Loss Of Self-control Research Articles

Assessing the Reliability, Dimensions, and Variance of Young's Internet Addiction Test by Applying it to Adolescents at the National Psychiatric Hospital in Costa Rica.

The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was the first instrument created specifically to assess Internet addiction (IA). Although it was not validated during its creation, its validity has since been confirmed thanks to subsequent studies. The IAT is the first global psychometric measure tested worldwide that has been used in several studies as a research tool. Regarding the dimensions of the IAT, they were not reported by the creator of the test, during the performed factor analysis. Nonetheless, different studies have defined the test as being one-dimensional and others as having three, four, five, and six dimensions. In the present study, seven dimensions were identified; however, there is still a lack of consensus about the number of dimensions that accurately define this test. Hence, Young's Internet Addiction Test presents a shortcoming that may be explained by the influence of several factors such as how it was applied, the place where it was applied, and the population to which it was applied. All of these are factors that could be linked to the sociocultural aspects of the adaptations that have been made to the test. Moreover, the first dimension of the IAT found, the loss of self-control, is extremely important because it explains 34% of the variance of the data. However, 74% of the variance is explained by applying the 7 dimensions identified in this research. Also, the reliability analysis showed that the IAT is 89% reliable, which indicates that the elements comprising the test used in this research are suitable for measuring the construct of Internet addiction.

Assessing the Reliability, Dimensions, and Variance of Young's Internet Addiction Test by Applying it to Adolescents at the National Psychiatric Hospital in Costa Rica

Background: The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was the first instrument created specifically to assess Internet addiction (IA). Although it was not validated during its creation, its validity has since been confirmed thanks to subsequent studies. The IAT is the first global psychometric measure tested worldwide that has been used in several studies as a research tool. Regarding the dimensions of the IAT, they were not reported by the creator of the test, during the performed factor analysis. Nonetheless, different studies have defined the test as being one-dimensional and others as having three, four, five, and six dimensions. Methods: In the present study, seven dimensions were identified; however, there is still a lack of consensus about the number of dimensions that accurately define this test. Results: Hence, Young's Internet Addiction Test presents a shortcoming that may be explained by the influence of several factors such as how it was applied, the place where it was applied, and the population to which it was applied. All of these are factors that could be linked to the sociocultural aspects of the adaptations that have been made to the test. Conclusions: Moreover, the first dimension of the IAT found, the loss of self-control, is extremely important because it explains 34% of the variance of the data. However, 74% of the variance is explained by applying the 7 dimensions identified in this research. Also, the reliability analysis showed that the IAT is 89% reliable, which indicates that the elements comprising the test used in this research are suitable for measuring the construct of Internet addiction.

Different facets of addiction from a systemic perspective: a case report

IntroductionMany individuals who suffer from one or multiple substance use disorders often also struggle with another co-morbid psychiatric condition, primarily anxiety disorders. As substance dependency develops, the loss of self-control becomes a pivotal issue, leading to challenges in self-esteem and self-respect. These challenges subsequently give rise to problems in interpersonal communication and close relationships. In addition to the biological model of substance use problems and highly manualized approaches, it is crucial to have a systemic understanding of the patient’s situation and appropriate treatment settings. This understanding allows for the proper consideration of individual differences and requirements, ultimately enabling better treatment and prevention strategies.ObjectivesOur aim is to present a comprehensive case that shows various facets of addiction and introduce a systemic therapy concept of an integrative/systemic day clinic from Germany.MethodsThrough a detailed case presentation, we will introduce a systemic-psychotherapeutic day-clinic concept from a psychiatric training hospital in Wunstorf, Germany.ResultsCase: In the case of a 48-year-old female patient initially diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, it was later revealed that she also deals with alcohol addiction and its interconnectedness with sex addiction. Shame and a lack of self-esteem in relationships played a central role in her journey. She does not perceive herself to be loved but to be harmed, which led to many violent sexual acts that increased her feelings of shame. Systemic therapeutic approaches like family constellations were applied, helping her to experience her child-ego states. This profound insight propelled her willingness to change. She began prioritizing self-care, learning to like, accept, and eventually love herself. Aromatherapy aided in calming and maintaining focus. The patient learned to redefine her emotions, aligning them with reality, thereby enabling the adaptive fulfillment of her needs.Conclusions Our interdisciplinary team at the day clinic employs therapeutic approaches like dynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and systemic therapy to thoroughly understand the patients and their conditions. This case underscores the significance of an individually tailored treatment drawing from diverse therapeutic concepts, especially in patients with addiction. The combination of different therapeutic approaches facilitates a profound engagement with the patient, potentially resulting in more intensive therapeutic work and a higher rate of success which should be evaluated in future studies.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

MENTAL NURSING CARE FOR MR. E WITH A FOCUS ON THE INTERVENTION OF PROVIDING MUROTAL PSYCHORELIGIOUS THERAPY OF THE QUR'AN TO CONTROL AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS AT RSJD DR. ARIF ZAINUDDIN SURAKARTA

Background: The number of people with mental disorders in Indonesia has increased 7 per million households, this figure shows that every 1000 households there are 7 people with mental disorders, so this number is estimated to reach 450,000 people suffering from mental disorders (Ministry of Health, 2018). In 2019, Central Java had 81,983 people with mental disorders (Central Java Provincial Health Office, 2019). Based on the results of the medical recap of RSJD dr. Arif Zainudin Surakarta from March 2022 to January 2023, data on mental disorder clients were obtained as many as 40475, namely 32951 clients with hallucinations. The effect if not immediately addressed is a loss of self-control. Treatment of hallucinatory patients with pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods, namely Murottal Qur'an. The purpose of the study was to provide mental nursing care to Mr. E with a focus on the intervention of providing Qur'anic murotal psychoreligious therapy to control auditory hallucinations at RSJD Dr. Arif Zainuddin Surakarta.Methodology: The type of research used in this paper is quantitative with a descriptive approach. The design used in the research is a case study. The research subject is Mr. E schizophrenic patient with delusional hallucinatory disorders.Results: Researchers identified, after doing Qur'anic Murotal Psychoreligious Therapy for 7 days in the morning and evening, patient was able to overcome his hallucinations, feelings became calmer and less anxious.Conclusion: There is an effect on the effectiveness of Qur'anic Murotal Psychoreligious Therapy to reduce hallucinations in patients.Keywords: hallucinations, psychoreligious therapy, murotal QuranBibliography: 8 (2010-2023)

The Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26): assessment of psychometric characteristics in a sample of patients with depression

To analyze the psychometric properties of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in a Russian sample of patients with a depressive episode (DE) and recurrent depressive disorder (RDD). This multicenter cross-sectional study included 338 people (216, 63.9% women), aged 18-59 years, with diagnoses of DE/ RDD. Concomitant current eating disorder (ED) was diagnosed in 10.1% (n=34) of patients, including 2.4% (n=8) with anorexia nervosa and 7.7% (n=26) with bulimia nervosa. All participants underwent a structured «Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview» to verify the clinical diagnosis, as well as a psychometric examination to assess EDs using EAT-26. Statistical analysis was performed in RStudio v1.4.1717. Results of correlation analysis of EAT-26 items revealed that item 26 had a negative adjusted correlation coefficient (-0.052) and was excluded for the analysis of subsequent stages. The six-factor structure of EAT-25 was revealed, including the subscales «Bodily control», «Social pressure», «Dietary restrictions», «Bulimia», «Ritual nutrition» and «Loss of self-control.» Item 19 («I have self-control over food») was inverted, as it had a negative factor load, as well as a negative meaning. The internal consistency of EAT was analyzed on 25 questionnaire items, as well as on individual subscales, and was quite high. When checking the convergent validity of EAT with established diagnoses of ED, it was revealed that patients with ED had a significantly higher score on EAT, as well as on the subscales «Body control», «Dietary restrictions», «Bulimia» and «Loss of self-control» compared with patients without a diagnosis of ED. According to the «Ritual nutrition» subscale, no links with ED were found. The EAT demonstrated good psychometric characteristics in a Russian sample of patients diagnosed with DE/RDD.

MINIMISATION OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO OF THE IMPACT OF INCENDIARY WEAPONS ON THE CIVILIAN POPULATION

Incendiary weapons are understood as incendiary substances and means of their combat use. Incendiary weapons are intended to defeat personnel, destroy and damage weapons and military equipment, structures and other objects. Throughout the history of warfare, incendiary weapons have caused suffering to millions of people who were not directly involved in the armed conflict. The situation remains unchanged today, with civilians being killed, injured or disabled for life, often losing loved ones or property as a result of the use of incendiary weapons. Virtually all existing publications on protecting people from incendiary weapons are focused on the protection of military personnel. There is very little information on how to protect civilians.
 An algorithm of actions for a civilian to minimise the negative effects of the impact of incendiary weapons has been developed. This algorithm includes the following actions: timely warn others about the use of incendiary weapons, help and, if necessary, guide the actions of those who need it (elderly people, children, people in panic); take shelter in the nearest civil defence structure, shelter (shelter). In the absence of such facilities, use underground passages, subway stations, basements and entrances of residential buildings, and shops; in the event of a sudden attack and the absence of nearby civil defence structures, shelters and refuges, use the protective properties of vehicles. It should be borne in mind that cars, buses and vehicles covered with tents provide only short-term protection, as they quickly catch fire.
 Use the protective properties of the terrain (uneven terrain, pits, covered public transport stops, fences, benches, curbs) to reduce the chance of pieces of incendiary material falling on a person; if it is impossible to find any shelter, lie down on the ground. Use local materials available to protect the surface of the body from incendiary weapons (suitcases, backpacks, billboards, paper clips). Burning surfaces are immediately thrown off and extinguished. Use personal respiratory protection equipment (handkerchiefs soaked in liquid, pieces of cloth) and skin protection equipment (cotton jackets, half-coats, raincoats, which are short-term protection equipment and should be immediately discarded if they come in contact with pieces of incendiary mixture); provide first aid to the victims. First aid shall begin with extinguishing by the victims themselves or with the help of surrounding inflammable substances that have got on their skin or clothing. At this point (period), no loss of self-control is allowed. To extinguish a small amount of inflammable substance, it is necessary to cover the burning area with a sleeve, jacket, wet clay, earth or snow. If several pieces of clothing are burning on your person, the flames should be knocked down by rolling them successively on the ground.
 If a significant amount of inflammable substance gets on a person, extinguishing is carried out by covering the victim with clothes, pouring water, covering with earth or sand.

Eating Attitudes From a Cardiometabolic Risk Perspective: Psoriasis Sample

Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare psoriasis patients with healthy controls in terms of impaired eating attitudes and to investigate the relationship of eating attitudes with cardiometabolic and clinical parameters, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. 
 Methods: 45 psoriasis patients and 45 healthy controls were included in the study. Personal and clinical information form, eating attitude test (EAT-40), body mass index (BMI) and MetS criteria were used for all participants. Psoriasis patients were evaluated with clinical information form, hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), dermatological quality of life index (DQLI), psoriasis area and severity index (PASI).
 Results: The data of the patient and control groups differed in terms of doing sports, impaired EAT, BMI groups, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Abnormal eating attitudes such as negative body image, inability to control oneself in eating, overeating, and some restrictive attitudes were significantly higher in the psoriasis group. Overeating, overeating or stress-induced emotional eating, presence of MetS, weight dissatisfaction, frequent dieting to lose weight, some compensatory behaviours, and loss of self-control were significantly higher in patients with BMI>25. EAT points; showed a positive moderate correlation with BMI and HAD-Anxiety. DQLI results; showed a moderate positive correlation with HADAnxiety and PASI scores.
 Conclusion: Our study is the first to reveal what kind of disordered eating attitudes are at risk for cardiometabolic diseases in psoriasis patients. In psoriasis patients, the rate of not being able to control their eating behaviour is high. Our results primarily highlight the relationship that can be explained by autonomic reactivity between anxiety and difficulty resisting food cravings. Professional support including psychoeducational, cognitive behavioural therapy, and acceptance-based therapies should be provided to reduce maladaptive reactions and anxiety by improving self-regulation skills.

Psychic Pain Among Men: Factor Structure, Psychosocial Correlates, and Mediation of Social Connectedness and Suicidal Ideation.

The Psychic Pain Scale (PPS) measures a form of mental pain involving overwhelming negative affect and loss of self-control. Understanding psychic pain among men is needed to advance efforts for preventing male suicide. The present study examined the factor structure and psychosocial correlates of the PPS among 621 online help-seeking men. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a higher-order factor comprising affect deluge and loss of control factors. Psychic pain evinced significant associations with general psychological distress, r = 0.64; perceived social support, r = -0.43; social connectedness, r = -0.55; and suicidal ideation, r = 0.65 (all p 's < 0.001)-the latter three remained significant after controlling for general distress. Psychic pain also mediated the association between social disconnection and suicidal ideation (standardized indirect effect = -0.14 [-0.21, -0.09]), after controlling for social support and distress. Findings support the PPS as a promising measure for investigating psychic pain among men and indicate psychic pain as a link between social disconnection and suicidal ideation.

The Influence of De-Escalation Techniques on Reducing Anger Responses in Drug Clients

Drug abuse is a concern because of the various impacts, one of the negative effects psychologically including tension/anxiety, upset and depressed, loss of self-control and unstable emotional state. Risk Violent behavior is a form of angry response that is expressed by making threats, injuring other people and or destroying the environment. Indonesia's national data for 2020, the risk of violent behavior is around 0.8% or 10,000 people. One of the treatments for the risk of violent behavior can be done with verbal de-escalation techniques. Methods: The design used in this study was pre-experimental with a one group pretest posttest design approach. Total population and sample of 27 respondents (1 treatment group) using total sampling technique. In this design, the treatment group was given verbal de-escalation techniques. The treatment group was given an examination before (pre-test) and after (post-test) verbal de-escalation therapy using the PANSS-EC Rating Scale to assess the patient's angry response at the Mitra Mulia Foundation, Banyuasin Regency. Results: Implementation of verbal de-escalation techniques has an effect on reducing angry responses in clients at risk of violent behavior. Conclusion: Actions that can be taken on clients at risk of violent behavior can be in the form of verbal de-escalation techniques.

Young Adults' Perspectives on the Implications of an Augmented Reality Mobile Game for Communities' Public Health: A Qualitative Study.

Objectives: Several physical, psychological, and social health consequences are caused by smartphone users' addiction to games. A location-based game (LBG), Pokémon GO, recently garnered significant attention from young people. This study aims to explore their experiences with this game and motivations for playing, investigating their perspectives on the game's implications for themselves and the public health of their communities. Methods: Ten qualitative focus group interviews were conducted. Young adults, aged 18-25years (n = 60), were recruited in Hong Kong. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach. Results: Five themes emerged: 1) missing out or self-regulation, 2) childhood memories of Pokémon, 3) extending virtual-reality exploration, 4) spending more time outdoors walking and exercising, and 5) getting together with others and social interaction. Conclusions: This study showcases the motivational factors of young adults and their cohorts in societies worldwide. LBGs may impact players' physical and social activity levels, and behavior. Nonetheless, certain negatives were identified (i.e., addiction and behavior resulting from a loss of self-control). These negatives deserve health practitioners' attention and future studies should explore possible public health interventions.

Dukungan Sosial dan Psychological Adjusment pada Narapidana Wanita

The life that prisoners live while in prison, makes them face various psychological problems, including loss of family, loss of self-control, loss of model, and loss of support, of course, in facing various psychological problems and problems to be able to survive with these conditions while serving a sentence. In this study, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social support and psychological adjustment. The characteristics possessed in this study are prisoners who are first entered in prison with a detention period of 0-6 months. The method used by the researcher is quantitative with purposive random sampling technique. The sample in this study amounted to 140 prisoners, including 40 prisoners as a trial try out, and 100 prisoners as research. The results of this study were analyzed using a simple regression test, the results of which indicated the acceptance of the proposed hypothesis. These results can be seen from the value of the correlation coefficient r = 0.343 or 34.3% with a significance value (P) = 0.000 &lt; 0.01. This shows that there is a very significant relationship between social support and the physiological adjustment of female prisoners.

Penerapan Thought Stopping (TS) dan Assertive Trainning (AT) terhadap Kecemasan Warga Binaan Sebelum Bebas di Lembaga Perempuan Kelas II A Pekanbaru

The life that a female citizen lives in prison makes her face psychological problems such as loss of family, loss of self-control, model loss, and loss of support. It can also lead to anxiety among female assisted people associated with the negative stigma that still exists around the community. People who still look negative about the status of ex-citizens. The purpose of this study was determine the factors that affect the anxiety of female assisted people before the liberation period at the Institute of Special Education Children Pekanbaru. This research method is done by using Cross sectional method. The population of this study is all female assisted citizens in Special Education Institution Anak Pekanbaru children who will be free in the year 2017 as many as 30 people, using a questionnaire that has been standardized and has been tested the validity. Based on the results of this study most of the female assisted people experience mild anxiety as much as 66,7%. The results of this study found no relationship that affects the anxiety of female assisted women before the liberation period. The conclusion of this research is the majority of female assisted people in Lemabag Special Education of Children of Pekanbaru have mild anxiety and from four factors studied, one factor that influence the anxiety of female assisted people is social environment factor with environment category is not conducive. Suggestions for the targeted citizens is to increase confidence and hone skills during the prison to be able to suck themselves after coming out of prisons.

Связь зависимости от смартфона с признаками психологического неблагополучия у россиян и украинцев

Introduction. Smartphone addiction is the most widespread non-medical digital addiction associated with signs of psychological distress, which makes the study relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the relationship between smartphone addiction and signs of psychological distress (impulsivity, narcissism, lack of assertiveness, vulnerability to manipulation, addiction to social media) in Russian and Ukrainian men and women. Methods. Smartphone addiction was diagnosed using the CAC-16 questionnaire (developed by V. P. Sheinov), assertiveness was diagnosed with a shortened version (A23) of the assertiveness questionnaire (V. P. Sheinov), exposure to manipulation was diagnosed with the questionnaire “Assessment of the degree of vulnerability of an individual to manipulation” (B. P. Sheinov), addiction to social media with the ZSS-15 questionnaire (V. P. Sheinov, A. S. Devitsyn), impulsiveness with V. A. Losenkov’s method, narcissism with E. Kot’s questionnaire. The data for the study were obtained in an online survey of 663 respondents, including 412 Russian residents and 251 residents of Ukraine. Results. Russian and Ukrainian samples of men and women revealed the following similarities as regards correlation between smartphone addiction and personal qualities: a negative correlation with assertiveness and positive correlation with impulsivity, loss of self-control, fear of refusal to use a smartphone, euphoria from its use, addiction to social media and the related factors. No correlation with vulnerability to manipulation was found. Regardless of gender and geographic location, the strongest link is between smartphone addiction and loss of self-control. Russian female respondents showed a negative correlation between smartphone addiction and narcissism, while a positive correlation was found in Ukrainians of both sexes. Conclusion. The prospects of the study are related to the expansion of the range of studied personal qualities and traits, presumably associated with smartphone addiction. Similar studies may be conducted in other regions.

Men who self-harm-A scoping review of a complex phenomenon.

To understand and care for men who self-harm, it is important that healthcare professionals have understanding of how and why men self-harm, men's experiences of self-harm and what can be done to hinder or prevent self-harm. The aim of this study was to synthesize the existing knowledge on men who self-harm, with a special emphasis on background, self-harming methods, experiences and reported therapeutic interventions and/or care approaches. Scoping review of internationally published and grey literature, based on a methodological framework by Arksey and O'Malley. Systematic electronic database searches were conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid) and PsycINFO. From a total of 684studies found, 24studies met the inclusion criteria: full-text, published in English, peer-reviewed studies and grey literature including a focus on men who self-harm, men aged between 18 and 65years, and published between 2010 and 2019. Men's self-harm was understood as being related to mental disorders, a means of affect regulation, a loss of self-control, and a means of interpersonal communication. Self-harm can be a positive or negative experience, and there is a wide variety in the methods that men use to self-harm: sharp objects, injection, ingestion, without aids or riskful behaviour. Few studies reported on therapeutic interventions and/or care approaches for men who self-harm. Men's self-harm should be understood as a complex, socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon and studied from a multitude of perspectives. This scoping review concludes that self-harm among men should be understood as a complex, socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon. To empower men and support their recovery from self-harm, a person-centred approach should be incorporated into research on the subject and practice.

Battered woman syndrome and PTSD in women who kill their abusing partner: a study in medical jurisprudence

AimsThe aim of the study was to identify any symptoms or features of Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) or Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) that may be associated with, or explain, abused women killing their abuser; and the extent to which such identified symptoms or features have been deemed, or are potentially relevant, to past and now reformed partial defences to murder in English law. Hence two sub-studies were completed.MethodThe first sub-study identified mental symptoms of BWS or PTSD apparent in battered women who kill their abuser; achieved by identifying relevant research papers, through applying a ‘rapid review’ approach to three databases: PubMed, PsychInfo and PsychArticles. The second sub-study identified by legal research reported Court of Appeal (CA) judgments on women appealing their conviction of the murder of their abusive partner. It then analysed the legal approach taken towards evidence of the effects of abuse upon these women before and after relevant statutory law reform (although no CA cases were identified post-reform).ResultThe first sub-study identified and reviewed six symptoms or features, within three quantitative and three qualitative studies, that appeared to be associated with, or described by, abused women killing their abuser. These included helplessness, symptoms associated with PTSD, plus fear, isolation, experience of escalation of violence and cycle of violence. From the CA cases the perpetrators of killings that occurred prior to 04.10.2010 (the date of law reform) were usually successful in having their conviction overturned based upon diminished responsibility; but not provocation, because of the requirement of ‘sudden loss of self control’. ‘Loss of control’, which replaced provocation, appears highly likely to be capable of reducing murder to manslaughter based upon symptoms of BWS, or PTSD. However, the amended defence of diminished responsibility is likely to exclude evidence of BWS, but allow evidence of PTSD, because of its requirement of the defendant suffering from ‘a recognised medical condition’.ConclusionThis study demonstrated particular symptoms or features of BWS or PTSD associated with abused women killing their abusers plus their very different relevance to two partial defences to murder, pre and post law reform.

Stressors in intensive cardiac care units: Patients' perceptions.

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are often admitted to intensive cardiac care units (ICCUs) to have their vital signs and ventricular function monitored. In most cases, they are conscious and bedbound, causing high stress and anxiety levels. To assess the stressors affecting patients admitted to ICCUs. This is a cross-sectional study performed in a public hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. A sample of 100 patients with ACS admitted to an ICCU, after 24 hours of hospitalization, was recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and the Intensive Care Unit Stressor Assessment Scale (ICESS) was applied to investigate stressors. The ICESS' internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach's alpha, and the stressors were analysed by descriptive statistics, association tests, and correlation tests. Most patients were male, married, and aged 51 to 60 years. The ICESS showed an excellent internal consistency. The mean score identified in patients pointed to a non-stressed to moderately stressed condition. The indicators considered to be more stressful were as follows: "Not knowing ICU length of stay," "Being unable to fulfil family roles," "Missing husband or wife," and "Loss of self-control." Stress levels were considered to be non-stressful to moderately stressful. The main stressors were related to psychological distress and physical discomfort dimensions. Mapping the main stressors of patients with coronary artery disease will allow health professionals to implement strategies to reduce them and consequently reduce their anxiety levels.

Suicidal Behavior and Club Drugs in Young Adults.

Psychoactive drugs play a significant role in suicidality when used for intentional overdose or, more frequently, when the intoxication leads to disinhibition and alterations in judgment, thereby making suicide more likely. In this study, we investigated suicidality prevalence among drug users and evaluated the differences in suicide ideation, taking into account the substance categories and the association of suicide ideation intensity with other psychiatric symptoms. Subjects admitted to the Can Misses Hospital’s psychiatry ward in Ibiza were recruited during summer openings of local nightclubs for four consecutive years starting in 2015. The main inclusion criterium was an intake of psychoactive substances during the previous 24 h. The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) was used to assess the suicide risk. Suicidality was present in 39% of the study cohort. Suicide Ideation Intensity overall and in the previous month was higher in users of opioids and in general of psychodepressors compared to psychostimulants or psychodysleptics. Suicidality was not correlated with alterations in any of the major psychopathological scales employed to assess the psychiatric background of the study subjects. The presence of high levels of suicidality did not specifically correlate with any major symptom indicative of previous or ongoing psychopathological alterations. These findings suggest that impulsivity and loss of self-control may be determinants of the increased suicidality irrespectively of any major ongoing psychiatric background.

Panic disorders as somatic and neurotic states of personality: conditioning, behavioural learning

Panic disorder is examined in the article as a clinical syndrome which sets a context to study relevance of basic principles of conditioning and learning to the questions of origin and development of psychopathologies. It is proven that panic attack is sudden experiencing of strong fear or discomfort accompanied by various somatic and psychical symptoms, for example, heart palpitation, stethalgia, feeling of breath shortage, dizziness, ideas about madness, loss of self-control or death. It is mentioned that experiencing of unexpected panic attacks however is not a sufficient criterion for establishment of panic disorder. Except listed above, an individual must feel substantial anxiety or deep concern about possibility of next attack and/or its consequences, for example, cardiac attack, madness or loss of (sels)control. Nowadays there are at least three main psychological theories related to the origin of panic disorder as a mental disorder. Two of them, cognitive theory and theory of anxiety sensitivity, mark cognitive aspects of the disorder, and historically earlier conditioning theory was yielded to various criticism. Taking into account earlier perspectives of panic disorder, our understanding of this phenomenon underlines the key role of early conditioning episodes in etiology of the disorder. Such perspective can be considered as a strength of learning theories, since it includes empirically verifiable explanation of etiology of panic disorder. Anxiety and panic are examined as separate states within panic disorder; anxiety is not simply weaker version of panic, and panic accordingly isn’t just stronger or more expressed version of anxiety. Anxiety prepares psyche of an individual to future trauma, while panic works (as a mean of mental defense) with a trauma that is being experienced here and now. Conditioned anxiety, caused by interoceptive and exteroceptive signals, serves for augmentation of future panic reactions. Thus anxiety becomes precursor of panic. It is summarized that therapeutic approaches that include extinction or counterconditioning of conditional stimuli which influence the disorder, will be the most successful.

Loss of Self-Control: A Reminder of the Particularly High Threshold: R v Dawson [2021] EWCA Crim 40

Loss of Self-Control: A Reminder of the Particularly High Threshold: R v Dawson [2021] EWCA Crim 40

Behavioral Treatment of Problem Behavior for an Adult with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Misophonia

Misophonia is characterized by an autonomic response (e.g., increased heart rate) that is elicited by certain innocuous or repetitive sounds, and individuals with misophonia may display an extreme, overt response commonly associated with rage, hatred, and a loss of self-control. In this investigation, we used a combined respondent and operant approach to treat problem behavior evoked by bodily sounds (i.e., coughing, sneezing, sniffling, and clearing throat) for an adult with autism spectrum disorder. The intervention produced immediate reductions of problem behavior and the effects of treatment maintained during progressively lean schedules of reinforcement. The results of this study will be discussed in light of past research, along with limitations, and future directions for research and clinical practice.