Loss Of Intellectual Property Research Articles

The influence of affective processing on phishing susceptibility

ABSTRACT The heightened sophistication of phishing attacks results in billions of dollars of financial losses, loss of intellectual property, and reputational damage to organisations. Past work examining determinants of phishing susceptibility has been dominated by cognitive theoretical perspectives. However, recent research has also revealed the importance of emotion in phishing susceptibility. This study expands our understanding of phishing susceptibility by adopting an affective lens. Using an integrative perspective of emotion, we build on the Affective Infusion Model (AIM) to predict the effects of valence, certainty, and arousal on phishing susceptibility. We pilot our manipulations (N = 241) and then test our hypotheses using a mock phishing experiment (N = 474) in which phishing messages are sent directly to participant inboxes. We demonstrate that messages inducing positive valence and low certainty result in higher phishing susceptibility. This study contributes to phishing literature by illuminating the critical role that emotion plays in altering recipients’ susceptibility in the processing of phishing messages and has implications for scholars, practitioners, and organisations.

Editorial: Toyota Production System practices asFast‐and‐Frugalheuristics

Editorial: Toyota Production System practices as<scp>Fast‐and‐Frugal</scp>heuristics

Researchers’ Cyber First-Aid

The role of research in national development cannot be over-emphasized. Research is the act of proffering solution(s) for present and future problems through knowledge contribution, seeking, and organization. The ability for one to find old or new knowledge or generate new ones, as well as follow a set of knowledge organization rules towards answering the research question(s) makes him/her, a researcher. The process and set of activities followed by the researcher have in recent times, involve knowledge exchange, collaboration, and blending, mostly through digital media, with the cloud as the main storage and linked via several, wired, wireless, hardware, and software interfaces. The described system is prone to cyber-attack and must be protected, as most research is funded by interested bodies and their outcomes are highly evident in national development. This work christened “Cyber First-Aid” is geared toward creating situational awareness of the need for researchers to protect their finished or ongoing intellectual property from hackers. The methods proposed are not best practices in the cyber security domain but easily applicable checks and solutions with Graphical User Interface applications that any researcher with minimal computer knowledge can implement in order to increase cyber hygiene and minimize intellectual property loss. Applying cyber hygiene best practices, monitoring, analysis, and scanning of data packets with protocol analyzers, packet capturers, hash key generator, and Virus Total malware search engine, scanning e-mail, downloaded files, URLs, and executable files before opening or installing, clearing browsing cache, and blocking URLs discovered to have malicious content, are tools (procedures) that make up cyber first-aid. The result of implementing these tools proved effective in the detection, prevention, and removal of attack vectors and protection of researchers’ intellectual property.

Opening the black box of organizational Machiavellianism: is co-innovation coming to an end as a driver of innovation performance?

PurposeThe discussion on co-innovation inhibitors usually focuses on external actors’ opportunism, related to the loss of intellectual property. However, from the organizational Machiavellianism perspective, inhibitors are not external as the company itself is a source of constraints. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research studies examining the possible negative impact of organizational Machiavellian behavior such as amorality or distrust and desire for control, which could destroy external partners’ trust and commitment. This paper aims to analyze the effect of organizational Machiavellianism on the relationship between co-innovation and innovation performance (product and process innovation).Design/methodology/approachStructural equations were used to test the research model using survey data from a sample of companies located in an emerging country with a high risk of corruption.FindingsSurprisingly, distrust and desire for control do not moderate the relationship between co-innovation and innovation performance, but do have a positive and direct effect on innovation performance. Conversely, amorality has a negative moderating effect on this relationship.Originality/valueThe study reveals that amorality is an evident constraint of the positive impact of co-innovation, as it diminishes the amount and quality of external actors’ contributions in terms of new ideas and knowledge. In contrast, distrust and desire for control alert the firm about opportunistic behavior by external partners such as technology providers, who may induce the firm to adopt an inadequate technological standard in line with their commercial interests.

Prevalence and Causes of Misconduct among University Undergraduates in Ilorin, Nigeria

This study investigated prevalence and causes of misconduct among university undergraduates in Ilorin. It adopted a descriptive survey design and was guided by four research questions. The sample for this study was 300 undergraduates using multistage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Frequency count and percentage were used to analyse the questions raised. The findings revealed that misconduct of various degrees is prevalent among university students and that the prime factors such as poverty, negative peer influence, parents’ divorce and many more are responsible for illicit behaviour. The outcome of the study further revealed that if the menace still continues it can degenerate into loss of intellectual property and hurt graduates’ future employment prospects. It was recommended among others that school authorities and lecturers in higher institutions should intensify efforts in educating students on moral values that will enable them acquire a set of beliefs and values on what is right and wrong which will make them excel in their academic career rather than pursue activities and characters that would not make them relevant in the society.

Secure and Efficient Transmission of Vision-Based Feedback Control Signals

An ever-increasing number of autonomous vehicles use bandwidth-greedy sensors such as cameras and LiDARs to sense and act to the world around us. Unfortunately, signal transmission in vehicles is vulnerable to passive and active cyber-physical attacks that may result in loss of intellectual property, or worse yet, the loss of control of a vehicle, potentially causing great harm. Therefore, it is important to investigate efficient cryptographic methods to secure signal transmission in such vehicles against outside threats. This study is motivated by the observation that previous publications have suggested legacy algorithms, which are either inefficient or insecure for vision-based signals. We show how stream ciphers and authenticated encryption can be applied to transfer sensor data securely and efficiently between computing devices suitable for distributed guidance, navigation, and control systems. We provide an efficient and flexible pipeline of cryptographic operations on image and point cloud data in the Robot Operating System (ROS). We also demonstrate how image data can be compressed to reduce the amount of data to be encrypted, transmitted, and decrypted. Experiments on embedded computers verify that modern software cryptographic algorithms perform very well on large sensor data. Hence, the introduction of such algorithms should enhance security without significantly compromising the overall performance.

The Relationship between Intellectual Property Risk and Stability of Asymmetric Research and Development Alliance

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) establish asymmetric research and development (R&amp;D) alliance with core enterprises to improve innovation efficiency. Unfortunately, the gap in the status and bargaining power between enterprises in such partnerships makes the intellectual property risk situation complicated. While gaining support and assistance from core enterprises, SMEs face the risk of exposing their core knowledge and key resources, which seriously affects the stability of R&amp;D alliance and the sustainability of cooperative innovation. How to protect the intellectual property rights of SMEs in the asymmetric R&amp;D alliance and improve the alliance’s stability is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the theory of resource dependence and transaction cost, this study uses 260 high-tech companies participating in the asymmetric R&amp;D alliance as a sample to conduct empirical research from the perspective of SMEs in a weak position. The purpose of this study is to sort out the types of intellectual property risks in the alliance and clarify the relationship between them and the stability of asymmetric R&amp;D alliance. Furthermore, this study examines the moderating effects of contract governance mechanisms and relational contracts to explore effective governance mechanisms at the alliance level. Empirical results show that the intellectual property investment risk and the intellectual property loss risk have a significant negative impact on the stability of asymmetric R&amp;D alliance. The contract governance mechanism negatively moderates the impact of intellectual property investment risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&amp;D alliance. The relationship governance mechanism negatively moderates the impact of intellectual property loss risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&amp;D alliance. The contract and relationship governance mechanism jointly negatively moderate the impact of intellectual property investment risk and loss risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&amp;D alliance.

Scientist Civic Engagement and the US EPA’s “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” Rule

BACKGROUND AND AIM: For decades, vested interests, including tobacco and oil companies, have sought access to data used by observational epidemiologists, even when involving private health data. This has included attacks on environmental epidemiology, calling it “Secret Science”, in tandem with efforts to push legislation through the US Congress. History has shown that vested industries have abused such data access, and the legislation failed. More recently, the Trump Administration attempted a regulatory “end around” of Congress, via the so-called “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” rule. METHODS: The North American Chapter (NAC) Policy Committee participated in preparing and presenting written and oral testimony to the US EPA and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) during hearings and requested meetings. These submissions are online at our web page: https://isee-northamerica.github.io/isee-nac/policy.html. These records documented the many problems with the proposed regulation, including: increased potential for compromise of medical record confidentiality; a loss of intellectual property; imposition of a government unfunded mandate; likely abuse of the research data to inappropriately undermine science credibility; and, damage to future scientific research recruitment efforts. RESULTS:The ISEE NAC Policy Committee recognized the above noted dangers to scientific research, and especially environmental epidemiology and took action, via civic engagement with the government, to put in place a record of those problems for future consideration by the courts in likely later legal efforts to overturn the ill-conceived regulation. At the same time, these government meetings, along with those by other scientific societies, slowed the progress of this potential regulation. In addition, scientists worked with lawyers to prepare legal challenges to the regulation. Ultimately, these efforts succeeded in delaying the regulation long enough for it to be successfully revoked by the incoming Biden Administration. CONCLUSIONS:The ISEE NAC Policy Committee provides a means for our member scientists to successfully influence government decision-making through civic engagement. KEYWORDS: Policy, Research translation, Science communication, Transparency, Civic engagement

Malware detection and classification using community detection and social network analysis

Despite the efforts of antivirus vendors and researchers to overcome the threat of malware and its growth, malware remains a rampant problem causing significant economic and intellectual property loss. Malware developers evade commercial detection tools by introducing minor code changes and obfuscation, leading to the creation of variants of known malware families. The volume of malware variants being introduced is increasing every day, resulting in the need for new methods to detect and classify malware with high scalability in less time. To this end, we propose a novel technique that exploits community detection properties and social network analysis concepts. The proposed method is based on system call graphs obtained by extracting the system calls found in the execution of the malware files. To study the inherent characteristics of different malware families, we extract features conforming to community and social network properties and use them for classification. A set of 5 models ranging from using only OS-level actions, to the model that includes community-level features and social network features have been presented. The highest performance has been shown to arise when community-level features and social network features were used in combination with malware class-level features. A suite of 9 machine learning algorithms have been used, and the results have been compared. Our evaluation results demonstrate that our combined approach outperforms many previously used methods in malware detection and classification, being able to achieve precision, recall, and accuracy of more than 0.97 using Multilayer Perceptron and k-Nearest Neighbors.

"Looking for a Golden Needle in the Haystack": Perspectives on Talent Identification and Development in Paralympic Sport.

Despite rapid increases in research on talent identification and development in able-bodied sports, there remains limited knowledge regarding how talent is identified and developed in Paralympic contexts. The purpose of this study was to capture the perspectives of experts (coaches, high-performance managers, and pathway specialists) working in elite Paralympic sport to better understand how they conceptualize, measure, and develop talent. Eight coaches and three performance directors from six Paralympic sports, along with two pathway specialists from Paralympics Australia participated in semi-structured interviews. The results suggest impairment type and, therefore, classification are key indicators of identification and anticipated success, highlighting the importance of educating talent selectors in these areas. In addition, familial (e.g., overprotectiveness, sporting background) and biopsychosocial factors (e.g., resilience, work-ethic, sport-specific skills, other life commitments) were noted as being influential when selecting athletes. There were concerns regarding the disproportionately low number of female athletes in the system, suggesting a need for new initiatives to support early-entry points for female athletes (e.g., education on the benefits of sport participation, supportive environments). High-performance staff also lacked resources to better understand the nuances associated with different impairments and their implications (physiological response to training, associated psychological stresses from injury, identity change). Recruitment strategies included “talent search” days, collaborations with school programs and rehabilitation centers, and helping local clubs support “drop-in” athletes. However, limited funding impacted the sustainability of programs, resulting in a regular turnover of staff, loss of intellectual property, and a weakened pathway system. Results from this study generated several practical implications and future directions for research.

Early warning of engineering project knowledge management risk based on artificial intelligence

ABSTRACT Based on the analysis of the characteristics of risk factors in knowledge management of engineering projects, this paper uses artificial intelligence theory to calculate the objective weight of risk indicators, and conducts risk analysis to provide early warning of risks. By studying the risk of knowledge management in engineering projects, it helps project managers to take correct and effective measures to prevent and respond to various risks that may occur in engineering projects, and minimise the intellectual property loss that the risks may cause. At the same time, summing up the relevant experience and summarising the coping strategies of the risk factors often encountered in engineering projects. It has practical guiding significance for the subsequent risk management activities of similar projects.

Cybersecurity as factor of financial security of the enterprise

Introduction. As a component of the business environment the information environment is characterized by significant cyber threats and requires cyber protection. The processes of Ukrainian society digitalization and changes in providing the information security update the enterprise's financial security measures and their connection with cybersecurity. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the essence of cybersecurity as a factor of the enterprise's financial security and to identify its impact on the investment attractiveness of the business entity. To achieve the purpose the task is to explore the concepts of financial security, cybersecurity and cyber threats, to identify their relationship and impact on business' financial losses of the, the consequences for the enterprise's investment attractiveness. The study will provide information on business management and plan effective policies to combat cyber threats. Results. The essence of enterprise's financial security is investigated. There are three approaches in identifying the essence of this concept, including as part of the enterprise's economic security, as the state of the most effective use of information, financial indicators and as its financial condition level, which provides stable protection of priority balanced financial interests from real and potential external and internal threats. These definitions are used to substantiate the connection with the concepts of cyber threat and cyber security. The areas of possible losses based on the losses assessment due to cyber threats are identified by the authors, namely the intellectual property loss, the business information loss, the IT systems' continuity disruption, the reputation damage as a result of the attack, the automated personal data loss. Conclusion. It is concluded that the necessary measures of cybersecurity, protection of enterprises' information resources and prevention of unauthorized interference in the enterprises' activities, which has a positive effect on investment attractiveness and increases the enterprises' competitiveness.

The Need for Cyber Resilient Enterprise Distributed Ledger Risk Management Framework

Critical infrastructure sectors are increasingly adopting enterprise Distributed Ledgers (DL) to host long-term assets, systems, and information that is considered vital to an organization’s ability to operate without clear or public plans and strategies to migrate safely and timely to Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC). A quantum computer (QC) compromised DL would allow, eavesdropping, unauthorized client authentication, signed malware, cloak-in encrypted session, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM), forged documents and emails. These attacks can lead to disruption of service, damage of reputation and trust, injury to human life, and the loss of intellectual property, assets, regulated data, and global economic security. In 2018, Gartner revealed that a QC is a digital disruption that organizations may not be ready and prepared, and CIOs may not see coming. On September 18, 2019, IBM announced the largest universal QC available for commercial use would be available in October 2019. On October 23, 2019, Google officially announced “Quantum Supremacy,” “by performing a calculation in 200 seconds that would take a classical supercomputer approximately 10,000 years.” DL Cyber Resilience requires “reasonable” measures, policies, procedures, strategies, and risk management before large-scale deployment. Cyber Resilience implementations must be a critical component during the design and building phase, or during the initialization phase. The most significant existing attack vectors for enterprise DLs is the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which is fundamental in securing the Internet and enterprise DLs and is a core component of authentication, data confidentiality, and data and system integrity [1] [2]. Effectively implementing and managing a quantum-resistant PKI solution requires adherence to PKI standards, industry requirements, potential government mandates, certificate management policies, training personnel, and data recovery policies that currently do not exist. This research discusses security risks in enterprise DL PKI, areas that can be compromised, and provides an idea of what should be in a PKI DL Risk Management Framework plan.

Face Detection and Recognition for use in Campus Surveillance

The study of image processing in today’s world and the booming possibility of building a smart classroom and a smarter campus with the help of aided vigilance and surveillance is slowly moving from a thought that can be considered for the future to an actual real-world implementation. In modern day schools and university campuses there is an increasing demand for a real-time monitoring and quick responding database that tracks the student activities. This is not always required but serves as a one-click system that handles average information searches and returns the list of fast action options that are available in tracking the campus activities that come in the purview of its span. In a diverse educational campus comprising of several branches and streams that share a single campus, there is a possible chance of intrusion and unauthorized entry which may lead to undesirable and unnecessary loss of intellectual property and manipulation of identity. In a particular academic unit, there would be a surveillance system that monitors and tracks these activities and offers to its privileged users a response in real-time. It can also be used to track the attendance of students in an automated fashion which leads to a digitized and paperless approach. It can be said that this will be implemented in its entirety to a campus unit. Face identification is an essential step in face recognition, in which one of the typical of a class and authoritative application in visual sensor network. Visual perception is one of the physical measurements based on secured features. Face identification is a demanding assignment, because it has to scan and match against a library of known faces. E.g. lighting condition, different posture, various kind of body languages.

Market-based methods of estimation of loss of value intellectual property at enterprises of the fuel and energy sector

The issues of assessing the loss of intellectual property value in the market conditions at energy sector enterprises are studied. The cost approach method is revealed, which implies taking into account the cost of reproduction of the intellectual property being valued in current prices less depreciation, as the most effective method of intellectual property valuation. The article suggests the author's approach to grading the estimation of lost utility of intellectual property.

Fishing facts and phishing fictions on K'gari (Fraser Island): Archaeological discourse in a post‐truth world

ABSTRACTAs a discipline, archaeology must explore ways to present Indigenous and scientific interpretations of the past, employing mechanisms that are effective and relevant to contemporary Indigenous people, and which communicate values for the future that are shared by Indigenous and non‐Indigenous peoples alike. Inclusive archaeological discourse and cultural heritage management can amplify First Nations voices and contribute to the public debate on the contemporary understanding of Australia's past. In developing new ways to explore archaeological relevance to First Nations people, but also working to prevent the loss of intellectual property, archaeologists in partnership with First Nations people can forge new ways to research and communicate ideas and scientific data. The contemporary story of K'gari (Fraser Island, south‐east Queensland) and the effective harnessing by Butchulla people of modern media strategies to assert their ongoing custodial and cultural rights and diminish colonial constructs imposed upon them is a powerful example of innovative resilience and positive social change.

Data-driven productivity improvement in machinery supply chains

Modern manufacturing machines are equipped with numerous sensors that collect a large amount of various data. This data can be used to improve the machines' productivity. Both the users and suppliers of machines could benefit from such opportunities. However, because machine users risk the loss of intellectual property, they are often reluctant to share their data. This represents a major inhibitor of data sharing in machinery supply chains. This paper proposes a five-step method for initialising data sharing between machine users and their machine suppliers. The method was tested and validated in a case company, and the potential benefits for machine users were quantified.

Data-driven productivity improvement in machinery supply chains

Modern manufacturing machines are equipped with numerous sensors that collect a large amount of various data. This data can be used to improve the machines' productivity. Both the users and suppliers of machines could benefit from such opportunities. However, because machine users risk the loss of intellectual property, they are often reluctant to share their data. This represents a major inhibitor of data sharing in machinery supply chains. This paper proposes a five-step method for initialising data sharing between machine users and their machine suppliers. The method was tested and validated in a case company, and the potential benefits for machine users were quantified.

Situ: Identifying and Explaining Suspicious Behavior in Networks.

Despite the best efforts of cyber security analysts, networked computing assets are routinely compromised, resulting in the loss of intellectual property, the disclosure of state secrets, and major financial damages. Anomaly detection methods are beneficial for detecting new types of attacks and abnormal network activity, but such algorithms can be difficult to understand and trust. Network operators and cyber analysts need fast and scalable tools to help identify suspicious behavior that bypasses automated security systems, but operators do not want another automated tool with algorithms they do not trust. Experts need tools to augment their own domain expertise and to provide a contextual understanding of suspicious behavior to help them make decisions. In this paper we present Situ, a visual analytics system for discovering suspicious behavior in streaming network data. Situ provides a scalable solution that combines anomaly detection with information visualization. The system's visualizations enable operators to identify and investigate the most anomalous events and IP addresses, and the tool provides context to help operators understand why they are anomalous. Finally, operators need tools that can be integrated into their workflow and with their existing tools. This paper describes the Situ platform and its deployment in an operational network setting. We discuss how operators are currently using the tool in a large organization's security operations center and present the results of expert reviews with professionals.

Secure Codesign: Achieving Optimality Without Revealing

Information leakage can lead to loss of intellectual property and competitive edge. One of the primary sources of information leakage in collaborative design is sharing confidential information with collaborators, who may be also collaborating with competitors. Hiding information from collaborators is challenging in codesign because it can lead to inferior and suboptimal solutions. Therefore, there is a need for techniques that enable designers to protect confidential information from their collaborators while achieving solutions that are as good as those obtained when full information is shared. To address this need, we propose a secure codesign (SCD) framework that enables designers to achieve optimal solutions without sharing confidential information. It is built on two principles: adding/multiplying a parameter with a large random number hides the value of the parameter, and adding/multiplying a large number is orders of magnitude faster than using existing cryptographic techniques. Building on the protocols for basic arithmetic computations, developed in our earlier work, we establish protocols for higher order computations involved in design problems. The framework is demonstrated using three codesign scenarios: requirements-driven codesign, objective-driven codesign, and Nash noncooperation. We show that the proposed SCD framework enables designers to achieve optimal solutions in all three scenarios. The proposed framework is orders of magnitude faster than competing (but impractical for engineering design) cryptographic methods such as homomorphic encryption, without compromising on precision in computations. Hence, the proposed SCD framework is a practical approach for maintaining confidentiality of information during codesign.