking jobs and also departing from their family houses. Alongside the presentation of this phenomenon which resonates with children’s social situation in 1930s, in the narrative sections Dos Passos portrays Juvenile characters as living in families whose main concern is the making of money. To investigate this representation, the article considers the views of historians about the first “lost generation” (the post-World War I generation). It utilizes the “second lost generation” term to describe the juveniles who struggled during the 1930s age of Depression. The article historicizes the position of children in 1930s America. It refers to literary critics’ views about Dos Passos’ modernist and political inclination. The article concludes that Dos Passos’ The Big Money manifests in a modernist form fragmented historical realities about 1930s America’s materialistic thinking, within which children are seen as a second “lost generation”.

Reformulation of The Post-Pandemic Learning System in Responding the Challenges of Lost Learning and Lost Generation

This study aims to reformulate the post-pandemic learning system at UIN Imam Bonjol and UIN Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addari in responding to the challenges of lost learning and lost generation. This research used a qualitative approach with a multi-case study method. Participants in this study were selected by purposive sampling, namely institutional field, and academic leaders, LPM, lecturers and students. Data collection techniques using focus group discussions and interviews. The data analysis technique was carried out with individual and cross-case analyses. The research findings stated that the pandemic affected the learning system, for example, through changes in student attitudes, low motivation in learning, readiness of teaching materials, limited ability to use technology, and network disruption. Policies related to the implementation of distance learning bring challenges that must be faced by UIN Imam Bonjol and UIN Syahada, including determining learning goals, adapting the learning system, adjusting the characteristics of lecturers and students, as well as the need for learning facilities. UIN Imam Bonjol and UIN Syahada reformulated the learning system by implementing the hybrid learning system to anticipate the occurrence of lost learning. Lecturers and students responded positively to the new learning system policy, in line with the benefits obtained, for example, flexibility in learning, students are used to self-study, digital-based learning materials, still respect face-to-face learning, flipped learning innovation, curriculum appropriate to the industrial era 4.0, and the implementation of an independent curriculum.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Education: A Lost Generation of Ophthalmologists?

COVID-19 had a significant impact on undergraduate medical education.There has been extensive analysis on the generic impact on medical education, but the individual impact on specialties, particularly ophthalmology, has not been widely researched. We explored the impact of COVID-19 on the undergraduate ophthalmology experience in the UK, characterising the effect on medical education and considered positive outcomes that could be implemented in future undergraduate curricula. An online-cross sectional study was performed using a 13-item questionnaire in 2023, completed by 101 participants from UK medical schools.This study was conducted through University College London, England. Statistical and qualitative analysis revealed a significant reduction in clinical exposure during the pandemic with an almost complete shift to online lecture-based teaching. This teaching style has been adapted post-pandemic, which is impacting student confidence in dealing with ophthalmic conditions and deterring them from considering ophthalmology as a career. COVID-19 has exacerbated a pre-existing gap in training medical trainees to deal with ophthalmic presentations. With an increase in the proportion of undergraduate medical education taking place online, efforts should be made to ensure students have hands-on, clinical exposure especially in practical placements, such as ophthalmology.

Law Enforcement for Violence against Children

As the next generation of the nation, children should get their rights and needs adequately. On the other hand, they are not objects (targets) of acts of arbitrariness and inhumane treatment from anyone or any party. Children who are considered vulnerable to acts of violence and abuse, should be cared for, cared for, educated as well as possible, so that they grow and develop in a healthy and normal manner. That alone needs to be done, so that in the future there will not be a lost generation. Criminal law enforcement regulations for perpetrators of violence against children in Indonesia are not based on the value of justice because of the perpetrators of violence against children themselves, where the perpetrators are does not see the law as a law that will bind an action that he has committed but only as an ordinary rule that can be deceived by perpetrators of violence, it is evident that in recent years in Indonesia and in neighboring countries violence against children is still relatively high, This proves that criminal law regulations for perpetrators of violence against children are still considered small, and even more so if there is peace between the parents of the victim and the perpetrator, peace here is in the form of compensation or restitution which does not create a sense of the value of justice for victims of violence, which is essentially considered to have no deterrent effect on perpetrators of violence against children. The focused data is from the Province of North Sumatra, where for some time this area has always received public attention regarding violence against children. In North Sumatra in 2018 there were 1,030 cases recorded with Medan City being the highest, in 2019 there were 705 cases, in 2020 there were 641 cases, in 2021 there were 994 cases with Langkat Regency being the highest, and in 2022 there were 962 cases the highest. It should be noted from the data obtained, from 2018 to 2022 the age of children as victims is between the ages of 13-17 and sexual violence is the highest type of violence, and ranks number two in types of physical violence weak law enforcement in the process of not being able to make legal wishes come true. These legal regulations will also determine how law enforcement will be carried out. As is the case in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection where prosecution is lighter than the threat of punishment stipulated by law so that the judge's decision is considered relatively light in cases of violence against children. Reconstruction of criminal law regulations for victims of violence against children in the application of a statutory regulation must look at all elements of life in society, especially if it concerns law in the public sphere. Children as shoots, potentials and the younger generation to continue the ideals of the nation's struggle have a strategic role, special characteristics as well, so they must be protected from all forms of inhumane treatment that can result in violations of human rights.

SHEMBE PHILOSOPHY: THE DECOLONISATION OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY

This piece of scholarly work in the sight of the public is crafted to drive or to win any theological debate or argument but I simple seek to advance the understanding of Shembe in the specific area of His philosophy not the holistic Shembe. This I say because no one on earth can claim in totality that he or she has a better understanding of Shembe, hence choosing the concept of philosophy which is the critical examination of ground fundamental beliefs and analysis of concept, doctrines, and practices was relevant. The process of decolonization has been a significant area of scholarly inquiry in various fields, including religion and spirituality. Shembe philosophy placed a strong emphasis on cultural revival and the restoration of African spiritual practices. The movement sought to reclaim African spirituality while accommodating certain aspects of organic Christianity. Central to Shembe philosophy was to reconnect the so-called lost generation of Abantu in the ancestral connection, the veneration of ancestors, and the preservation of African traditions (Wababa, 2018). The complexity of such role from Jehovah was delicate and crucial. Isaiah Shembe known as Umqaliwendlela would hear a voice singing new unexpected words. A qualitative study method was employed in this study to enable a comprehensive exploration of the experiences, perspectives, and practices within Shembe communities. The study findings revealed that the key principles and teachings of Shembe philosophy have now a massive influence and understanding of decolonization in guiding the community’s beliefs and practices. The community have incorporation of Shembe philosophy into their daily lives for decolonial transformation. The findings further revealed although numerous challenges faced by the Shembe community in their pursuit of decolonization and cultural heritage preservation, but the post-colonial era in South Africa has made much better to defend His philosophy using the current constitution chapter 2 which clearly stipulates in the Bill of Rights, which states that everyone has right to freedom of religion, belief, and opinion. Section 9, the equality clause, prohibits unfair discrimination on various grounds including religion. Shembe fought spiritual the above religious right from as early as 1900 until the formation of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), later known as the African National Congress (ANC) on the 08 January 1912. In conclusion, the Shembe philosophy has lightning influence in guiding the community’s beliefs and practices. The post-colonial role of Shembe philosophy in the decolonization of religion and spirituality requires further exploration and development.

INVITED ARTICLE: YOUTH IN THE SRI LANKAN POPULATION: EXPANSION OF THEIR SIZE, ENGAGEMENT IN EDUCATION AND EMERGING CHALLENGES

The main objective of the paper is to investigate the population dynamics of present and future decades with special reference to the youth population, and emerging challenges of youth with special reference to their education. Apart from the population projection information, data was collected from various publications of the Ministry of Education and the Department of Census and Statistics. The youth (age 15-29 years) bulge will be at its peak during the period of 2030s and 2040s. The data indicates a significant increase of school dropouts in Sri Lanka – compared to 2018 by 2020 the student population declined by about 151,000. Although, during the period 2016 to 2018 there was an increase of students in the Collegiate cycle (Grade 12/13), during 2018 to 2020 the student population declined by 146,000 – ‘Lost Generation’. The COVID-19 impact on school education could be attributed to this drop and economic recession and escalation of inflation have further discouraged students to move into Grade 11 and above levels. In this present serious economic recession and inflation, those who left schools would be pushed into vulnerable employment categories, including the sex industry. Thus, appropriate policy reform is an immediate need, to capitalize on the full potential of the Sri Lankan youth for the development of the nation.

“HOROSHI HLOPTSI FINISHUYUT PERSHYMY”: INTERTEXTUAL AND INTERMEDIAL PECULIARITIES OF NARRATIVE POETRY OF LYUBOMYR SERNYAK

The article – in fact – is an attempt to analyze intertextual and intermedialpeculiarities of the edition “Horoshi Hloptsi Finishuyut Pershymy” by Lyubomyr Sernyak (2018). The edition is considered to be a unique example of contemporary artistic artefact, which consists of narrative poetry (verbal component) and illustrations / cover (graphic component) by means of which the textual field is extended, as graphic decoration of the edition, obviously, repeats, strengthens and broadens the margins of senses and artistic world of the poems. By the way, the research focuses on the fact that the urban space plays an important role (especially – subway topos) as it deals not only with the setting of the book but it influences its architectonics, even more profoundly – it creates a cultural context of the edition as a whole artistic artefact. It is stressed that the study deals with a contemporary narrative poetry, plainly, story as a “trip” with its own system of characters and plot on the pages of a fore-mentioned poetry edition. It is highlighted that intertextual and intemedial dimensions of the edition are so closely connected that it can be stated that it may be called the diffusion of intertextual and intermedial features and connections of the edition. The intertext is represented both in verbal and graphical layers of the texts: personality-references or graphic artefacts sometimes become quasi-characters of the edition with their unique “voice” and features in imaginary and expressive levels of the text. As for literary intertext, it is broad: mostly it deals with Ukrainian futurism, the writers of the period of the Lost Generation, Franz Kafka and the others. In spite of just literary references the poems of the edition “Horoshi Hloptsi Finishuyut Pershymy” are filled with the allusions to fine art (“Lovers” Rene Magritt, “Guernica” Pablo Picasso), poster art (American poster art of the mid-XXth century), music (jazz and John Cage), games (Super Mario), performances (sport shows, John Cage) etc. Actually, all of these peculiarities create a cultural context of the narrative poetry of Lyubomyr Sernyak, that is the mixture of mass and elite culture, blurring their borders. It is remarkable that frequently the references are duplicated, or the allusion is double, not only referring to an exact text or to the author, but both of them. Some of the artistic artefacts are stressed and pointed out several times in the texts of different poems throughout the book. The specific of these intertextual-intermedial connections is the central problem of this short research.

SLOW READING AS A METHOD FOR REVEALING IMPLICIT MEANINGS IN THE LITERARY WORK

SLOW READING AS A METHOD FOR REVEALING IMPLICIT MEANINGS IN THE LITERARY WORK

The Decolonisation of Religion and Spirituality: A Case of Shembe Philosophy

Purpose: The purpose of this scholarly work or study in the sight of the public is not crafted to drive or to win any theological debate or argument but I simple seek to advance the understanding of Shembe in the specific area of His philosophy not the holistic Shembe. This I say because no one on earth can claim in totality that he or she has a better understanding of Shembe, hence choosing the concept of philosophy which is the critical examination of ground fundamental beliefs and analysis of concept, doctrines, and practices was relevant for this academic paper.
 The process of decolonization has been a significant area of scholarly inquiry in various fields, including religion and spirituality. Shembe philosophy placed a strong emphasis on cultural revival and the restoration of African spiritual practices. The movement sought to reclaim African spirituality while accommodating certain aspects of organic Christianity. Central to Shembe philosophy was to reconnect the so-called lost generation of Abantu in the ancestral connection, the veneration of ancestors, and the preservation of African traditions (Wababa, 2018). The complexity of such role from Jehovah was delicate and crucial. Isaiah Shembe known as Umqaliwendlela would hear a voice singing new unexpected words.
 Methodology: A qualitative study method, interprevist paradigm and phenomenological design was employed in this study to enable a comprehensive exploration of the experiences, perspectives, and practices within Shembe communities.
 Findings: The study findings revealed that the key principles and teachings of Shembe philosophy have a massive influence and understanding of decolonization in guiding the community’s beliefs and practices. The community have incorporation of Shembe philosophy into their daily lives for decolonial transformation. The findings further revealed although numerous challenges faced by the Shembe community in their pursuit of decolonization and cultural heritage preservation, but the post-colonial era in South Africa has made much better to defend His philosophy using the current constitution chapter 2 which clearly stipulated in the Bill of Rights, which states that everyone has right to freedom of religion, belief, and opinion. Section 9, the equality clause, prohibits unfair discrimination on various grounds including religion. Shembe fought spiritual the above religious right from as early as 1900 until the formation of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), later known as the African National Congress (ANC) on the 08 January 1912.
 Unique Contributor to Theory, Policy and Practice: In conclusion, the Shembe philosophy has a lightning influence in guiding the community’s beliefs and practices. The post-colonial role of Shembe philosophy in the decolonization of religion and spirituality requires further exploration and development.

The Lost Generation: Melancholy and Joy for the Detachment from Reality in The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises

The Lost Generation: Melancholy and Joy for the Detachment from Reality in The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises

A Taste of Spain: Images of Rioja Wine in Britain and America (1890-1960)

ABSTRACT The Rioja wine that we drink today was invented in the 1860s. By the late nineteenth century, it had become widely recognized as Spain’s best red wine. One way to analyze what this success meant during the first half of the twentieth century is to look to foreign accounts. This article examines the English-language narrative that was constructed about Rioja wine between 1890 and 1960. Utilizing travelogues, food and drink guides, reference books, and other texts as sources, we find that the manner in which Rioja was depicted remained fairly constant over this time span. During these seventy-odd years, it was generally recognized as Spain’s best red wine; a wine that was available to American and British consumers at a better price than Bordeaux, after which it was patterned. As Rioja came to be known and accepted as the Spanish table wine, we argue it was often also incorporated into the ways Spain and Spaniards were imagined or entwined with broader social and cultural developments. In particular, we observe that Rioja’s story was tied to perceptions of Spain’s “backwardness,” that it played a role in the Pure Foods movement as a product that was advertised as unadulterated, that it formed part of the Lost Generation’s escapism and desire to find meaning, including Ernest Hemingway’s exploration of masculinity in The Sun Also Rises, and that it was present as a middle-class commodity in 1950s and 1960s America, arguably the height of the country’s postwar preoccupation with good living.

The September Six and the Lost Generation of Mormon Studies

The September Six and the Lost Generation of Mormon Studies

Exploring Personal and Ethnic Identity in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises

Ernest Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises, a cornerstone of the Lost Generation literature, stands as one of his greatest works and a crucial example of his concise yet impactful writing style. The novel vividly portrays the disillusionment and anxiety experienced by the post-World War I generation, serving as a mirror to their collective identity crisis. This study delves into how World War 1 created disappointment and identity crises in Hemingway's novel, underlining the characters’ identity confusion that resonates with readers. The Sun Also Rises dissects the manner in which the actions, social relations, and broader cultural background of the post-war period shaped the identities of the characters. The novel grapples with the nature of ethnic identity and the challenges of self-discovery in a turbulent and capricious society.