Longitudinal Changes In Prevalence Research Articles

Xerostomia in 75-85-year-olds: A longitudinal population study.

Xerostomia can pose significant problems for many elderly people. To investigate longitudinal changes in prevalence, persistence, progression, remission and incidence of xerostomia from age 75 to 85 years. All 75-year-olds (born 1932) from two Swedish counties, Sweden were mailed a questionnaire in 2007 (N = 5195), and again in 2017 when they were aged 85 (N = 3323). The total response rates at ages 75 and 85 years were 71.9% and 60.8%, respectively. A 'panel', those who participated in both surveys, comprised 1701 individuals (response rate 51.2%). At age 85, there was almost a doubling of self-reported 'yes often' xerostomia compared with age 75 (from 6.2% to 11.3%) and was almost twice as common in women than men (p < .001). When combining 'yes often'/'yes sometimes', xerostomia increased from 33.4% to 49.0%, and was more so among women (p < .001). Xerostomia was commoner at night than daytime, with 23.4% reporting 'yes often' night-time xerostomia at 85 compared with 18.5% at 75, and was also higher in women (p < .001). Progression rates for daytime and night-time xerostomia were 34.2% and 38.1%, for persistence 67.4% and 68.6%, and for remission 24.4% and 16.5%. Average yearly incidence was higher in women than men for both daytime (3.6% vs. 3.2%) and night-time (3.9% vs. 3.7%). Regression analyses predicted protective factors for developing xerostomia reported at age 75 as good general and oral health, absence of medications/intraoral symptom/s, good chewing function and social interaction. Xerostomia increases markedly from age 75 to 85 years.

Longitudinal Changes in Prevalence of Colorectal Cancer in Farm and Non-Farm Residents of Saskatchewan.

To determine predictors associated with longitudinal changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevalence in farm and non-farm rural residents in Saskatchewan, Canada. Data from the Saskatchewan Rural Health Study were collected from 8261 individuals nested within 4624 households at baseline survey in 2010 and 4867 individuals (2797 households) at follow-up survey in 2014. The study sample consists of 5599 individuals (baseline) and 3933 at (follow-up) (more than or equal to 50 years). The prevalence of CRC increased over time among rural farm (baseline: 0.8%; follow-up: 1.3%, P < 0.05) and non-farm (baseline: 1.4%; follow-up: 2.0%, P > 0.05) residents. Longitudinal predictors of CRC prevalence were: quadrant, location of home, mother ever had cancer, age, body mass index (BMI), sex, radiation, natural gas. Longitudinal changes in prevalence of CRC among farm and non-farm residents appear to depend on a complex combination of individual and contextual factors.

Longitudinal changes in frailty prevalence and related factors in older adults living in long-term care facilities.

To investigate longitudinal changes in the prevalence of frailty and related factors in older adults residing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Korea. A longitudinal cohort study design. Three hundred and fifty adults (aged 65 and older) residing in 10 LTCFs between January 2014 and January 2016 in Korea were initially investigated. Among these, 182 participants were included in the final analysis. Fried's Cardiovascular Health Study index was used to assess frailty based on Freiheit and colleagues. Data analysed included descriptive statistics and repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. The prevalence of frailty was 25.8%, 33.5% and 35.2% in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Differences in dependence of activities of daily living, number of chronic diseases, nutritional status and depression were statistically significant among the normal, pre-frail and frail groups at each year. Overall, from 2014-2016, the percentage of older adults decreased from 9.4-6.0% in the normal group and from 64.8%-58.8% in the pre-frail group, while increasing in the frail group from 25.8%-35.2%. The prevalence rate of frailty among older adults living in LTCFs was high and the rate of frail older adults gradually increased over time. Frailty is a comprehensive health condition and a dynamic, changeable state. This longitudinal study showed a high rate of frailty and dynamic change in frailty level over time among residents. Because frailty is dynamic in every older adult over time, management should be tailored according to the individual's state of frailty to prevent functional decline. Development of a comprehensive frailty assessment tool that can easily measure not only physical frailty but also the comprehensive aspects of frailty would be useful for older adults in LTCFs.

Systematic review of longitudinal studies on chemotherapy‐associated subjective cognitive impairment in cancer patients

This systematic review of longitudinal studies, assessing subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) reported by adult cancer patients, aimed to summarize evidence on the impact of chemotherapy on SCI, identify moderators of SCI, and evaluate methodological issues. Data accrued from Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and the Cochrane library. Inclusion criteria were original studies, an exclusively adult sample, valid and reliable subjective cognitive measures, and at least one baseline data point prior to and another after the initiation of chemotherapy. Data were collected on the sample composition, data-collection time points, outcome measures, statistical analysis, and major findings (ie, longitudinal changes in prevalence, severity, and associated factors). Forty articles published between 2004 and 2019 were retained: 21 examined chemotherapy-treated patients only, and 19 employed control groups. Findings were mixed, with slightly more studies supporting the impact of chemotherapy on SCI. SCI tended to be more prevalent and severe after initiating chemotherapy, compared with patients' own baseline and controls not treated with chemotherapy. Impact appeared to be acute and more likely limited to subsamples. Most studies examining non-breast-cancer samples reported the lack or limited impact of chemotherapy on SCI. The most consistent moderators were depression and fatigue. Methodological issues regarding sampling design, measurement, and statistical analysis were discussed. More rigorously designed longitudinal studies would clarify direct and indirect effects of chemotherapy on SCI.

Incidence and Longitudinal Changes in Prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in Farm and Non-Farm Rural Residents of Saskatchewan.

To assess the predictors associated with incidence and longitudinal changes in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis (CB) among farm and non-farm residents of rural Saskatchewan, Canada. The Saskatchewan Rural Health Study was a prospective study of the lung health of rural dwellers. We obtained information on 4624 households, 8261 individuals (2797 households, 4867 individuals) at baseline (follow-up). Incidence of CB was 4.3% over 4 years. The prevalence was 6.4% and 5.3% (baseline) and 12.1% and 9.2% (follow-up) in non-farm and farm residents, respectively. The prevalence of CB was associated with current smokers; father ever had lung trouble; obesity; mother smoked during pregnancy; allergic reaction to cats and to pollen; household income inadequacy and age. Prevalence and incidence of CB in rural people appear to be a complex mix of personal and contextual factors.

Overweight, stunting, and concurrent overweight and stunting observed over 3 years in Vietnamese children

ABSTRACTBackground: Malnutrition, both stunting and overweight/obesity, present a public health concern in many countries in the world.Objective: This study aims to examine: (1) longitudinal changes in prevalence of overweight, stunting, and concurrent overweight and stunting among preschool children during 3 years and (2) secular changes in these prevalences of a specific age group of children aged 5.5–6.5 year over a period of 3 years.Methods: A cohort of 2,602 children initially aged 3–6 years old, 1,311 in an urban area and 1,291 in a rural area, was followed for 3 years. Of them, children aged 5.5–6.5 years old were identified to be included in three repeated cross-sectional surveys. The World Health Organization standard was used to classify children with overweight or stunting.Results: Findings from the cohort study indicate that between 2013 and 2016, the estimated prevalence of overweight including obesity (OWOB) increased with age, particularly in the urban setting (14.2%–29.9% in boys and 9.0%–21.6% in girls). The estimated prevalence of stunting decreased from 8.2% to 3.4% in boys and 9.5% to 3.5% in girls with a considerably greater decrease among rural children. There was a similar pattern of an age-related decrease of concurrent OWOB and stunting from 2.4% in 2013 to 1.4% in 2016 in boys and from 2.9% to 1.3% in girls with significant decreases in rural children. Secular trends in the group of children 5.5 to 6.5 show the same pattern as the longitudinal results: decreasing prevalence of stunting as well as concurrent OWOB and stunting. OWOB prevalence increased significantly in urban girls and rural boys.Conclusions: The pattern of increasing overweight, decreasing stunting and concurrent overweight and stunting both with increasing age and over chronological time is observed among Vietnamese preschool children.

Longitudinal Changes in Prevalence of Respiratory Symptoms Among Canadian Grain Elevator Workers

To determine longitudinal changes in the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among Canadian grain workers. Data on respiratory symptoms, smoking status, and pulmonary function were obtained approximately every 3 years (termed cycle) over 15 years beginning in 1978 from five regions of Canada. The number of grain workers participating in each cycle were as follows: cycle 1 (n = 5,702); cycle 2 (n = 5,491); cycle 3 (n = 3,713); cycle 4 (n = 2,847); and cycle 5 (n = 3,079). A procedure based on generalized estimating equations (PROC GENMOD; SAS Institute; Cary, NC) was used to fit marginal models to determine risk factors influencing the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (wheeze, dyspnea, sputum, and cough). The prevalence (predicted probability based on the final model) of chronic respiratory symptoms had an increasing trend with increasing number of years in the grain industry from cycle 1 to cycle 3 (before dust control) for all three smoking categories (current smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers). For cycle 4 and cycle 5 (after dust control), there was a reduction in the prevalence of these respiratory symptoms. For example, in cycle 1, the prevalence of chronic wheeze among current smoking grain workers increased from 12% (for those in the industry for < 5 years) to 44% (for those in the industry for > 35 years); in cycle 5, the prevalence of chronic wheeze among current smoking grain workers increased from 9% (for those in the industry for < 5 years) to 28% (for those in the industry for > 35 years). Similar trends were observed for ex-smokers and nonsmokers and for other chronic respiratory symptoms. Our results indicate that grain dust control was effective in reducing the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among grain workers in all smoking and exposure categories.