Longitudinal Momentum Research Articles

Overview of recent HERMES results

An overview of more recent and important results from the HERMES experiment is presented in this paper. HERMES collected a wealth of data using the 27.6 GeV polarized HERA lepton beam and various polarized and unpolarized gaseous targets. This allows for a series of unique measurements of observables sensitive to the multidimensional structure of the nucleon. Amongst them are the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering measurements of azimuthal modulations sensitive to the leading-twist transverse momentum distributions and the distributions sensitive to convolutions of the twist-2 and twist-3 distribution and fragmentation functions. They all provide information on the three-momentum-dependent quark distributions. Knowledge about the quark distribution as a function of longitudinal momentum and transverse position in impact-parameter space can be accessed, e.g., through exclusive vector–meson leptoproduction. Particularly, the measurement of spin-density-matrix elements on an unpolarized hydrogen target and the measurement of azimuthal modulations on transversely polarized hydrogen target for the ω–meson production are described in this paper. The results of the measurement of ratios of helicity amplitudes for the ρ0 –meson leptoproduction on transversely polarized hydrogen target are also presented.

Gravitational form factors and angular momentum densities in light-front quark-diquark model

We investigate the gravitational form factors (GFFs) and the longitudinal momentum densities ($p^+$ densities) for proton in a light-front quark-diquark model. The light-front wave functions are constructed from the soft-wall AdS/QCD prediction. The contributions from both the scalar and the axial vector diquarks are considered here. The results are compared with the consequences of a parametrization of nucleon generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in the light of recent MRST measurements of parton distribution functions (PDFs) and a soft-wall AdS/QCD model. The spatial distribution of angular momentum for up and down quarks inside the nucleon has been presented. At the density level, we illustrate different definitions of angular momentum explicitly for an up and down quark in the light-front quark-diquark model inspired by AdS/QCD.

Photoelectron longitudinal momentum distributions containing nondipole effects**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11274149) and the Program of Shenyang Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, China (Grant No. F12-254-1-00).

This paper proposes a modified strong field approximation model for evaluating nondipole effects on the ionization of an atom in an intense laser field. The photoelectron longitudinal momentum distributions (PLMD) of a hydrogen-like atom exposed to a mid-infrared laser field is calculated. The theoretical results indicate an obvious asymmetry in the PLMD, and an offset of the PLMD peak appears in the opposite direction of the beam propagation due to nondipole effects. The peak offsets of the PLMD increased with the laser intensity, imposed by the initial state of the hydrogen-like atom.

Mapping the dominant regions of the phase space associated with cc¯ production relevant for the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux

We present a detailed mapping of the dominant kinematical domains contributing to the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux at high neutrino energies by studying its sensitivity to the cuts on several kinematical variables crucial for charm production in cosmic ray scattering in the atmosphere. This includes the maximal center-of-mass energy for proton-proton scattering, the longitudinal momentum fractions of partons in the projectile (cosmic ray) and target (nucleus of the atmosphere), the Feynman $x_F$ variable and the transverse momentum of charm quark/antiquark. We find that the production of neutrinos with energies larger than $E_{\nu} >$ 10$^7$ GeV is particularly sensitive to the center-of-mass energies larger than the ones at the LHC and to the longitudinal momentum fractions in the projectile 10$^{-8}$ $< x <$ 10$^{-5}$. Clearly, these are regions where we do not control the parton, in particular gluon, densities. We also analyse the characteristic theoretical uncertainties in the charm production cross section coming from its QCD modelling. The precision data on the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux can efficiently constrain the mechanism of heavy quark production and underlying QCD dynamics in kinematical ranges beyond the reach of the current collider measurements.

Identification of doubly excited states in nonsequential double ionization of Ar in strong laser fields

We use the semiclassical model to study the intensity dependence of nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) of Ar in short strong laser pulses. The contributions to NSDI through sequential ionization of doubly excited states (SIDE) are identified by tracking the energy trajectories of the two outgoing electrons. The correlated electron momentum distributions are calculated from which the longitudinal momentum distributions of the fast and the slow electrons for the side-by-side and the back-to-back emissions are obtained. The simulated momentum distributions of the fast and the slow electrons for NSDI of Ar by linearly polarized fields with a wavelength of 795 nm at an intensity of 7 × 1013 W cm−2 are in good agreement with the experimental measurements of Liu et al (2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 013003). We demonstrate that the process of double ionization through SIDE dominates NSDI only when the laser intensities are below the recollision threshold; nevertheless, for higher intensities the SIDE process still takes place although the contribution to the NSDI yields decreases rapidly as the intensity increases. It has been found that for SIDE at different intensities, both the correlated electron momentum spectra and the momentum distributions of the fast and the slow electrons remain the same.

Edge states on the curved boundary of a 2D topological insulator

The adiabatic Hamiltonian for the edge states on the curved boundary of a 2D topological insulator (TI) is deduced from the Volkov-Pankratov Hamiltonian of 2D TI. The self-energy obeys linear dependence on the edge momentum. It is shown that in the case of a close edge the longitudinal momentum is quantized by , where L is the edge length, n is integer. The results are supported by the exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for the TI disk inserted into an ordinary 2D insulator.

Effect of electron beam cooling on transversal and longitudinal emittance of an external proton beam

Benefits of electron cooling to the quality of extracted ion beams from storage rings are discussed. The transversal emittances of an external proton beam with and without electron cooling at injection energy are measured with the GEM detector assembly. While the horizontal emittance remains the vertical emittance shrinks by the cooling process. The longitudinal momentum variance is also reduced by cooling.

High-capacity quantum secure direct communication with two-photon six-qubit hyperentangled states

This study proposes the first high-capacity quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with two-photon six-qubit hyper-entangled Bell states in two longitudinal momentum and polarization degrees of freedom (DOFs) of photon pairs, which can be generated using two 0.5 mm-thick type-I β barium borate crystal slabs aligned one behind the other and an eight-hole screen. The secret message can be independently encoded on the photon pairs with 64 unitary operations in all three DOFs. This protocol has a higher capacity than previous QSDC protocols because each photon pair can carry 6 bits of information, not just 2 or 4 bits. Our QSDC protocol decreases the influence of decoherence from environment noise by exploiting the decoy photons to check the security of the transmission of the first photon sequence. Compared with two-way QSDC protocols, our QSDC protocol is immune to an attack by an eavesdropper using Trojan horse attack strategies because it is a one-way quantum communication. The QSDC protocol has good applications in the future quantum communication because of all these features.

Nonlinear Investigation of Beam-wave Interaction in E Band Folded Waveguide TWT

A E-band folded waveguide traveling-wave tube (FWTWT) is modelled, and the nonlinear interaction between the electron beam and electromagnetic field is investigated by utilizing a 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code, MAGIC3D. The process of the interaction for millimeter wave TWT are presented, including the longitudinal momentum of the electron, the averaged radiation power, and the influence of input power on output power. The radiation power and gain of the FWTWT at 85GHz are 88.5W and 27.5dB.The output power of the FWTWT changes only 1 dB across the 6-GHz bandwidth ranging from 82GHz to 88GHz, which is attractive for many applications, e.g. 5G communication networks , satellite communication, electronic counter measures.

Inelastic ponderomotive scattering of electrons at a high-intensity optical travelling wave in vacuum

In the early days of quantum mechanics Kapitza and Dirac predicted that matter waves would scatter off the optical intensity grating formed by two counter-propagating light waves [1]. This interaction, driven by the ponderomotive potential of the optical standing wave, was both studied theoretically and demonstrated experimentally for atoms [2] and electrons [3-5]. In the original version of the experiment [1,5], only the transverse momentum of particles was varied, but their energy and longitudinal momentum remained unchanged after the interaction. Here, we report on the generalization of the Kapitza-Dirac effect. We demonstrate that the energy of sub-relativistic electrons is strongly modulated on the few-femtosecond time scale via the interaction with a travelling wave created in vacuum by two colliding laser pulses at different frequencies. This effect extends the possibilities of temporal control of freely propagating particles with coherent light and can serve the attosecond ballistic bunching of electrons [6], or for the acceleration of neutral atoms or molecules by light.

Nonperturbative partonic quasidistributions of the pion from chiral quark models

We evaluate nonperturbatively the quark quasidistribution amplitude and the valence quark quasidistribution function of the pion in the framework of chiral quark models, namely the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model and the Spectral Quark Model. We arrive at simple analytic expressions, where the nonperturbative dependence on the longitudinal momentum of the pion can be explicitly assessed. The model results for the quark quasidistribution amplitude of the pion compare favorably to the data obtained from the Euclidean lattice simulations. The quark distribution amplitude, arising in the limit of infinite longitudinal momentum of the pion, agrees, after suitable QCD evolution, to the recent data extracted from Euclidean lattices, as well as to the old data from transverse lattice simulations.

Studies of the diffractive photoproduction of isolated photons at HERA

The photoproduction of isolated photons has been measured in diffractive events recorded by the ZEUS detector at HERA. Cross sections are evaluated in the photon transverse-energy and pseudorapidity ranges 5 < Eγ T < 15 GeV and −0.7 < ηγ < 0.9, inclusively, and also with a jet with transverse energy and pseudorapidity in the ranges 4 < Ejet T < 35 GeV and −1.5 < ηjet < 1.8, using a total integrated electronproton luminosity of 456 pb−1. A number of kinematic variables were studied and compared to predictions from the RAPGAP Monte Carlo model. An excess of data is observed above the RAPGAP predictions for zmeas P > 0.9, where zmeas P is the fraction of the longitudinal momentum of the colorless “Pomeron” exchange that is transferred to the photon-jet final state, giving evidence for direct Pomeron interactions.

Analysis of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering data at Jefferson Lab and proton tomography

The CLAS and Hall A collaborations at Jefferson Laboratory have recently released new results for the ep->ep{\gamma} reaction. We analyze these new data within the Generalized Parton Distribution formalism. Employing a fitter algorithm introduced and used in earlier works, we are able to extract from these data new constraints on the kinematical dependence of three Compton Form Factors. Based on experimental data, we subsequently extract the dependence of the proton charge radius on the quarks longitudinal momentum fraction.

New methodology for computing tsunami generation by subaerial landslides: Application to the 2015 Tyndall Glacier landslide, Alaska

AbstractLandslide‐generated tsunamis pose significant hazards and involve complex, multiphase physics that are challenging to model. We present a new methodology in which our depth‐averaged two‐phase model D‐Claw is used to seamlessly simulate all stages of landslide dynamics as well as tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation. Because the model describes the evolution of solid and fluid volume fractions, it treats both landslides and tsunamis as special cases of a more general class of phenomena. Therefore, the landslide and tsunami can be efficiently simulated as a single‐layer continuum with evolving solid‐grain concentrations, and with wave generation via direct longitudinal momentum transfer—a dominant physical mechanism that has not been previously addressed in this manner. To test our methodology, we used D‐Claw to model a large subaerial landslide and resulting tsunami that occurred on 17 October 2015, in Taan Fjord near the terminus of Tyndall Glacier, Alaska. Modeled shoreline inundation patterns compare well with those observed in satellite imagery.

A study on the longitudinal momentum modulation of low energy heavy ion beam bunches with time-resolved beam profile measurement

The longitudinal momentum modulation can be studied with time-resolved beam profiles measured at a region where an appropriate value of the dispersion function exists. In this paper, momentum modulation of two different beam lengths and their mechanisms are discussed. The modulation for a four-millisecond beam comes from beam loading effects at the extraction region of an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) and the post-acceleration column after the ECRIS. In the case of a four-microsecond beam bunch, it comes from the transitional chopping process of the Einzel Lens Chopper. These results obtained confirmed the usefulness and effectiveness of the time-resolved profile measurement in studying the longitudinal momentum modulation.

Experimental Evidence for Quantum Tunneling Time.

The first hundred attoseconds of the electron dynamics during strong field tunneling ionization are investigated. We quantify theoretically how the electron's classical trajectories in the continuum emerge from the tunneling process and test the results with those achieved in parallel from attoclock measurements. An especially high sensitivity on the tunneling barrier is accomplished here by comparing the momentum distributions of two atomic species of slightly deviating atomic potentials (argon and krypton) being ionized under absolutely identical conditions with near-infrared laser pulses (1300nm). The agreement between experiment and theory provides clear evidence for a nonzero tunneling time delay and a nonvanishing longitudinal momentum of the electron at the "tunnel exit."

Peculiarities of Pair Creation by a Peak Electric Field

Exact, numerical, and asymptotic calculations concerning the vacuum instability by the so-called peak electric field are explored in detail. Peculiarities discussed in this article are complementary to those published recently by us in Eur. Phys. J. C, 76, p. 447 (2016), in which the effect was studied in the framework of QED with t -electric potential steps. To discuss features beyond the asymptotic regime, we present numerical details of exact and asymptotic expressions inherent to the peak field and discuss differential and total quantities. The results show wider distributions, with respect to the longitudinal momentum, as the phases k1 and k2 of the electric field decrease and larger distributions as the amplitude E increases. Moreover, the total density of pairs created decreases as k1 and k2 increase, its dependence being proportional to $$ {k}_1^{-1} $$ and $$ {k}_2^{-1} $$ . The latter result is more accurate as k1 and k2 decrease and confirms, in particular, our asymptotic estimates obtained previously.

LHC production of forward-center and forward-forward di-jets in the kt-factorization and transverse dependent unintegrated parton distribution frameworks

The present work is devoted to study the high-energy QCD events, such as the di-jet productions from proton–proton inelastic collisions at the LHC in the forward-center and the forward-forward configurations. This provides us with much valuable case study, since such phenomena can provide a direct glimpse into the partonic behavior of a hadron in a dominant gluonic region. We use the unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDF) in the kt-factorization framework. The UPDF of Kimber et al. (KMR) and Martin et al. (MRW) are generated in the leading order (LO) and next-to-leading order (NLO), using the Harland-Lang et al. (MMHT2014) PDF libraries. While working in the forward-center and the forward-forward rapidity sectors, one can probe the parton densities at very low longitudinal momentum fractions (x). Such a model computation can provide simpler analytic description of data with respect to existing formalisms such as perturbative QCD. The differential cross-section calculations are performed at the center of mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to CMS collaboration measurement. It is shown that the gluonic jet productions are dominant and a good description of data as well as other theoretical attempts (i.e. KS-linear, KS-nonlinear and rcBK) is obtained. The uncertainty of the calculations is derived by manipulating the hard scale of the processes by a factor of two. This conclusion is achieved, due to the particular visualization of the angular ordering constraint (AOC), that is incorporated in the definition of these UPDF.

Study of Generalized Parton Distributions at Jefferson Lab

The quark-gluon dynamics manifests itself in a set of non-perturbative functions describing all possible spin-spin and spin-orbit correlations. The Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) carry information not only on the longitudinal momentum but also on the transverse position of partons, providing rich and direct information on the orbital motion of quarks. The hard exclusive production of photons and pions provide a variety of spin and azimuthal angle dependent observables, sensitive to the dynamics of quark-gluon interactions. The study of the GPDs is one of the main goals of Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade. In this talk, we present an overview of the current status and some future measurements of hard exclusive processes and extraction of underlying GPDs at Jefferson Lab.

Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and pp collisions at sqrt{{s_mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The distributions of transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum fraction of charged particles in jets are measured in Pb+Pb and pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The distributions are measured as a function of jet transverse momentum and rapidity. The analysis utilises an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb^{-1} of Pb+Pb data and 4.0 pb^{-1} of pp data collected in 2011 and 2013, respectively, at the same centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per colliding nucleon pair. The distributions measured in pp collisions are used as a reference for those measured in Pb+Pb collisions in order to evaluate the impact on the internal structure of jets from the jet energy loss of fast partons propagating through the hot, dense medium created in heavy-ion collisions. Modest but significant centrality-dependent modifications of fragmentation functions in Pb+Pb collisions with respect to those in pp collisions are seen. No significant dependence of modifications on jet p_mathrm{T} and rapidity selections is observed except for the fragments with the highest transverse momenta for which some reduction of yields is observed for more forward jets.