Losses In Agricultural Production Research Articles

Historical and legal aspects of compensation for losses of agricultural production

The relevance of the topic is stipulated by the need to study the historical and legal aspects of the institute of compensation for losses of agricultural production which was proposed in Soviet times and concerned agricultural land. The introduction of this institute was aimed at increasing agricultural production by involving as much of the State’s land fund as possible. This approach necessitated the inclusion in Soviet legislation of a certain range of provisions that, on the one hand, ensured the preferential allocation of land plots for agricultural use, and, on the other hand, established legal restrictions and obstacles to reducing the area of agricultural land used for non-agricultural purposes. This approach was implemented at the subordinate level by adopting a number of union and republican resolutions. Subsequently, Article 46 of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1970) enshrined the relevant legislative provisions, which not only regulated relations on compensation for losses, but also laid the foundation for the priority of agricultural land, which allowed for the preservation of agricultural land. The next stage in the regulation of relations regarding compensation for losses of agricultural production is associated with the adoption of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1990, which, along with compensation for losses of agricultural production, additionally regulated compensation for losses of forestry production, expanded the list of grounds for compensation for losses, and also provided that the funds received as compensation for losses shall be used exclusively for the development of new lands, improvement of soil fertility and productivity of forest lands, and improvement of the forestry fund. It is emphasized that the current Land Code of Ukraine (2001) has regulated in detail and systematically the relations arising from the compensation of losses of agricultural production. The procedure for compensation for such losses provides for compensation to society for the negative socio-economic and environmental consequences arising from the transfer of agricultural land to other categories. However, recent legislative activity in this area has demonstrated a gradual depreciation of agricultural land as an object of special protection. In particular, the provision on compensation for losses of agricultural production was removed from Chapter 36 of the Land Code of Ukraine, which means that the change of the designated purpose of agricultural land is carried out without compensation for losses of agricultural production, etc. This indicates, at least, that the institution of compensation for losses of agricultural production has achieved the goal set when it was introduced, and that it has expanded opportunities for attracting investments with a view to rapidly rebuilding Ukraine.

Advances on Bioactive Metabolites with Potential for the Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria.

The increase in the world population, which will be almost 10 billion by 2050, will require considerable efforts to significantly increase food production. Despite the considerable progress made in agriculture, this need is becoming an emergency due to desertification, environmental pollution and climate changes. Biotic stresses, such as pathogenic bacteria and fungi, primarily contribute to significant losses in agricultural productivity and compromise food safety. These harmful agents are predominantly managed using large quantities of synthetic pesticides. However, this widespread use has led to substantial environmental pollution, increased pest resistance and toxic residues in agricultural produce, which subsequently enter the food supply, posing severe health risks to humans and animals. These challenges have significantly driven the advancement of integrated pest management strategies to reduce or eliminate synthetic pesticides. A practical and viable alternative lies in biopesticides-methods developed from natural products that are safe for human and animal health. This approach aligns with the strong demand from consumers and public authorities for safer pest control solutions. This review was focused on the isolation, chemical and biological characterization of natural products for the biocontrol of phytopathogenic bacteria and, in some cases, fungi with potential eco-friendly applications.

An asymptomatic geminivirus activates autophagy and enhances plant defenses against diverse pathogens

Plant viral diseases cause great losses in agricultural production. Virus cross-protection is a strategy in which a mild virus is employed to shield plants against subsequent infections by severe viral strains. However, this approach is restricted to protection against the same viruses. In this study, we observed that pre-inoculation with apple geminivirus (AGV) reduced the accumulation of secondarily infected heterologous viruses, such as cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus X, and tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, and pepper plants. Transcriptional expression analysis showed that autophagy-related genes were transcriptionally up-regulated upon AGV inoculation at an early stage of infection. Accordingly, autophagic activity was observed to be elevated following AGV infection. Interestingly, AGV accumulation was reduced in autophagy-deficient plants, suggesting that autophagy activation promotes AGV infection in the plant. Moreover, pre-inoculation with AGV provided cross-protection against infection with a phytopathogenic bacterium (Pseudomonas syringae) and fungus (Botrytis cinerea) in Nicotiana species. In summary, our study showed that AGV, an asymptomatic virus, could protect plants against severe viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases to some extent through the activation of autophagy pathways, highlighting its potential as a biocontrol agent for managing a wide range of plant crop diseases in the field.

Biochemical Defence of Plants against Parasitic Nematodes.

Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp. and Pratylenchus spp., are obligate parasites on a wide range of crops, causing significant agricultural production losses worldwide. These PPNs mainly feed on and within roots, impairing both the below-ground and the above-ground parts, resulting in reduced plant performance. Plants have developed a multi-component defence mechanism against diverse pathogens, including PPNs. Several natural molecules, ranging from cell wall components to secondary metabolites, have been found to protect plants from PPN attack by conferring nematode-specific resistance. Recent advances in omics analytical tools have encouraged researchers to shed light on nematode detection and the biochemical defence mechanisms of plants during nematode infection. Here, we discuss the recent progress on revealing the nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs) and their receptors in plants. The biochemical defence responses of plants, comprising cell wall reinforcement; reactive oxygen species burst; receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases; mitogen-activated protein kinases; antioxidant activities; phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling; transcription factor activation; and the production of anti-PPN phytochemicals are also described. Finally, we also examine the role of epigenetics in regulating the transcriptional response to nematode attack. Understanding the plant defence mechanism against PPN attack is of paramount importance in developing new, effective and sustainable control strategies.

Flammable futures—storylines of climatic impacts on wildfire events and palm oil plantations in Indonesia

Abstract Wildfire events are driven by complex interactions of climate and anthropogenic interventions. Predictions of future wildfire events, their extremity, and their impact on the environment and economy must consider the interactions between these drivers. Economic policy and land use decisions influence the susceptibility of an area to climate extremes, the probability of burning, and future decision making. To better understand how climate-driven drought events and adaptation efforts affect burned area, agricultural production losses, and land use decisions, we developed a storyline approach centered on Indonesia’s 2015 fire events, which saw significant (>5%) production losses of palm oil. We explored analogous events under three warming conditions and two storylines (multi-model ensemble mean climate change and high impact). We employed a model chain consisting of CMIP6 climate modeling to quantify climate change impacts, a wildfire climate impacts and adaptation model (FLAM) to predict burned areas, and the Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) to predict resultant production losses and socio-economic consequences in the oil palm sector in Indonesia and, by extension, the EU. FLAM is a mechanistic fire model used to reproduce and project wildfires based on various criteria and input variables; GLOBIOM is a global economic land use model, which assesses land use competition and provides economic impacts based on scenario data. We found that total burned area and production loss can increase by up to 25% and lead to local price increases up to 70%, with only minor differences beyond 2.5 degrees of warming. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interactions of future warming, drought conditions, and extreme weather events when predicting their impacts on oil palm losses and burned area. This study sets the stage for further exploration on the impacts of land management policies on local and international environments and economies in the context of global warming.

Integrated modelling of fertilizer and climate change scenario impacts on agricultural production and nitrogen losses in Austria

The European Commission's Farm to Fork strategy aims at reducing nutrient losses and fertilizer use, but has been criticized for its expected negative impacts on European economy, agriculture, and food supply. We apply an integrated modelling framework to analyze potential effects of fertilizer reductions on land use, nitrogen losses, and agricultural output of two fertilizer and four climate change scenarios. The fertilizer scenarios comprise a uniform 20 % reduction of mineral N fertilizer (f20) and a combination of several fertilizer restrictions (fcm). The model results indicate that the restrictions in fertilization lead to decreases in crop production of 6 to 9 %, whereas intensive and extensive grassland production increases. N losses to air, water, and soil are substantially reduced by 9 % (f20) and 20 % (fcm), yet fall short of the intended 50 % reduction. The regional heterogeneity of the model results shows that tailored measures need to be elaborated by taking climate change developments, the regional heterogeneity of prevalent farming systems, and bio-physical conditions into account. Uniform measures applied to the national policy context fall short to attain policy targets cost-effectively. N emission capping, taxes or managerial measures such as crop rotational N balancing are options to be explored in future research.

Research on origin-based cold storage location and routing optimization of fresh agricultural products based on hybrid whale algorithm

With the focus on the insufficient origin-based cold storage in China, this study investigates the location and routing problem (LRP) of origin-based cold storage for fresh agricultural products. This study considers the loss of fresh agricultural products in different environments during transportation and presents a cold storage LRP model. To address this issue, a hybrid whale algorithm with heuristic rules is designed, and the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by standard instances. Finally, taking Chenggu County as a practical case, the influence of cold storage capacity and farmers’ demand for refrigeration are analysed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a good effect in solving medium-scale LRP. As the storage capacity increases, the total cost of the system can be increased by 0.086%. As farmers’ demand for refrigeration increases, the total cost of the system can be increased by 34.034%. Farmers’ demand has a greater impact on the system’s total costs than the cold storage capacity. When optimizing the cold storage layout, changes in fresh agricultural product output in the next few years can be roughly predicted, and the most economical optimization scheme can be obtained.

Upscaling ecological restoration by integrating with agriculture

Transformative change is needed to align common small‐scale ecological restoration approaches with expectations to restore millions of hectares of degraded lands globally. Currently, most restoration projects target small areas using costly manual methods that cannot be scaled up to meet global commitments. We propose that a judicious integration of agricultural practices into ecological restoration offers an opportunity to address this issue. This transformative process relies on three sequential and interconnected steps: (1) ensure that sufficient land is truly available for restoration; (2) compensate for the loss of agricultural production, income, or land value to encourage landholders to opt for restoration; and (3) develop scalable, affordable, and effective methods for restoring native ecosystems across the pledged hundreds of millions of hectares to deliver benefits to both nature and people. Large‐scale terrestrial restoration will require incorporating agronomic practices into the restoration toolbox to go beyond vague, ambitious promises and wishful thinking.

Crop Pest Detection using Convolutional Neural Network

Pests in plants can cause significant losses in agricultural production. As a result, various technologies are used nowadays to improve agriculture's efficiency and make it more sustainable. This research highlights the contribution of machine learning algorithms and image recognition technologies for pest identification. Farmers can use the system to recognize pests and take the necessary actions to reduce them. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is used in this study for image recognition tasks, including pest identification in agricultural fields. The algorithm is trained using the Agricultural Pests Dataset acquired from Kaggle. The experiment results showed that the CNN performed better than the other state-of-the-art machine learning models, with a much lower false rejection rate of 0.12% and an accuracy of 99%.

Evaluation of Herbicides Efficacy against Weeds in Coffee (<i>Coffea arabica </i>L.) at Jimma Southwest, Ethiopia

Weeds are one of the most serious causes of economic losses in agricultural production. As a result weed completions contributes 60 to 80% yield losses in coffee under Jimma condition. Currently, expensiveness of weed management has been a principle issue in economic analysis of coffee production particularly in large scale farm in Ethiopia. Hence, evaluation of systemic herbicide with different mode of action is essential to effectively control dangerous weeds in coffee production system. The study was conducted in Jimma Agricultural Research Center in 2021 cropping season at Jimma Agricultural Research Center on Station to evaluate the efficacy of newly introduced herbicides (Fascinate 280SL at 3.3l/h, Jimila 480% SL at 3.0l/h and Proper 360 SL at 3.0l/ha) against major weeds in coffee. Tested herbicides (Fascinate 280SL, Jimila 480% SL and Proper 360 SL) were effectively controlled the noxious weeds infested coffee experimental plots. These herbicides also showed significant effect on inhibiting weed density over standard check. The herbicide were effective in controlling weeds in coffee safe for crops if applied at active growth stage of weeds following the instructions on technical guide line of herbicides properly. Therefore, the herbicides were recommended used as management option against weeds in coffee with the application rate mentioned above

Trichoderma role as an essential plant growth promotion-a review

In the world, pest infestation is responsible for 70% or more of per cent losses in agricultural productivity, and mycopesticide can provide an alternative option to pest control option as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Trichoderma is a genus of fungal species, and Trichoderma viride is one of the known fungal species in categories that exhibit biocontrol mechanisms since it is well-identified for 100% effectiveness in pest control. The mycelium of T. viride has shown its capabilities for the production of various types of enzymes, including cellulases and chitinase, with degradation capability for celluloses and chitin polymers, respectively. It is ubiquitous in nature. It is widely used for the management of crop diseases and is basically soil-borne, but it is also foliar. Trichoderma has shown its potential due to diversity, ecology, and application. The mechanism of action includes competition, production of different metabolites, induced resistance and enzymes, etc. There are several commercial formulations available all over the world that are used against crop diseases. Trichoderma, due to its potential for degradation capability, can be utilised from waste to wealth. Later on, with the development of more research on Trichoderma, various utilities were found. This includes its effective control against harmful insects in agricultural as well as health sectors. It also can detoxify the heavy metals. In the health sector, continuous exploration of its benefits for drug discovery is being done. As a whole, it can be considered soil gold and a promising future beneficial microbe.

Analysis of the Distribution Pattern of Phenacoccus manihoti in China under Climate Change Based on the Biomod2 Model.

The changing global climate has significantly impacted the spread of plant pests. The cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) is among the most dangerous quarantine pests affecting cassavas worldwide, causing substantial losses in agricultural production and food security across several regions. Although China is currently free of the cassava mealybug, its proximity to affected countries and extensive trade with these regions necessitate a detailed understanding of the pest's distribution pattern and dynamic ecological niche changes. Using the Biomod2 model, we selected two historical climate scenarios and two future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5) to investigate the distribution patterns, potential habitats, distribution centers, and dynamic ecological niches of cassava mealybugs in China. Key environmental variables influencing the distribution were identified, including bio4, bio8, bio12, bio18, and bio19. The potential habitat of cassava mealybugs is mainly located in several provinces in southern China. In the future, the suitable habitat is projected to expand slightly under the influence of climate change, maintaining the overall trend, but the distribution center of suitable areas will shift northward. Dynamic ecological niche prediction results indicate the potential for further expansion; however, the ecological niches may be unequal and dissimilar in the invaded areas. The predictions could serve as a valuable reference for early warning systems and management strategies to control the introduction of cassava mealybugs.

Impact of Flash Flood on Women Life: A Case Study in Fatikchhari, Chittagong

This paper presents the impacts of flash floods on women's life with a gender view which has been conducted on Fatikchhari Upazila under Chittagong District. The Halda River is mainly responsible for flash flood in this area. The study was aimed to know the causes of flash floods and to investigate the impact on women life and livelihoods. The semi structured questionnaire survey for primary data collection and physical observation method was followed to fulfill the goals. 25-50 years aged women were selected as target group for survey as this group solely has been facing the household damages with the flood water. Therefore, women suffered more than men in terms of resource and emotional trauma. The result showed that most of the women claimed excess rainfall for flash flood and loss of agricultural production by flooding agricultural land. In the study area due to poor income, insufficient shelter, poor building materials, water and sanitation, lack of education, physical strength, child protection, health care facilities, religious cause, awareness, self-causes women are more affected than man. Moreover, women’s limited access to resources and decision making process increase their vulnerabilities. To solve these problems integration of gender, women issues into disaster research, planning, and organizational practice is needed for development. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 10(1 &2):41-51, 2020.

Witch Weeds (Striga spp.) Dissemination and Infestation in Ethiopian: Review Article

The endemic parasitic witch weeds (Striga spp.), which are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, are progressively expanding their geographic range and degree of infection, which is significantly decreasing crop productivity. They are currently regarded as a widespread blight. The fight for economic expansion and food security is weakened by the Striga issue. Countries where Striga was only beginning to spread 25 years ago are now seeing significant annual losses in agricultural productivity. The projected yearly loss of sorghum in SSA due to Striga is 22–27%, and in Ethiopia, it is 25%. In SSA, Striga causes an annual loss of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$7 billion in grains, of which \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$75 million is Ethiopia's portion. A significant biotic limitation and substantial danger to the production of food for subsistence in Ethiopia is Striga. The predominant species is Striga hermonthica, which is most severe in severely degraded regions of the country's north, northwest, and east, including Tigray, Wollo, Gonder, Gojjem, North Shewa, and Eastern Hararghe. Because of its wide geographic distribution and devastating effects on millions of people's livelihoods, Striga is quickly growing into a pandemic of significant proportions in the nation. Diverse sorghum germplasm may be found in Ethiopia, where there is also a chance to create Striga-resistant cultivars.

Vulnerability assessment of aerosol and climate variability for rice and maize yield using EO datasets for sustainable agriculture over India.

Human-generated aerosol pollution gradually modifies the atmospheric chemical and physical attributes, resulting in significant changes in weather patterns and detrimental effects on agricultural yields. The current study assesses the loss in agricultural productivity due to weather and anthropogenic aerosol variations for rice and maize crops through the analysis of time series data of India spanning from 1998 to 2019. The average values of meteorological variables like maximum temperature (TMAX), minimum temperature (TMIN), rainfall, and relative humidity, as well as aerosol optical depth (AOD), have also shown an increasing tendency, while the average values of soil moisture and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) have followed a decreasing trend over that period. This study's primary finding is that unusual variations in weather variables like maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, soil moisture, and FAPAR resulted in a reduction in rice and maize yield of approximately (2.55%, 2.92%, 2.778%, 4.84%, 2.90%, and 2.82%) and (5.12%, 6.57%, 6.93%, 6.54%, 4.97%, and 5.84%), respectively. However, the increase in aerosol pollution is also responsible for the reduction of rice and maize yield by 7.9% and 8.8%, respectively. In summary, the study presents definitive proof of the detrimental effect of weather, FAPAR, and AOD variability on the yield of rice and maize in India during the study period. Meanwhile, a time series analysis of rice and maize yields revealed an increasing trend, with rates of 0.888 million tons/year and 0.561 million tons/year, respectively, due to the adoption of increasingly advanced agricultural techniques, the best fertilizer and irrigation, climate-resilient varieties, and other factors. Looking ahead, the ongoing challenge is to devise effective long-term strategies to combat air pollution caused by aerosols and to address its adverse effects on agricultural production and food security.

Tropical Fruit Virus Resistance in the Era of Next-Generation Plant Breeding

Plant viral diseases constitute a major contributor to agricultural production losses, significantly impacting the economies of exporting countries by more than USD 30 billion annually. Understanding and researching the biology and genomics of viruses is crucial for developing virus-resistant genetically edited or genetically modified plants. Genetic modifications can be targeted to specific regions within genes of target plants which are important or essential for the virus to establish a systemic infection, thus fostering resistance or enabling plants to effectively respond to invading agents while preserving their yield. This review provides an overview of viral incidence and diversity in tropical fruit crops and aims to examine the current state of the knowledge on recent research efforts aimed at reducing or eliminating the damage caused by viral diseases, with emphasis on genetically edited products that have reached the market in recent years.

Identification of host gene regulation and resistance pathway dynamics at diverse infection stages of Rhizoctonia solani AG3-TB.

Rhizoctonia solani is a fungal pathogen that causes significant losses in agricultural production. Because of its rapid transmission and broad host range, the exploration of genes involved in defense responses to the infection of R. solani has become an important task. Here, we performed a time-course RNA-Seq experiment to explore crucial genes or pathways involved in host responses to R. solani AG3-TB infection at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi). GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that most DEGs were enriched in the basal metabolism pathways, including carbohydrate metabolic processes and the biosynthesis of amino acids. Moreover, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were up-regulated, and transcription factors (TFs) such as WRKY, AP2, and MYB were increased significantly compared to the control (0 hpi). Silencing of WRKY70 and catalase-3 exhibited elevated susceptibility to the fungal infection. To summarize, the TFs WRKY70 and WRKY75, genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroids (BR) signaling pathways, and defense-related enzymes may play crucial roles in the host responses to R. solani AG3-TB infection.

Voluntary agricultural insurance in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on the example of perennial plantings

The goal is to assess the potential of voluntary agricultural insurance in Kazakhstan using the example of perennial crops, determine demand and market readiness, and identify difficulties faced by agricultural producers and insurance companies. Methods - to solve the problems, content analysis method was used, which is aimed at studying problems related to state support of agro-industrial complex, data, statistical indicators were considered as information base, as well as review of literature on the topic, legislative acts and state policy in the field of agriculture and agricultural insurance, experience of economically developed countries were studied. The results show the possibility of the presence of agricultural risks and uncertainties with focus on insurance of perennial crops, prospects and barriers that impede its development in conditions of sharply continental climate, scarcity of water resources and unstable economy. Conclusions - voluntary insurance protection is an effective tool for mitigating financial losses in agricultural production in Kazakhstan. The author notes the need to increase financial resources and strengthen consulting work focused on understanding the benefits of agricultural insurance by business entities; creating effective mechanisms for distributing insurance payments and developing affordable insurance products that take into account the needs of the farmers. The most flexible insurance conditions, minimum list of documents for concluding an agreement, transparent methods for establishing the amount of insurance compensation and settling losses, increasing investment attractiveness, and using international experience taking into account the needs of Kazakhstani agricultural producers are required. The role of insurance services as one of the most common methods of reducing farmers' losses from natural and climatic changes, will increase.

Развитие логистической инфраструктуры хранения и сбыта скоропортящейся сельскохозяйственной продукции

The article presents the results of an analysis of the logistics infrastructure for storing and marketing agricultural perishable products in the regions of Kazakhstan. The results of a comparative and cluster analysis of the infrastructure of storage and marketing facilities for perishable agricultural products in the amount of 1056 units are presented based on the methods of mathematical statistics and clustering using the SPSS program based on the data provided by the akimats of all 20 regions of Kazakhstan. Problems in the functioning of their infrastructure have been identified. During the analysis, 6 clusters were identified according to the selected indicators. Cluster analysis made it possible to systematize and identify the logistics infrastructure for storage and sales that is most typical for each cluster. Based on the identified problems, the need to develop storage facilities that provide a range of logistics and marketing services, closer interaction between manufacturers, storage facilities and retail trade on the basis of long-term contracts was determined. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, recommendations were proposed for the modernization of existing and construction of new storage facilities, depending on the needs of each region. It is recommended to increase climate-controlled capacity, leading to a reduction in losses of perishable agricultural products and an increase in the efficiency of storage facilities through the construction of modular storage facilities.

Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Host-Botrytis cinerea Interactions to Outline Novel and Sustainable Control Strategies: The Key Role of RNA Interference.

The necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers., 1794), the causative agent of gray mold disease, causes significant losses in agricultural production. Control of this fungal pathogen is quite difficult due to its wide host range and environmental persistence. Currently, the management of the disease is still mainly based on chemicals, which can have harmful effects not only on the environment and on human health but also because they favor the development of strains resistant to fungicides. The flexibility and plasticity of B. cinerea in challenging plant defense mechanisms and its ability to evolve strategies to escape chemicals require the development of new control strategies for successful disease management. In this review, some aspects of the host-pathogen interactions from which novel and sustainable control strategies could be developed (e.g., signaling pathways, molecules involved in plant immune mechanisms, hormones, post-transcriptional gene silencing) were analyzed. New biotechnological tools based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) are emerging in the crop protection scenario as versatile, sustainable, effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of chemicals. RNAi-based fungicides are expected to be approved soon, although they will face several challenges before reaching the market.