Longitudinal Description Research Articles

Akrivia Health Database—deep patient characterisation using a secondary mental healthcare dataset in England and Wales: cohort profile

PurposeThe Akrivia Health cohort was created to extract data from electronic health records in secondary mental health and dementia care services in England and Wales. The data are anonymised, structured...

Characterizing the urobiome in geriatric males with chronic indwelling urinary catheters: an exploratory longitudinal study.

The impact of chronic indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) on the composition and stability of the urinary microbiota remains unknown. The primary aim of this study was to describe the urinary microbiomes of geriatric males with chronic IUCs. A secondary aim was to explore clinical catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) courses of the participants. Geriatric male patients with chronic IUCs were followed longitudinally. Catheterized urine, catheter tips, and both urethral and periurethral swabs were collected from participants at monthly intervals. Microbes were isolated and identified from each specimen using an enhanced culture method called expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC) and targeted 16S rRNA gene DNA sequencing. Microbial outcomes were examined both in the absence of urinary symptoms and in the context of clinical diagnosis of CAUTI. Ten male participants (mean age 86 years) were enrolled. Urinary microbiomes differed for each participant. However, within each individual, microbiomes were similar over time and across niches (bladder, catheter, urethra, and periurethra). Within-niche microbiomes differed across individuals, and this was observed over time. The most abundant bacteria isolated from all niches were known uropathogens. Six of 10 individuals met diagnostic criteria for CAUTI at least once during the 12-month observation period, but no evidence of this or antibiotic treatment/response was discernable in our monthly samples. The microbiomes of each participant were unique and remained similar over time and across niches. Longitudinal EQUC or 16S rRNA gene sequencing data could be useful to clinicians when diagnosing or treating possible CAUTI.IMPORTANCECatheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are serious but preventable nosocomial infections. The most common risk factor for developing CAUTI is prolonged use of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs). This study provides the first longitudinal description of the urinary microbiomes of geriatric males with chronic IUCs, in the absence of urinary signs and symptoms, as a first step toward enhancing our knowledge of the impact of chronic IUCs on the composition and stability of the urinary microbiota. This is an understudied area, particularly for males.

Longitudinal description and prediction of physical inactivity among patients with borderline personality disorder and personality-disordered comparison subjects

BackgroundThe physical and psychological benefits of physical activity are well-known, and physical activity has been proven to be a helpful adjunct to psychotherapeutic treatment for many symptomatic disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. The current study explores physical inactivity levels in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first aim of this study is to describe the 12-year course of physical inactivity in patients with BPD. The second aim is to examine predictors of physical inactivity, including adversity experiences, comorbid symptomatic (formerly axis I) disorders, medical disorders, and demographic factors.MethodsTwo hundred and forty-five patients with BPD were interviewed seven times over 12-years of prospective follow-up as part of the McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD). Patients were categorized as ever-recovered (i.e., patient had experienced a symptomatic and psychosocial recovery from BPD) or never-recovered. At each follow-up, patients reported physical activity levels (minutes of exercise per week) via a semi-structured interview— the Medical History and Services Utilization Interview (MHSUI). Data was collected from June 1992 to December 2018.ResultsNever-recovered patients with BPD were significantly more inactive than their ever-recovered counterparts (p < 0.001). These rates of inactivity remained stable over time for both groups. Two significant multivariate predictors of inactivity were found: obesity (p = 0.003) and PTSD (p < 0.001).ConclusionsNon-recovered BPD patients are more likely to be inactive than patients who have recovered. Both clinical and medical factors appear to contribute to inactivity levels in patients with BPD.

Full Transfer and Segmental Emergence in the L2 Acquisition of Phonology: A Case Study

In this paper, we discuss a child Kazakh speaker’s acquisition of English as her second language. In particular, we focus on this child’s development of the English segments |f, v, θ, ð, ɹ, ʃ, ʧ|, which are not part of the Kazakh phonological inventory of consonants. We begin with a longitudinal description of the patterns that the child displayed through her acquisition of each of these segments. The data reveal patterns that range from extremely rapid to rather slow and progressive acquisition. The data also reveal patterns that were unexpected at first, for example, the slow development of |ʧ| in syllable onsets, an affricate that occurs as a contextual allophone in syllable onsets in Kazakh. We analyze these patterns through the Phonological Interference hypothesis, which was recently extended into the Feature Redistribution and Recombination hypothesis. These models predict the transfer into the L2 of all of the relevant phonological features present within the learner’s first language and their recombination to represent segments present in the L2. We also discuss contexts where feature-based approaches to L2 acquisition fail to capture the full range of observations. In all such contexts, we show that the facts are modulated by phonetic characteristics of the speech sounds present in either the child’s L1 or her L2.

Transformations towards an integrated leadership development system—A longitudinal study in a high-performing public organization

Leadership development (LD) plays a significant role in achieving high-quality performance and business results, but there is little research on how leadership development itself evolves as the organization develops. This study explores how a leadership development system evolved over 30 years, during a time when the organization became increasingly high performing. Through reflexive thematic analysis of organizational documents and interviews with top managers and practitioners, the study provides a rich longitudinal description of the evolvement. The results revealed three pervasive changes of the leadership development system: 1) from a system for business-specific learning to one for system-wide learning; 2) from a system for personal development to one for customer-oriented quality development; and 3) from a leadership development system consisting of leadership development programs to one that is integrated into regular meetings and uses simple rules. These changes supported the gradual transformation of the leadership development from being independent to becoming integrated in the wider system, supporting the business system. The findings offer a unique insight into how an organization transitioned from individual leader development towards promoting collective aspects of leadership development. The study provides two main theoretical contributions that support the perspective of viewing leadership development as integrated within organizational development. Firstly, we present a more multifaceted way of understanding leadership development, wherein managers and employees, customer outcomes, and business advancement are seen as mutually developing. Secondly, we introduce two new critical points that complement previous descriptions of an advanced leadership development system: It is system wide (not only business specific) and customer oriented (not only leader/participant oriented).

Symptomatic progression of frontotemporal dementia with the TARDBP I383V variant

ABSTRACT We present a longitudinal description of a man with the TARDBP I383V variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). His progressive changes in behavior and language resulted in a diagnosis of the right temporal variant of FTD, also called the semantic behavioral variant (sbvFTD). We also present data from a small series of patients with the TARDBP I383V variant who were enrolled in a nationwide FTD research collaboration (ALLFTD). These data support slowly progressive loss of semantic function. While semantic dementia is infrequently considered genetic, the TARDBP I383V variant seems to be an exception. Longitudinal analyses in larger samples are warranted.

Identification of distinct physical activity profiles through adolescence: a longitudinal qualitative description study.

We aimed to better understand longitudinal physical activity experiences among initially active adolescents and to identify and describe distinct physical activity profiles. A sample of 23 physically active participants [52% female; mean age = 12.2 (0.6) years at study inception] were selected from the MATCH study to take part in this nested qualitative descriptive study. Participants were interviewed once a year for six years. Following individual-level analyses, profiles were identified based on similarity of longitudinal experiences. Four profiles captured participants' experiences: Independents (those who progressively seek activities that cater to their pursuit of autonomy); Multitaskers (those who participate in many different sports as an integral part of their lifestyle); Specialists (those who are dedicated to becoming the best they can be at one sport); Undecided (those who take part in physical activity to occupy time). The exploration of longitudinal physical activity experiences led to the identification of distinct profiles that could be targets for tailored interventions, theory development, and participation models.

Longitudinal Description and Prediction of Smoking Among Borderline Patients: An 18-Year Follow-Up Study.

Longitudinal Description and Prediction of Smoking Among Borderline Patients: An 18-Year Follow-Up Study.

MAGIC (maternal glucose in pregnancy) understanding the glycemic profile of pregnancy, intensive CGM glucose profiling and its relationship to fetal growth: an observational study protocol

BackgroundContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides the most objective method of assessing glucose in daily life. Although there have been small, short-term physiologic studies of glucose metabolism in ‘healthy’ pregnant women a comprehensive, longitudinal description of changes in glucose over the course of pregnancy and how glucose dysregulation earlier in pregnancy relates to traditional third trimester screening for gestational diabetes, fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes is lacking. This study aims to characterise longitudinal changes in glycemia across gestation using CGM, in order to understand the evolution of dysglycemia and its relationship to fetal growth.Method/designA multi-centre, prospective, observational, cohort study of 500 healthy pregnant women, recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy. Masked CGM will be performed for a 14-day period on five occasions across pregnancy at ~ 10–12, 18–20, 26–28, 34–36 weeks gestation and postnatally. Routinely collected anthropometric and sociodemographic information will be recorded at each visit including: weight, height, blood pressure, current medication. Age, parity, ethnicity, smoking will be recorded. Blood samples will be taken at each visit for HbA1c and a sample stored. Details on fetal growth from ultrasound scans and the OGTT results will be recorded. Maternal and neonatal outcomes will be collected. CGM glucose profiling is the exposure of interest, and will be performed using standard summary statistics, functional data analysis and glucotyping. The primary maternal outcome is clinical diagnosis of GDM. The primary neonatal outcome is large for gestational age (LGA) (> 90th centile defined by customised birthweight centile). The relationship of glucose to key secondary maternal and neonatal outcomes will be explored.DiscussionThis study will ascertain the relationship of maternal dysglycemia to fetal growth and outcomes. It will explore whether CGM glucose profiling can detect GDM before the OGTT; or indeed whether CGM glucose profiling may be more useful than the OGTT at detecting LGA and other perinatal outcomes.Trial registrationISRCTN 15,706,303 https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN15706303 Registration date: 13th March 2023.

Use of Antimicrobials by Class in Pigs in Germany-A Longitudinal Description Considering Different International Categorisation Systems.

Antimicrobial usage in both human and veterinary medicine is considered one of the main drivers of antimicrobial resistance; its reduction poses a serious challenge. To analyse the associations between usage and resistance, data from monitoring systems and classification of all antimicrobial substances are crucial. In this analysis, we investigated longitudinal data collected between 2013 and 2020 within the Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics project from pig farms in Germany, including all antimicrobial classes, but focusing on critically important antimicrobials: third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and polymyxins. Analysing the treatment frequency, we found that a reduction in antimicrobial use in all types of pig production has occurred over time, accompanied by a rising percentage of farms without any usage. The lists of the World Health Organisation, World Organisation for Animal Health, and European Medicine Agency classify different antimicrobial substances as critically important. The vast differences between the respective weighted treatment frequencies allocated to the antimicrobials of main interest reflect the huge impact of the three categorisation systems. We concluded that, with the aim of creating national treatment guidelines supporting veterinarians to make treatment decisions, the list of the European Medicine Agency is the most suitable.

Plasma proteomics reveals early, broad release of chemokine, cytokine, TNF, and interferon mediators following trauma with delayed increases in a subset of chemokines and cytokines in patients that remain critically ill.

Severe injury is known to cause a systemic cytokine storm that is associated with adverse outcomes. However, a comprehensive assessment of the time-dependent changes in circulating levels of a broad spectrum of protein immune mediators and soluble immune mediator receptors in severely injured trauma patients remains uncharacterized. To address this knowledge gap, we defined the temporal and outcome-based patterns of 184 known immune mediators and soluble cytokine receptors in the circulation of severely injured patients. Proteomics (aptamer-based assay, SomaLogic, Inc) was performed on plasma samples drawn at 0, 24, and 72 hours (h) from time of admission from 150 trauma patients, a representative subset from the Prehospital Plasma during Air Medical Transport in Trauma Patients at Risk for Hemorrhagic Shock (PAMPer) trial. Patients were categorized into outcome groups including Early Non-Survivors (died within 72h; ENS; n=38), Non-Resolvers (died after 72h or required ≥7 days of intensive care; NR; n=78), and Resolvers (survivors that required < 7 days of intensive care; R; n=34), with low Injury Severity Score (ISS) patients from the Tranexamic Acid During Prehospital Transport in Patients at Risk for Hemorrhage After Injury (STAAMP) trial as controls. The major findings include an extensive release of immune mediators and cytokine receptors at time 0h that is more pronounced in ENS and NR patients. There was a selective subset of mediators elevated at 24 and 72h to a greater degree in NR patients, including multiple cytokines and chemokines not previously described in trauma patients. These findings were validated in a quantitative fashion using mesoscale discovery immunoassays (MSD) from an external validation cohort (VC) of samples from 58 trauma patients matched for R and NR status. This comprehensive longitudinal description of immune mediator patterns associated with trauma outcomes provides a new level of characterization of the immune response that follows severe injury.

A longitudinal study of L2 historical writing

Unlike most research performed to date on writing proficiency in formal settings—which is cross-sectional and unrelated to disciplinary content—the aim of this paper is to offer a longitudinal description of the lexical richness in the L2 historical writing of CLIL bilingual secondary school students over a three-year period. The automated tool Coh-Metrix 3.0 was used to analyse the evolution of the lexical diversity, density and sophistication of a learner corpus made up of 75 history essays composed by the same 15 students as part of their L2 (English-taught) history lessons. The results show an increase in the number of lexical items employed by the students and in the abstractness and associability of these items. This indicates that students improved their lexical richness, while developing their writing proficiency and history literacy skills.

A portrait of academic literacy in mid-adolescence: a computational longitudinal account of cognitive academic language proficiency during secondary school

This study describes academic literacy development during mid-adolescence, when learners need to adjust to the demands of academic discourse as a gateway to linguistic adulthood. Unlike most research to date, which is cross-sectional and detached from disciplinary content, this study provides a two-year longitudinal description of academic language in the form of history essays. During the two-year study, a group of 20 students (whose first language was Spanish) produced a corpus of history essays in relation to topics covered in the official curriculum. These essays were processed with MultiAzterTest, a state-of-the-art computational tool that produces linguistic and discursive representations of texts. A statistical analysis of the metrics shows a significant evolution of key measures, which may contribute to charting academic language literacy. More precisely, the results point to a statistically significant evolution of the length of language units (i.e. the amount of words, sentences and paragraphs), in syntactic complexity (i.e. the proportion of nouns and the complexity of noun phrases), in lexical richness (i.e. the frequency and precision of lexis) and in cohesion metrics (i.e. the overall use of connectives), hence exploring the boundaries between basic child speech and adult discourse.

Algorithmic Agents in the Hybrid Media System: Social Bots, Selective Amplification, and Partisan News about COVID-19

Abstract Social bots, or algorithmic agents that amplify certain viewpoints and interact with selected actors on social media, may influence online discussion, news attention, or even public opinion through coordinated action. Previous research has documented the presence of bot activities and developed detection algorithms. Yet, how social bots influence attention dynamics of the hybrid media system remains understudied. Leveraging a large collection of both tweets (N = 1,657,551) and news stories (N = 50,356) about the early COVID-19 pandemic, we employed bot detection techniques, structural topic modeling, and time series analysis to characterize the temporal associations between the topics Twitter bots tend to amplify and subsequent news coverage across the partisan spectrum. We found that bots represented 8.98% of total accounts, selectively promoted certain topics and predicted coverage aligned with partisan narratives. Our macro-level longitudinal description highlights the role of bots as algorithmic communicators and invites future research to explain micro-level causal mechanisms.

Experiences of At-Risk Women in Accessing Breastfeeding Social Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Background:With strict public health measures implemented in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many breastfeeding parents, who are within an at-risk population, have experienced limited formal and/or informal breastfeeding social support. In the Canadian context, the experiences of these women is unknown.Research Aim:To explore the experiences of at-risk postpartum breastfeeding women in accessing formal and informal breastfeeding social support during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods:This was a prospective, longitudinal interpretive description study using mixed methods. Data were gathered using an online survey and one 52–112-min semi-structured interview at 12-weeks postpartum. At-risk breastfeeding participants were those who lack social support and had at least one of the following: age < 25 years; experiencing or had experienced intimate partner violence; or of low income. We sought participants’ experiences of accessing breastfeeding social support during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic/lockdown. Seven participants completed the survey and the interview.Results:Participants identified that the COVID-19 pandemic created barriers to accessing formal and informal breastfeeding social support, which stemmed from public health restrictions and difficulties communicating online with families and healthcare providers. Additionally, participants identified that the COVID-19 pandemic/lockdowns facilitated feelings of connectedness, protection, and resiliency.Conclusion:We provide preliminary insight into the experiences of trying to access breastfeeding social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future researchers should seek to prioritize improved communication and resources in supporting breastfeeding during COVID-19 and future pandemics/lockdowns.

The GenoDiabMar Registry: A Collaborative Research Platform of Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

The GenoDiabMar registry is a prospective study that aims to provide data on demographic, biochemical, and clinical changes in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients attending real medical outpatient consultations. This registry is also used to find new biomarkers related to the micro- and macrovascular complications of T2D, with a particular focus on diabetic nephropathy. With this purpose, longitudinal serum and urine samples, DNA banking, and data on 227 metabolomics profiles, 77 immunoglobulin G glycomics traits, and other emerging biomarkers were recorded in this cohort. In this study, we show a detailed longitudinal description of the clinical and analytical parameters of this registry, with a special focus on the progress of renal function and cardiovascular events. The main objective is to analyze whether there are differential risk factors for renal function deterioration between sexes, as well as to analyze cardiovascular events and mortality in this population. In total, 650 patients with a median age of 69 (14) with different grades of chronic kidney disease—G1–G2 (eGFR > 90–60 mL/min/1.73 m2) 50.3%, G3 (eGFR; 59–30 mL/min/1.73 m2) 31.4%, G4 (eGFR; 29–15 mL/min/1.73 m2) 10.8%, and G5 (eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) 7.5%—were followed up for 4.7 (0.65) years. Regardless of albuminuria, women lost 0.93 (0.40–1.46) fewer glomerular filtration units per year than men. A total of 17% of the participants experienced rapid deterioration of renal function, 75.2% of whom were men, with differential risk factors between sexes—severe macroalbuminuria > 300 mg/g for men OR [IQ] 2.40 [1.29:4.44] and concomitant peripheral vascular disease 3.32 [1.10:9.57] for women. Overall mortality of 23% was detected (38% of which was due to cardiovascular etiology). We showed that kidney function declined faster in men, with different risk factors compared to women. Patients with T2D and kidney involvement have very high mortality and an important cardiovascular burden. This cohort is proposed as a great tool for scientific collaboration for studies, whether they are focused on T2D, or whether they are interested in comparing differential markers between diabetic and non-diabetic populations.

Result of retrograde semirigid ureteroscopy with holmium laser in the renal pelvis stone's management

Objective: To evaluate the treatment of renal pelvis stone by retrograde ureteroscopy using holmium laser at 103 Military Hospital. Subject and method: A prospective longitudinal clinical description was performed from April 2018 to April 2020 on 57 patients (33 male and 24 female patients). Result: The success rate was 100%, the rate of fragments migrated into the renal calices was 10.5%, conversion rate to open surgery was 0%, stone free rate was 93%, intra-operative complication rate was 0%, post-operative complication rate was 1.8%. Conclusion: Endoscopic retrograde using holmium laser is a safe and effective treatment method for renal pelvis stone.

Expansion of a national differentiated service delivery model to support people living with HIV and other chronic conditions in South Africa: a descriptive analysis

BackgroundSouth Africa is home to 7.7 million people living with HIV and supports the largest antiretroviral therapy (ART) program worldwide. Despite global investment in HIV service delivery and the parallel challenge of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), there are few examples of integrated programs addressing both HIV and NCDs through differentiated service delivery. In 2014, the National Department of Health (NDoH) of South Africa launched the Central Chronic Medicines Dispensing and Distribution (CCMDD) program to provide patients who have chronic diseases, including HIV, with alternative access to medications via community-based pick-up points. This study describes the expansion of CCMDD toward national scale.MethodsYale monitors CCMDD expansion as part of its mixed methods evaluation of Project Last Mile, a national technical support partner for CCMDD since 2016. From March 2016 through October 2019, cumulative weekly data on CCMDD uptake [patients enrolled, facilities registered, pick-up points contracted], type of medication provided [ART only; NCD only; and ART-NCD] and collection sites preferred by patients [external pick-up points; adherence/outreach clubs; or facility-based fast lanes], were extracted for descriptive, longitudinal analysis.ResultsAs of October 2019, 3,436 health facilities were registered with CCMDD across 46 health districts (88 % of South Africa’s districts), and 2,037 external pick-up points had been contracted by the NDoH. A total of 2,069,039 patients were actively serviced through CCMDD, a significant increase since 2018 (p < 0.001), including 76 % collecting ART [64 % ART only, 12 % ART plus NCD/comorbidities] and 479,120 [24 %] collecting medications for chronic diseases only. Further, 734,005 (35 %) of patients were collecting from contracted, external pick-up points, a 73 % increase in patient volume from 2018.DiscussionThis longitudinal description of CCMDD provides an example of growth of a national differentiated service delivery model that integrates management of HIV and noncommunicable diseases. This study demonstrates the success of the program in engaging patients irrespective of their chronic condition, which bodes well for the potential of the program to address the rising burden of both HIV and NCDs in South Africa.ConclusionsThe CCMDD program expansion signals the potential for a differentiated service delivery strategy in resource-limited settings that can be agnostic of the patients chronic disease condition.

تجليات مصر وتشکلاتها في رحلة ابن جبير(ت614هـ)

تجليات مصر وتشکلاتها في رحلة ابن جبير(ت614هـ) محمد رمضان عبد الوهاب عبد الوهاب قسم الأدب الأندلسي ، قسم اللغة العربية، کلية الآداب، جامعة المنيا، مصر. البريد الإلکتروني: mohmed.abdelwhab@mu.edu.eg الملخص: يحاول هذا البحث دراسة (تجليات مصر وتشکلاتها في رحلة ابن جبير ت614هـ) من خلال الوقوف على ملامح الحياة في مصر وما بها من إشارات جغرافية وسياسية واجتماعية ودينية واقتصادية وحضارية وفق مشاهدات الکاتب_ ابن جبير_ في رحلته الدينية وبالصورة الطولية التي انطلقت من مدينة غرناطة، وصولا إلى مدينة الإسکندرية، ومنها إلى المدن المصرية حتى الوصول إلى مدينة عيذاب، ثم التبحر منها إلى أراضي الحجاز؛ لأداء فريضة الحج من ناحية، ثم معرفة تجليات مصر بمدنها المختلفة وحضورها في متن الرحلة الحکائي، فضلا عن التشکلات الفنية والسردية داخل خطاب الرحلة من ناحية أخيرة؛ مما يتسنى لنا تکوين صورة کلية للمجتمع المصري في العصور الوسطى. وتزاوج الدراسة بين المنهج السردي والمنهج الفني ولکل موضعه داخلها. فتتوقف مع الرحلة کحکاية بما تضمنه من أحداث ومشاهدات، والرحلة کخطاب له آلياته السردية وخاصة المکان المتمثل في مصر، فضلا عن التشکلات الفنية المتعددة لها. وتتوقف الدراسة مع تجليات مصر وتشکلاتها في رحلة ابن جبير من خلال ثلاثة مباحث أساسية؛ أولها: وصف مصر في رحلة ابن جبير، وثانيها: تجليات مصر في رحلة ابن جبير، وأخرها: تشکلات مصر في رحلة ابن جبير. الکلمات المفتاحية : التجليات، التشکلات، الرحلة، الوصف. The presence and formations of Egypt on the trip of Ibn Jubair (d.614 AH) Mohamed Ramadan Abdel-Wahab Abdel-Wahab Lecturer of Andalusian Literature, Department of Arabic Language, Faculty of Arts, Minia University, Egypt. Email: mohmed.abdelwhab@mu.edu.eg Abstract: This research attempts to study (the presence and formations of Egypt in the journey of Ibn Jubair d.614 AH) by studying the features of life in Egypt and their geographical, political, social, religious, economic and cultural connotations according to the author’s notes. Ibn Jubayr _ in his religious journey and the longitudinal description that started from the city of Granada,to reach the city of Alexandria, and from there to the Egyptian cities until reaching the city of Azab, then sail from there to the country of the Hijaz to perform the Hajj on one side, and then know the manifestations of Egypt through its multiple cities and its presence in the storytelling journey, as well as the use of artistic and narrative tools as part of the discourse trip, finally This enables us to form a comprehensive picture of Egyptian society in the Middle Ages. The study deals with the presence of Egypt and its formations in Ibn Jubayr's journey through three basic topics: The first is: The description of Egypt in Ibn Jubair’s journey, the second is: the presence of Egypt in Ibn Jubayr’s journey, and the last is: The formations of Egypt in the journey of Ibn Jubayr. Keywords: represented in presence, formation, journey, and description.

Prevalence of radiologically isolated syndrome in a pediatric population-based cohort: A longitudinal description of a rare diagnosis

Background: Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is typified by multiple sclerosis (MS)-like lesions on imaging, without clinical MS symptoms. The prevalence of pediatric RIS is largely unknown. Objective: The objective of the study is to provide an estimated RIS prevalence in a population-based cohort of children. Methods: We used data from the Generation R study to identify the childhood RIS prevalence. Results: In 5238 participants, only one RIS case was identified (prevalence: 0.02%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.00–0.11). During a 62-month follow-up, imaging examinations showed accrual of new focal demyelinating lesions; however, no clinical MS symptoms occurred. Conclusions: This study shows that the occurrence of RIS in children from the general population is rare.