Cauchy Distribution Research Articles

Analysis of polaron pair lifetime dynamics and secondary processes in exciplex driven TADF OLEDs using organic magnetic field effects

Magnetic field effects (MFEs) in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have been shown to influence the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and to impact on electroluminescence (EL) and conductivity. Here, we present a novel model combining Cole–Cole and Lorentzian functions to describe low and high magnetic field effects originating from hyperfine coupling, the g mechanism, and triplet processes. We applied this approach to organic light-emitting devices of third generation based on tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA) and 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBi), exhibiting blue emission, to unravel their loss mechanisms. The quality of the regression function was evaluated using k-fold cross-validation. The scoring was compared to various alternative fitting functions, which were previously proposed in literature. Density functional theory calculations, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence studies validated the formation of a TADF exciplex system. Furthermore, we propose successful encapsulation using a semi-permeable polymer, showing promising results for magnetic field sensing applications on arbitrary geometry. This study provides insights into the origin of magnetic field effects in exciplex-TADF materials, with potential applications in optoelectronic devices and sensing technologies.

Phase transition studies of a fluorinated antiferroelectric liquid crystal probed by temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy

Fluorinated liquid crystals (LCs) have emerged as a valuable option for display technologies, rapid switching applications, and photonic devices. Addition of fluorine atoms in the LCs change the electronic distribution within the molecule, introducing required LC properties for various display techniques. In this study, the structural properties of an antiferroelectric LC, (S)-octan-2-yl 2,3-difluoro-4′’-((6-((2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoroheptanoyl)oxy) hexyl) oxy)-[1,1′,4′,1′’-terphenyl]-4-carboxylate is investigated using Raman spectroscopy. This LC exhibits a unique orthoconic antiferroelectric arrangement along with chiral smectic C (SmC*) and smectic A (SmA*) phases. Raman spectra were recorded over a temperature range of 20 °C to 130 °C, covering the spectral region of 500–3500 cm−1. Additionally, theoretical Raman spectra at room temperature is simulated using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G (d, p) basis set, showing good agreement with experimental results. Through meticulous fitting of the spectral features using Lorentzian profiles, precise values for peak positions, linewidths, and integrated intensities of selected Raman bands are obtained. Changes in Raman spectral parameters at the crystalline-SmCA*, SmCA*-SmC*, SmC*-SmA*, and SmA*-isotropic phase transitions are analyzed in terms of molecular alignment and intra/intermolecular interactions. The Raman spectral results provide a detailed understanding of the molecular and structural behaviour of the liquid crystal as it undergoes various phase transitions with increasing temperature.

Nonlinear parameter estimation with physics-constrained spectral–spatial priors for highly accelerated chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI

Objective.To develop a nonlinear, model-based parameter estimation method directly from incomplete measurements ink - wspace for robust spectral analysis in highly accelerated chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Approach. A CEST-specific, separable nonlinear model, which describes spectral decomposition using multi-pool Lorentzian functions (conventional magnetization transfer (MT), direct saturation of water signals (DS), amide, amine, and nuclear Overhauser effect) derived from the steady-state Bloch McConnel equation, is incorporated into a measurement model in CEST MRI. Furthermore, signal drop in saturation transfer experiments is formulated by an additional, separable nonlinear spectral prior indicating that the symmetric z-spectra synthesized using conventional MT and DS always remain higher or equal to the whole z-spectra with all pools. Given the above considerations, linear and nonlinear parameters in the proposed method are estimated in an alternating fashion directly from highly incomplete measurements ink - wspace by solving a constrained optimization problem with the physics-constrained spectral priors while imposing additional sparsity priors on spatial parameter maps.Main results.Compared with conventional methods, the proposed method yields clearer delineation of tumor-specific CEST maps without apparent artifact and noise.Significance.We successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method for CEST MRI with highly incomplete measurements thus enabling high-resolution whole brain CEST MRI in clinically reasonable imaging time.

A study of stable wormhole solution with non-commutative geometry in the framework of linear f(R,Lm,T)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$f(R,{\\mathcal {L}}_m, T)$$\\end{document} gravity

This research delves into the potential existence of traversable wormholes (WHs) within the framework of modified, curvature based gravity. The modification includes linear perturbations of the matter Lagrangian and the trace of the energy-momentum tensor with specific coupling strengths α\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha $$\\end{document} and β\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta $$\\end{document} and can thus be viewed as a special case of linear f(R, T)-gravity with a variable matter coupling or as the simplest additively separable f(R,Lm,T)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$f(R,{\\mathcal {L}}_m,T)$$\\end{document}-model. A thorough examination of static WH solutions is undertaken using a constant redshift function; therefore, our work can be regarded as the first-order approximation of WH theories in f(R,Lm,T)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$f(R,{\\mathcal {L}}_m,T)$$\\end{document}. The analysis involves deriving WH shape functions based on non-commutative geometry, with a particular focus on Gaussian and Lorentzian matter distributions ρ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\rho $$\\end{document}. Constraints on the coupling parameters are developed so that the shape function satisfies both the flaring-out and asymptotic flatness conditions. Moreover, for positive coupling parameters, violating the null energy condition (NEC) at the WH throat r0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$r_0$$\\end{document} demands the presence of exotic matter. For negative couplings, however, we find that exotic matter can be avoided by establishing the upper bound β+α/2<-1ρr02-8π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta +\\alpha /2<-\\frac{1}{\\rho r_0^2}-8\\pi $$\\end{document}. Additionally, the effects of gravitational lensing are explored, revealing the repulsive force of our modified gravity for large negative couplings. Lastly, the stability of the derived WH solutions is verified using the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) formalism.

Demonstration of ultra-compact and low-loss 2 × 2 silicon thermo-optic switches based on a mode-conversion nanobeam cavity

Optical switch is an essential component in integrated photonic circuits. A mode-conversion nanobeam cavity (MCNC) coupled with two waveguides has been employed to realize ultra-compact and low-loss 2 × 2 thermo-optic switches in silicon-on-insulator. This system can exhibit either Fano or Lorentzian lineshape in transmission spectra, dependent on the coupling structure. It has a low dropping loss, and two outputs are in the same direction, owing to the unidirectional coupling between the resonant mode and bus waveguides. Here, we have demonstrated a high-performance 2 × 2 Fano switch with a bandwidth of 5.2 nm and a footprint of only 35.5 × 1 µm2. The insertion loss (IL) and crosstalk (CT) are 0.7 dB and −54.1 dB in the bar state, respectively, while the IL and CT are 0.9 dB and −17.4 dB in the cross-state, respectively. In addition, 2 × 2 optical switches with a Lorentzian transmission lineshape have also been realized and then applied to construct a four-channel reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM). Through thermal tuning, the ROADM has achieved a channel spacing of 200 GHz or 400 GHz, with an inter-channel CT below −12.3 dB or −17.2 dB, respectively. To our knowledge, we have reported the first demonstrations of 2 × 2 Fano switch and ROADM based on MCNCs. The proposed 2 × 2 switches will find potential applications in advanced photonic integrated circuits.

Köthe Amalgams: The Ideal Type of Infinite Direct Sums

We study a special type of infinite direct sums E(X)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$E({\\mathcal {X}})$$\\end{document} which can be seen as the amalgam spaces characterized by a local component given by a countable family X=Xαα∈I\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathcal {X}}=\\left( X_{\\alpha }\\right) _{\\alpha \\in I}$$\\end{document} of quasi-normed function spaces and by a global component E, which is a quasi-normed sequence space. We characterize some fundamental properties of E(X)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$E({\\mathcal {X}})$$\\end{document} such as completeness, Köthe-duality, order continuity and the Fatou property. We also provide its Banach function space characterization. Then, we apply our general results to the appropriate amalgamations of Lorentz (Orlicz) function spaces and Lebesgue sequence spaces. Moreover, for the Lorentz-type amalgams, we derive interpolation results and prove the boundedness of a class of sublinear integral operators whose kernels satisfy a size condition.

Calibration of the JAGB method for the Magellanic Clouds and Milky Way from Gaia DR3, considering the role of oxygen-rich AGB stars

The JAGB method is a new way of measuring distances in the Universe with the use of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) that are situated in a selected region in a J versus J − Ks colour–magnitude diagram (CMD), and relying on the fact that the absolute J magnitude is (almost) constant. It is implicitly assumed in the method that the selected stars are carbon-rich AGB stars (carbon stars). However, as the sample selected to determine MJ is purely colour based, there can also be contamination by oxygen-rich AGB stars in principle. As the ratio of carbon-rich to oxygen-rich stars is known to depend on metallicity and initial mass, the star formation history and age–metallicity relation in a galaxy should influence the value of MJ . The aim of this paper is to look at mixed samples of oxygen-rich and carbon-rich stars for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), and Milky way (MW) using the Gaia catalogue of long-period variables (LPVs) as a basis. The advantage of this catalogue is that it contains a classification of O- and C-stars based on the analysis of Gaia Rp spectra. The LPV catalogue is correlated with data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) and samples in the LMC, SMC, and the MW are retrieved. Following methods proposed in the literature, we report the mean and median magnitudes of the selected sample using different colour and magnitude cuts and the results of fitting Gaussian and Lorentzian profiles to the luminosity function (LF). For the SMC and LMC, we confirm previous results in the literature. The LFs of the SMC and LMC JAGB stars are clearly different, yet it can be argued that the mean magnitude inside a selection box agrees at the 0.021 mag level. The results of our analysis of the MW sample are less straightforward. The contamination by O-rich stars is substantial for a classical lower limit of (J − Ks)0 = 1.3, and becomes less than 10% only for (J − Ks)0 = 1.5. The sample of AGB stars is smaller than for the MCs for two reasons. Nearby AGB stars (with potentially the best determined parallax) tend to be absent as they saturate in the 2MASS catalogue, and the parallax errors of AGB stars tend to be larger compared to non-AGB stars. Several approaches have been taken to improve the situation but finally the JAGB LF for the MW contains about 130 stars, and the fit of Gaussian and Lorentzian profiles is essentially meaningless. The mean and median magnitudes are fainter than for the MC samples by about 0.4 mag which is not predicted by theory. We do not confirm the claim in the literature that the absolute calibration of the JAGB method is independent of metallicity up to solar metallicity. A reliable calibration of the JAGB method at (near) solar metallicity should await further Gaia data releases, or should be carried out in another environment.

ÆSOPUS 2.1: Low-temperature Opacities Extended to High Pressure

We address the critical need for accurate Rosseland mean gas opacities in high-pressure environments, spanning temperatures from 100 K to 32,000 K. Current opacity tables from Wichita State University and ÆSOPUS 2.0 are limited to log(R)≤1 , where R=ρT6−3 in units of gcm−3(106K)−3 . This is insufficient for modeling very low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, and planets with atmospheres exhibiting higher densities and pressures ( log(R)>1 ). Leveraging extensive databases such as ExoMol, ExoMolOP, MoLLIST, and HITEMP, we focus on expanding the ÆSOPUS opacity calculations to cover a broad range of pressure and density conditions ( −8≤log(R)≤+6 ). We incorporate the thermal Doppler mechanism and microturbulence velocity. Pressure-broadening effects on molecular transitions, leading to Lorentzian or Voigt profiles, are explored in the context of atmospheric profiles for exoplanets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass stars. We also delve into the impact of electron degeneracy and nonideal effects, such as ionization potential depression under high-density conditions, emphasizing its notable influence on Rosseland mean opacities at temperatures exceeding 10,000 K. As a result, this study expands the ÆSOPUS public web interface for customized gas chemical mixtures, promoting flexibility in opacity calculations based on specific research needs. Additionally, precomputed opacity tables, inclusive of condensates, are provided. We present a preliminary application to evolutionary models for very low-mass stars.

A novel reservoir simulation model based on physics informed neural networks

Surrogate models are widely used for reservoir simulations in the petroleum industry to improve computational efficiency. However, the traditional surrogate model mainly relies on the data collected from production wells (e.g., well bottom pressure data and well production data) and ignores the physical mechanism of underground fluid flow; therefore, the surrogate model will be invalid in the case of insufficient data samples. In response to these challenges, a Hard-Soft physics informed neural network (HS-PINN) was proposed to simulate pressure fluctuations around producing wells without relying on any labeled data, where two coupled fully connected neural networks were comprised to control the Hard and Soft constraint conditions. Specifically, in the “Soft Constraint” condition, we employ a modified Lorentz function to incorporate underground flow theory and permeability fields into the loss function. Meanwhile, in the “Hard Constraint” condition, we incorporate an enforcement function in the “output layer” to ensure the network outputs satisfy the boundary and initial conditions. To demonstrate the HS-PINN model's robustness and accuracy abilities, we tested it for single and multi-well production in both noisy low-fidelity and high-fidelity geologic reservoir environments, and the HS-PINN prediction errors were less than 1% in both cases compared to simulation results by the commercial software “COMSOL.” Additionally, we assessed the impacts of varying well interference intensities, adjustments in collocation points counts within the control equations, and diverse geological characteristics on model performance to validate the generalization and stability of HS-PINN. Moreover, the HS-PINN-based surrogate model significantly improves the efficiency of uncertainty quantification tasks compared to simulation-based approaches, requiring only 8% of the computational time. The deep-learning surrogate models developed in this work offer a novel and efficient approach for simulating reservoir development.

Development of craquelure patterns in paintings on canvas

Canvas paintings are layered structures composed of canvas support sized with animal glue, a preparatory layer of the ground, and paint and varnish layers on the top. Preventing or limiting humidity-induced stresses in these structures requires an understanding of the relevant processes and risks. A three-dimensional model of a canvas painting was used to analyse stresses and crack development in the two-layer structure comprised of a glue-sized canvas on a wooden stretcher with a layer of stiff chalk-glue ground representing a pictorial layer in historic canvas paintings. The model was subjected to a large relative humidity fall which induced shrinkage of the glue-sized canvas. The modelling revealed that when a stretcher with flexible wooden bars is considered, high tensile stresses arise in the ground layer at the corners of the painting, and cracks are formed in these areas in the direction perpendicular to the painting’s diagonal. Ratios of critical distances between cracks to the ground layer thickness for which stresses in the midpoints between the cracks dropped to below the level inducing fracture in the material were estimated for various magnitudes of the relative humidity drop and thicknesses of the ground layer. Increasing ground layer thickness limits the hygric response of the sized canvas and makes the paintings less vulnerable to humidity variations. The ratio of stress along the diagonal calculated for painting with one crack to the solution without cracks was described by the double Lorentz function. A simple procedure of calculating stress variations along the diagonal—using the function—on a sequential addition of cracks was developed. Cracks in central parts of canvas painting were found to be induced by permanent cumulative drying shrinkage of the oil-based paints and grounds due to the evolution of the molecular composition of the oil binder. The outcome of the modelling indicated that the risk of cracking of the pictorial layers in canvas paintings due to drops in ambient relative humidity was small.

Modeling of Tensile Stress Distribution Considering Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled AlSi10Mg Samples Obtained by Selective Laser Melting

The work that is being presented demonstrates that there is a critical point at which the engineering stress–strain diagram’s elastic–plastic region transitions to yield and fracture stresses. This transition is demonstrated using thin-walled specimens made using selective laser melting technology from high-strength aluminum alloys (AlSi10Mg) that have undergone preliminary heat treatment. It was discovered that the strain-hardening coefficient, which was determined in the section from yield strength to fracture strength, and the critical point have a highly statistically significant association (0.83 by Spearman and 0.93 by Pearson). It was possible to derive a regression equation that connected the strain-hardening coefficient with the crucial transition point. The type of stress distribution in the elastic–plastic region changes (the Weibull distribution changes to a normal distribution) as the plasticity of the thin-walled samples increases. Additionally, the contribution of the probability density of the stress distribution described by the Cauchy distribution increases in a mode near the point at which the probability density of the fracture increases.

Chaos in Bitcoin Cryptocurrency Metrics: Analysis and Forecasts

AbstractCryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin have attracted a lot of attention in the last decades of humanity. Analyzing cryptocurrencies algorithmic differences, chaotic behavior and self-similarity in cryptocurrency metrics might give significant insights for identifying risks and opportunities. Determining the degree of chaos in crypto metrics is critical for understanding complexity, improving prediction capabilities, and supporting decision-making. This study focuses on the analysis of chaos and self-similarity in Bitcoin dynamics for predictability perspective. Return, rate of return and volume quantities in different scales are analyzed with using rescaled range method to reveal the degree of self-similarity. Hurst parameter extracts a comprehensive summary providing information on how current values depend on previous ones to reveal any persistence in Bitcoin metrics. Daily rate of return and return give Hurst degree around 0.64 while they are in between 0.52–0.55 for minutely and hourly based prices. However, an increasing persistence is observed with the increasing time window. Although the largest Lyapunov exponents stay in the positive region for prices and returns of Bitcoin, they are approximately zero for inspected statistics. Periodic characteristics of Bitcoin are also investigated to reveal any dependencies on halving mechanism of Bitcoin. Detailed self-similarity analysis on specific periods shows that bull and bear market seasons don’t make any significant effect on the degree of Hurst parameter. Due to nonlinear and unpredictable characteristics of Bitcoin metrics, distribution fittings are applied to characterize BTC return and rate of return. While Wakeby distribution gives best fitting for daily return, Cauchy distribution gives best for hourly returns.

Seismic scattering inversion for multiple parameters of overburden-stressed isotropic media

Subsurface reservoirs are compressed by overburden stress resulting from the gravity of overlying masses, and the resulting stress changes significantly affect the seismic reflection responses generated at the reservoir interfaces. Several exact reflection coefficient equations have been well established to delineate the role that in situ stress plays in altering the energy transition and amplitude of seismic reflection responses. These exact equations, however, cannot be effectively used in practice due to their intricate formulations and the difficult geophysical estimation for the third-order elastic constants (3oECs) embedded in reflection coefficients. Based on the theories of nonlinear elasticity and elastic wave inverse scattering, we derive an approximate seismic reflection coefficient equation for overburden-stressed isotropic media in terms of the P-wave modulus, shear modulus, density, and a defined stress-related parameter (SRP). The SRP is a combined quantity of elastic moduli, 3oECs, and overburden stress, which can be naturally treated as a dimensionless stress-induced anisotropy parameter. Its inclusion effectively eliminates the need for 3oECs information when using our equation to estimate the desired reservoir properties from seismic observations. By comparing our equation to the exact one, we confirm its validity within the moderate-stress range. Then, we introduce a Bayesian inversion approach incorporating the new reflection coefficient equation to estimate four model parameters. In our approach, the Cauchy and Gaussian distribution functions are used for the a priori probability and the likelihood distributions, respectively. The synthetic tests from two well-log data sets and a field example demonstrate that four parameters can be reasonably inverted using our approach with rather smooth initial models, which illustrates the feasibility of our inversion approach.

Exploring mixture estimators in stratified random sampling.

Advancements in sensor technology have brought a revolution in data generation. Therefore, the study variable and several linearly related auxiliary variables are recorded due to cost-effectiveness and ease of recording. These auxiliary variables are commonly observed as quantitative and qualitative (attributes) variables and are jointly used to estimate the study variable's population mean using a mixture estimator. For this purpose, this work proposes a family of generalized mixture estimators under stratified sampling to increase efficiency under symmetrical and asymmetrical distributions and study the estimator's behavior for different sample sizes for its convergence to the Normal distribution. It is found that the proposed estimator estimates the population mean of the study variable with more precision than the competitor estimators under Normal, Uniform, Weibull, and Gamma distributions. It is also revealed that the proposed estimator follows the Cauchy distribution when the sample size is less than 35; otherwise, it converges to normality. Furthermore, the implementation of two real-life datasets related to the health and finance sectors is also presented to support the proposed estimator's significance.

Intellectual fitting of hard X-ray resonant reflectance maps obtained for low-contrast oxide multilayers across L absorption edges of Eu and Gd

The present work describes an intellectual computational approach to X-ray resonant reflectometry – a synchrotron-based method aimed at non-destructive characterization of epitaxial nanoscale multilayers with low optical contrast between the sublayer materials. Resonant reflectance from specially designed bilayer structures was measured as a function of grazing angle and photon energy across the L absorption edges of rare earth elements and then modeled with the aid of a specially developed software utilizing OpenCL high speed computations performed on a graphical processing unit. The map fitting was carried out in the blind mode in which the spectral shapes of the optical constants of the sublayers were reconstructed by the fitting routine without initial knowledge of the chemical composition and without using any reference spectra. The model uses stepped Lorentzian line shape for the imaginary part of the scattering length density and the Kramers-Kronig consistent line shape for the corresponding real part. Epitaxially grown Eu2O3 / Gd3Ga5O12 bilayers were used as a test bench system to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed 2D mapping technique over conventional X-ray reflectometry. To increase reliability, the map fitting was carried out simultaneously at the absorption edges of two different chemical elements. The derived shapes and positions of the absorption peaks were used to uniquely identify rare earth elements within the corresponding sublayers and provide information on their oxidation states. The method was experimentally tested on the bilayers having different material order to show that not only the chemical composition but also the layer sequence can be effectively reconstructed in the automatic way from the 2D resonant reflectance maps.

Investigating an Asymmetric Ratio Cosine Distribution

Most real-world data have asymmetric features, slight or pronounced, that cannot be analyzed in depth using classical symmetric distributions. This is especially true when the underlying phenomena take their values in bounded support. Examples include data with support (−1, 1), which may correspond to daily temperature anomalies, stock market returns and satisfaction ratings, among others. Motivated by this last point, this article introduces a novel asymmetric cosine distribution of the ratio type. It aims to extend the functionalities of the classical cosine distribution by incorporating two adjustable parameters that allow for flexible levels of asymmetry. The main functions and theoretical properties such as moments, quantiles and distributional properties are studied. Some derived distributions are also established, extending the scope of the Cauchy and half-Cauchy distributions. Applications to simulated data in hypothetical environmental, financial and sentiment analysis scenarios demonstrate the practical utility of the asymmetric cosine distribution in capturing nuanced behavior.

Effective phase diffusion for spin phase evolution under random nonlinear magnetic field.

The general theoretical description of spin self-diffusion under a nonlinear gradient magnetic field is proposed, which extends the effective phase diffusion method for a linear gradient field. Based on the phase diffusion, the proposed method reveals the general features of phase evolutions in nonlinear gradient fields. There are three types of phase evolutions: phase diffusion, float phase evolution, and shift evolution based on the starting position. For spin diffusion near the origin of the nonlinear field, these three phase evolutions significantly affect the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal. The traditional methods have difficulties in handling these three-phase evolutions. Notably, the phase from float phase evolution is missed or misplaced in traditional methods, which leads to incorrect NMR signal attenuation or phase shift. The method here shows that the diffusing and float phase evolutions come from the first and second derivatives of the gradient field. Based on these three phase evolutions, the phase variance and corresponding NMR signal attenuation are obtained, as demonstrated by calculating the phase diffusions under both parabolic and cubic fields. The results indicate that signal attenuation obeys Gaussian attenuation for a short time, then changes to follow Lorentzian or Mittag-Leffler function attenuations as time increases, significantly different from Gaussian attenuation. For spins starting diffusion far away from the origin of the field gradient, the signal attenuation is Gaussian, but the float phase still has an important effect on the total phase shift of even-order gradient fields, which could be used to measure the diffusion coefficient directly. Random walk simulations were performed, which support the obtained theoretical results. General theoretical expressions are obtained, which can handle random order nonlinear gradient fields. The results could help develop advanced experimental techniques based on a nonlinear gradient field in NMR and magnetic resonance imaging.

Characterizing polarization switching kinetics of ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 at cryogenic temperature

We have characterized polarization switching kinetics of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) at cryogenic temperature (T) down to 100 K. By the nucleation-limited-switching model with Lorentzian distribution fittings, the dependences of the average switching time (log τ1) and switching time distribution (ω) on T are extracted. As T decreases from 300 to 100 K, log τ1 first rapidly decreases and then gradually stabilizes. Meanwhile, ω exhibits different trends under different external electric fields (Eext), decreasing under low Eext while increasing under high Eext, eventually stabilizing at non-zero constants. With the further decrease in T (&amp;lt;100 K), log τ1 and ω exhibited by HZO are almost unchanged, indicating the intrinsic properties of ferroelectric multiple domains, which are different from the prediction in previous literature studies that log τ1 and ω will linearly decrease as T decreases.

Exact stark analytical function for Hα line based on the FFM model related with plasma parameters

Optical Emission Spectroscopy is a widely used technique for plasma diagnosis, with particular interest in hydrogen atomic emission due to its prevalence in plasmas. However, accurately determining plasma parameters like electron density, electron temperature, and gas temperature starting from the experimental profiles remains a challenge. This paper introduces a comprehensive model for Stark broadening of the Hα line in a wide range of plasma conditions, addressing the limitations of existing analytical expressions for line shapes. The proposed model encompasses the full splitting of the transition into fifteen Lorentzian profiles and electric micro-field fluctuations surrounding the emitting atoms due to collisions with charged particles. Starting from accurate spectral data obtained from realistic computer simulations, fitting parameters of the model, have been obtained by using an optimization method based on a genetic algorithm. The set of parameters of the model are reported for a wide range of plasma conditions. The behavior of these parameters is analyzed to understand their dependence in terms of the electron density and temperature and gas density of the plasma. The model parameters here obtained constitute a useful tool in plasma diagnosis to obtaining the values of the physical parameters of the plasma starting from the experimental profiles.

Cauchy noise removal using high-order total variation and overlapping group sparsity

Image denoising presents a significant challenge in computer vision, aiming to eliminate unwanted noise from images and restore their original quality. Cauchy noise, characterized by its heavy-tailed distribution, poses a unique hurdle among various types of noise. While several denoising models have been proposed, Total Variation (TV)-based methods, such as the Remove Cauchy Noise model, are widely used for their effectiveness. However, these approaches often suffer from issues such as oversmoothing, staircase artifacts, and the introduction of false details. To address these limitations, recent research has explored the combination of high-order TV with Overlapping Group Sparsity (OGS), showing promising results in noise removal. Inspired by this, our article introduces a novel Cauchy denoising model. Our approach leverages OGS and directional higher-order TV to effectively remove Cauchy noise while preserving image details and minimizing aliasing and smoothing artifacts. The Chambolle-Pock algorithm efficiently solves the underlying optimization problem. Through qualitative and quantitative evaluations, including visualization and parameter measurements, we demonstrate the competitiveness of our model compared to existing methods.