Longitude Area Research Articles

Application of 2d Electrical Resistivity Imaging for Mineral Ore Exploration Within a Basement Complex Formation

A geophysical survey using electrical resistivity was carried out in Gbede community within latitude (8˚17’37.7”N-8˚17’49.8’’N) and longitude (4˚20’45.9’’E - 4˚20’58.8’’E) area of Oyo State southwestern Nigeria. The survey was to determine the location and the lateral extent of the suspected Iron Ore deposited in the area using 2D resistivity imaging.using a resistivity meter, Wenner array configuration and electrode spacing ranging from 5 – 25 m was implored in the survey. Five (5) electrical profiles each with 120 m long were conducted within the area. The RES2DINVsoftware was used on the data acquired for processing and inversion. The result of resistivity imaging revealed the lateral continuity of mineral ore deposit within the first layer(top soil) with resistivity values ranging from 395 Ωm to 6619 Ωm at a mean depth of 13m. These values of resistivity suggest the presence of mineral ore in the form of magnetite and hematite which all constituted over 69% of iron in the study area.

DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF IoT BASED TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO UNO

In this research, we are going to implement Temperature monitoring system by using IoT. All the current working models are good by many of laboratories are losing their work. By this research we can able to get exact value of measures present in our atmosphere More over this model in previous literature studies have been trained with other low longitude areas Temperature values and got deployed and makes it inaccurate for the recognition of Temperature values By this research we can able to get accurate values of weather at every time.. We will figure out how to utilize the LM35 sensor for estimating temperature with the IoT devices. By this work we are going to get the values to our mobiles and computers. So, we can able to know the exact values of temperature in the lab. It is easy to operate and able to understand easily. Live temperature or moistness worth is sent to a scrounge recipient through remote signal. The LM35 sensor detects temperature, and sends the data to computerized ARDUINO IDE 1.8.16 software of Arduino UNO, From Arduino UNO.

Development of New Index-Based Methodology for Extraction of Built-Up Area From Landsat7 Imagery: Comparison of Performance With SVM, ANN, and Existing Indices

By studying the spectral reflectance features of different land cover types and leveraging information of primarily “BLUE” band along with “RED” and “NIR” bands, this article seeks to introduce a new built-up index such as powered B1 builtup index (PB1BI). The proposed index, while being conceptually simple and computationally inexpensive, can extract the built-up areas from Landsat7 satellite images efficiently. For Landsat7 satellite imagery, classification performances of the proposed index along with support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and three existing built-up indices have been examined for three study sites of 10 Latitude × 10 Longitude (≈12 100 sq · km) area from three diverse geographical regions in India. The computed value of the M-Statistics for PB1BI is consistently greater than 1.80, indicating a better spectral separability between built-up and nonbuilt-up classes by the index. In order to improve the performance of the built-up indices, this article has suggested a bootstrapping method for threshold estimation in addition to the existing Otsu's method for the same. It has been found that using bootstrapping method instead of Otsu's method for threshold estimation has helped to improve the classification performance of built-up indices up to 17.75% and 40.49% in terms of overall accuracy and kappa (κ) coefficient, respectively. It has been observed that for the validation set, average overall accuracy (97.45%) and kappa (κ) coefficient (0.907) of PB1BI for considered study sites are not only significantly higher than existing indices but also comparable with the same of SVM (99.10% and 0.942) and ANN (87.24% and 0.450). This article has also shown that the proposed index provides a stable performance for multitemporal analysis of the study sites and is able to capture growth in built-up region in time horizon. The classification performance of PB1BI has also been verified for Landsat8 imagery across 11 study sites from different continents around the globe, and the results show overall accuracy and κ to be consistently more than 90% and 0.75, respectively. For considered study sites, the reported values of average accuracy and κ of PB1BI for built-up classification using Landsat8 satellite data are 95.7151% and 0.8843, respectively.

The Uncertainty of Nighttime Light Data in Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China: A Comparison between DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS

Nighttime light data can characterize urbanization, economic development, population density, energy consumption and other human activities. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are closely related to the scope and intensity of human activities. In this study, we assess the utility of nighttime light data as a powerful tool to reflect CO2 emissions from energy consumption, analyze the uncertainty associated with different nighttime light data for modeling CO2 emissions, and provide guidance and a reference for modeling CO2 emissions based on nighttime light data. In this paper, Mainland China was taken as a case study, and nighttime light datasets (the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime light data and the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) nighttime light data) as well as a global gridded CO2 emissions dataset (PKU-CO2) were used to perform simple regressions at provincial, prefectural and 0.1° × 0.1° grid levels, respectively. The analyses are aimed at exploring the accuracy and uncertainty of DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data in modeling CO2 emissions at different spatial scales. The improvement of nighttime light index and the potential factors influencing the effects of modeling CO2 emissions based on nighttime light datasets were also explored. The results show that DMSP-OLS is superior to NPP-VIIRS in modeling CO2 emissions at all spatial scales, and the bigger the scale, the more evident the advantages of DMSP-OLS. When modeling CO2 emissions with nighttime light datasets, not only the total amount of lights within a given statistical unit but also the agglomeration degree of lights should be taken into account. Furthermore, the geographical location and socio-economic conditions at the study site, such as gross regional product per capita (GRP per capita), population, and urbanization were shown to have an impact on the regression effect of the nighttime lights-CO2 emissions model. The regression effect was found to be better at higher latitude and longitude areas with higher GRP per capita and higher urbanization, while population showed little effect on the regression effect of the nighttime lights - CO2 emissions model. The limitation of this study is that the thresholds of potential factors are unclear and the quantitative guidance is insufficient.

INFLUÊNCIAS NA ALTERAÇÃO DO REGIME DE BLOQUEIOS ATMOSFÉRICOS SOBRE O SUL DO BRASIL EM UM CENÁRIO DE CLIMA FUTURO

Blockings are atmospheric phenomena occurring especially in midlatitudes with duration ranging from a few days, reaching remain active for weeks. During the occurrence of an atmospheric blocking, a persistent high pressure anomaly, located south of the belt of semi-permanent subtropical high, preventing the advance systems in their normal course arises. To detect these events proposed by Pelly e Hoskins (2003) (PH03) index was used. This index detect the reversal meridional gradient of potential temperature on the dynamic tropopause (high levels) caused by persistent abnormal movement. The situation must remain active for more than three consecutive days and be present in greater than 10° of longitude area. The index is calculated for the period from 1986 winter, moreover, analysis of meteorological fields that characterize its synoptic conditions is made. The blockade remained active in the region for several days between the end of July and early August. The results were satisfactory so that the field of meteorological analysis showed the property of blocking condition showing the functionality of the PH03 index.

Experimental evidence of the simultaneous occurrence of VLF chorus on the ground in the global azimuthal scale – from pre-midnight to the late morning

Abstract. Night-time VLF (very low frequency) chorus bursts lasting about one hour have been recorded at Finnish temporal station Kannuslehto (CGM: 64.2°; 107.9°, L = 5.3) during two VLF campaigns (on 25 February–4 March 2008 and 27 March–17 April 2011). The chorus bursts were associated with substorm development. They were accompanied by riometer absorption enhancements, which occurred simultaneously within as large longitude areas as from pre-midnight (Sodankylä, ~22:00 MLT) to the late morning (Tixie, ~03:00 MLT and Gakona, ~08:00 MLT) longitudes. It was found that the pre-midnight chorus observed on the ground occurred simultaneously with VLF chorus emissions recorded in the late morning on the low-altitude DEMETER satellite crossing the similar geomagnetic latitudes on the opposite local time sector. For the first time some evidence of simultaneous chorus burst generation in the global longitudinal scale was found (from pre-midnight to the late morning) by using direct comparison with satellite data as well as using non-direct indicator–azimuthally extended riometer absorption enhancements.

Comparison of the growth of age-1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the Western and the Central North Pacific

The growth of age-1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira was compared based on an analysis of the body-length frequency distributions, radius of the annual ring (otolith hyaline zones; ROH), and growth patterns in otolith increments. Fish were sampled at various locations between off the Japanese coast (144°E) and in the Central Pacific (160°W) in June and July 2006, and the measurements were compared among the stations ranging over six longitudinal areas, each with a longitudinal area of 10°. The mode of body-length frequency distributions of age-1 fish was larger in fish sampled west of 160°E (size class modes of 32.0–32.5 and 31.5–32.0 cm, respectively, in each 10° longitude area) than in those sampled east of 170°E (28.5–29.0 or 29.0–29.5 cm in 3 areas). The ROH was also larger in the former group (west of 160°E) than in the latter group (east of 170°E), but hatch periods of these two groups and age in days when the hyaline zones form in August or September did not differ based on the analysis of otolith growth increments. The growth difference occurred in the period between when the fish started their northward migration and when the hyaline zone was formed. These results indicate that the habitats of the two groups were separate until at least June or July of their second year of life.

Mercury resolved spectroscopy from NTT

Mercury has been observed in June 2006 with the SofI instrument at NTT. Resolved spectroscopy was performed in the 0.94 – 2.5 μ m range. The observations were acquired close to a favorable quadrature with maximum elongation, and span mostly the southern hemisphere in the 235–315°E longitude area. In contrast to recent observations from IRTF, the present study does not indicate any pyroxene absorption in the near-infrared range, neither in the 2 μ m region nor at 1 μ m . Detailed spectral analysis allows to derive an upper limit of 1.5% type-A pyroxene (hedenbergite) or 1.1% enstatite (assuming minimum lunar iron content) in the regions observed, at the 700 km scale. Assuming lunar-like maturity effects on band depth, this corresponds to an upper limit of 0.15 and 0.6 wt.% FeO content in silicates, an order of magnitude less than previous estimates.

Distribution pattern of genuine species of rhubarb as traditional Chinese medicine

The distribution pattern of Rheum palmatum, Rheum officinale and Rheum tanguticum, as three Chinese official genuine and endemic species of rhubarb and the monophyletic group in the genus Rheum, was analyzed based on the field survey and the herbarium specimens in the present paper. R. palmatum occupies the widest geographic range, that is Qinling, Daba, Wuling, Dalou, Min, Qilian, Hengduan, the south part of Taihang mountain range and the centre to the east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The distribution of R. tanguticum is overlapped with that of R. palmatum in the north-west areas and occupies the higher altitude and the lower longitude areas, whereas the distribution of R. officinale is overlapped with that of R. palmatum in the south-east and occupies the lower altitude and the higher longitude areas. The overlapped between R. palmatum and R. tanguticum + R. officinale and the vicarious between R. tanguticum and R. officinale distribution pattern, combined with the minimum and ambiguous morphological differences and the diversified results on the relationship from the molecular studies of these three species, we considered that these three species might not be good species.

Archaeomagnetic investigation of bricks from the VIIIth–VIIth century BC Greek–indigenous site of Incoronata (Metaponto, Italy)

An archaeomagnetic investigation of two sets of brick fragments (in total 39) along with a radiocarbon date from one of the most important Greco–indigenous archaeological sites in the Central Mediterranean, the VIIIth–VIIth Century BC site of Incoronata (Metaponto, Italy) has been carried out in order to aid archaeological understanding of the site as well as to produce high quality archaeomagnetic data. A full suite of rock magnetic experiments have been carried out in addition to the classical Thellier method experiments with correction for anisotropy of TRM and cooling rate. The results indicate that the two sets of bricks are magnetically identical and have the same heating history and thus it is inferred the same origin. It seems that the bricks had been reused in two different contexts: (1) mixed with stone and ceramics in deposit pits and (2) used to consolidate an artificial plateau. The brick samples all contain a single component of remanence and thus, importantly, this study has shown that the hypothesis of destruction by fire is no longer tenable to explain the deposit pits previously interpreted as being storage houses or dwellings ( oikoi), but is consistent with the suggestion that the pits are ritual deposits. Whilst it did not prove possible to obtain an estimate of the inclination of the geomagnetic field (since the bricks did not gain their remanence whilst on one of their flat surfaces), the archaeointensity experiments (with anisotropy of TRM and cooling rate correction) give a mean intensity of 85 ± 5 μT for the field at Incoronata during the VIIIth–VIIth century BC. This is almost twice the present day field strength and thus provides further evidence that the field was strong over at least a 30° longitude area of the globe during this time.

Lightning activity analyses with respect to the SPCZ location

The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) stretches over the West Pacific warm pool Southeastward to French Polynesia. The Island Climate Update monthly publishes the mean location deduced from the total rainfall. On the other hand, the World Wide Lightning Location Network monthly provides data from which the lightning activity distribution in the 0°–30° South latitude and 150°–240° West longitude area can be drawn. Scanning this rectangle from West to East allows the spots of maximum lightning activity to be located versus the longitude. Fitting the location of these maxima with a polynomial function leads to a curve comparable with the monthly mean position of the SPCZ, showing that this band of cloudiness is one of the main sources of lightning in this whole area.

Evaluation of Methods to Estimate Lake Herring Spawner Abundance in Lake Superior

AbstractHistorically, commercial fishers harvested Lake Superior lake herring Coregonus artedi for their flesh, but recently operators have targeted lake herring for roe. Because no surveys have estimated spawning female abundance, direct estimates of fishing mortality are lacking. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using acoustic techniques in combination with midwater trawling to estimate spawning female lake herring densities in a Lake Superior statistical grid (i.e., a 10′ latitude × 10′ longitude area over which annual commercial harvest statistics are compiled). Midwater trawling showed that mature female lake herring were largely pelagic during the night in late November, accounting for 94.5% of all fish caught exceeding 250 mm total length. When calculating acoustic estimates of mature female lake herring, we excluded backscattering from smaller pelagic fishes like immature lake herring and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax by applying an empirically derived threshold of −35.6 dB. We estimated the average density of mature females in statistical grid 1409 at 13.3 fish/ha and the total number of spawning females at 227,600 (95% confidence interval = 172,500–282,700). Using information on mature female densities, size structure, and fecundity, we estimate that females deposited 3.027 billion (109) eggs in grid 1409 (95% confidence interval = 2.356–3.778 billion). The relative estimation error of the mature female density estimate derived using a geostatistical model—based approach was low (12.3%), suggesting that the employed method was robust. Fishing mortality rates of all mature females and their eggs were estimated at 2.3% and 3.8%, respectively. The techniques described for enumerating spawning female lake herring could be used to develop a more accurate stock–recruitment model for Lake Superior lake herring.

Comparison of single-year and multiyear ndvi time series principal components in cold temperate biomes

Standardized principal components analysis (SPCA) is performed on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series of a 10/spl deg/ latitude by 10/spl deg/ longitude area of western Canada including grassland, parkland, and forest ecosystems. When used with input from a single growing season (April-October), early components correspond closely to ecoregional mapping based on long-term vegetation composition. Later components isolate areas showing agricultural practice or climatic stress particular to the year. When three years' growing seasons are input together into a multiyear SPCA, similar patterns occur in the first component. However, components occur early in the series that discriminate areas having different seasonality patterns associated with plant phenology. Deciduous-dominated areas are well distinguished from grasslands. Multiyear SPCA includes an early component apparently related to latitudinal variation in day length, which does not appear in single-year component series. An early component unrelated to any known geographical or climatological pattern or event appears, which may relate to sensor degradation. Both single-year and multiyear SPCA isolate NDVI variability in higher numbered components that is limited in space and/or in time. This allows interpretation of transient or localized events using detailed local data, separating them from regional trends that occur in earlier (lower numbered) components of the series. These results demonstrate the possibility of refining ecoregion mapping based on selected early components to incorporate actual interannual variability for selected time periods as well as the long-term stable elements of biogeoclimatic regions. Longer time series could potentially quantify observed unidirectional trends resulting from climate change.

Chromospheric activity on the RS CVn-type binary UX Arietis

High resolution spectroscopic observations of UX Ari made during three observing seasons in 2000 have been analyzed by means of the spectral subtraction technique. The information about chromospheric activity of UX Ari has been obtained from several optical chromospheric activity indicators such as the Hei D-3, Nai D-1, D-2, H-alpha, and CaII IRT lines. The results suggest the chromospheric activity of the system is associated with the cooler secondary. An orbital phase modulation of chromospheric emissions is found, and consequently the activity longitude area of the system is obtained, that corresponds to the phase interval near the second quadrature of the binary system. A are-like event is detected during our new observations, characterized by the dramatic increase in the Halpha and CaII IRT emission lines, that is confirmed by the emission of the Hei D-3 line and the filled-in cores of the Nai D-1, D-2 lines. It is found that the values of the EW8542/EW8498 ratio decrease when the activity of the system increases, especially when the are occurs. The small values of the EW8542/EW8498 ratio indicate that the CaII IRT emissions come from plage-like regions. The high activity level of UX Ari around the quadrature may originate with the coupling between the chromospheric activity of the secondary and the mass transfer activity of the two components.

Disturbances of the western European ionosphere during the total solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 measured by a wide ionosonde and radar network

The 11 August 1999 Solar eclipse totality path ran across western Europe at near-constant latitudes of about 49°N. It occurred at mid-time of a sequence of three days with steady solar wind and quiet magnetospheric conditions. Its response was observed by a score of ionospheric facilities, which will provide high-resolution probing of the various disturbances. First results allow us to compare the time fluctuations at various distances from totality on the eclipse and adjacent days, inside a 5° West to 5° East longitude area. In this preliminary work the foF1 and foF2 time changes are presented in contour maps on a 50 km size grid. They show the expected longitude transit of eclipse perturbation. We venture brief comments on the eclipse-own signatures as separate from the various wave oscillations detected prior to eclipse time by 12.4 MHz panoramic azimuth scans of the Losquet radar near Lannion (Brittanny).

Aspects of subregional ozone variations in the SOS region

The region that was the focus of the Southern oxidant study (SOS) was divided into five 5° latitude by 5° longitude areas (i.e., areas of about 500 km by 500 km) and a 10-year (1981–1990) time series of the diurnal maximum ozone concentration (DMOC) was created in each area which was used to examine and analyze the subregional characteristics of ozone. The time series for the DMOC was divided into four terms: the long-term mean (i.e. the 10 yr mean in this case); the intra-annual perturbation; the inter-annual perturbation; and the synoptic perturbation. The results indicated that all four terms in the time series, as well as the number and characteristics of exceedances, varied substantially from region to region in the SOS region. Certain aspects of the regional variation of the long-term mean could be explained by variations in solar radiation. The variations of the intra-annual perturbation appear to be correlated with the variations of emissions, and that for the interannual perturbation, with climate fluctuations. A strong relationship between synoptic perturbations in specific regions was also found which was not expected. The synoptic perturbation is forced by synoptic weather systems. Since the spatial scale of synoptic weather systems is about 1000 km and the weather characteristics in the systems can change markedly over 1000 km, strong relationships between synoptic perturbations from region to region are highly unlikely over a 10 yr period. This suggest that possibly factors other than synoptic weather systems may have played a role in producing the relationship.

Determination of the Shortwave Anisotropic Function for Clear-Sky Desert Scenes from ScaRaB Data: Comparison with Models Issued from Other Satellite Data

Abstract Determination of directional albedo and bidirectional anisotropic function are necessary to the radiance-to-flux conversion. The most recent model, used for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data, is based on data from the sun-synchronous Nimbus-7 mission that is observed close to local noon. Because the desert zones are restricted in latitude (20°–35° in each hemisphere), only a small range of solar zenith angles was sampled. Here, the author considers for clear-sky desert regions the improvements that can be made using non-sun-synchronous satellite data, precessing in local time. This study made from ScaRaB data (Scanner for Radiation Budget, on board the Meteor-3-07 satellite) concerns the clear-sky deserts. The four great deserts on the earth (the Sahara, Arabian Desert, Namib-Kalahari, and Australian Desert) have been considered with 1.25° latitude × 1.25° longitude study areas. A normalization method, explained here, makes it possible to combine the values of bidirectionel anisotropic r...

Time scales of surface ozone variations in the regional, non-urban environment

A five-year (1985–1989) time series of the average diurnal maximum ozone concentration, O 3( t), was developed and examined in each of four 5° latitude by 5° longitude areas in the eastern United States. The time series was divided into four terms: the long-term mean, O 3 ; the intra-annual perturbation, A( t′); the inter-annual perturbation, I( t″); and the synoptic perturbation, S( t). The sum of O 3 and A( t′) is the mean annual cycle for the daily maximum ozone. In these four areas and in non-urban episode conditions, O 3 and S( t) provided the major contribution to the observed daily maximum, accounting for about 70 to 85% of the ozone concentration. However, there were individual instances at certain stations in the four areas when the synoptic perturbation alone contributed as much as 60% to the observed ozone. A( t′) accounted for up to 20% of the observed daily maximum in an episode situation, and I( t″) up to 13% in the ozone season. The results of this study suggest that control strategies focused on reducing the magnitude of O 3 and the annual range for A( t′) can reduce the frequency of episodes in the ozone season, but because of large values of S( t) that have been observed, episodic control strategies will also be necessary to completely eliminate episodes.

A Qualitative Determination of the Source Locations of Precipitation Constituents in Morvan, France

A statistical receptor-oriented model is developed to examine the long-range transport of precipitation constituents to the background station at Morvan (elevation 620 m, latitude 47°16′ N and longitude 04°05′ E), France. This model computes a probability function called PSCF (Potential Source Contribution Function) which is based on the air parcel trajectory data coupled with precipitation chemical data associated to that air parcel. The PSCF value is the ratio of the probability of a contamined air parcel having traversed a 2° latitude by 2° longitude area to the probability that any air parcel traversed that area. Regions with high PSCF values thus have a higher probability of contributing pollutants to the measured depositions at the receptor site. This approach suggests that the sources of the major acid forms (H2SO4 and HNO3) are located in the east of Germany and the middle of Great Britain, the Ca2+ sources in the Mediterranean basin and the Na+, Cl− and Mg2+ sources in the Atlantic Ocean.

Estimating the Urban Bias of Surface Shelter Temperatures Using Upper-Air and Satellite Data. Part II: Estimation of the Urban Bias

Abstract A methodology is presented for estimating the urban bias of surface shelter temperatures due to the effect of the urban heat island. Multiple regression techniques were used to predict surface shelter temperatures based on the time period 1986–89 using upper-air data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts to represent the background climate, site-specific data to represent the local landscape, and satellite-derived data—the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) nighttime brightness data—to represent the urban and rural landscape. Local NDVI and DMSP values were calculated for each station using the mean NDVI and DMSP values from a 3 km × 3 km area centered over the given station. Regional NDVI and DMSP values were calculated to represent a typical rural value for each station using the mean NDVI and DMSP values from a 1° × 1° latitude–longitude area in which the given station was located. Models for the United States were then developed for monthly maximum, mean, and minimum temperatures using data from over 1000 stations in the U.S. Cooperative Network and for monthly mean temperatures with data from over 1150 stations in the Global Historical Climate Network. Local biases, or the differences between the model predictions using the observed NDVI and DMSP values, and the predictions using the background regional values were calculated and compared with the results of other research. The local or urban bias of U.S. temperatures, as derived from all U.S. stations (urban and rural) used in the models, averaged near 0.40°C for monthly minimum temperatures, near 0.25°C for monthly mean temperatures, and near 0.10°C for monthly maximum temperatures. The biases of monthly minimum temperatures for individual stations ranged from near −1.1°C for rural stations to 2.4°C for stations from the largest urban areas. There are some regions of the United States where a regional NDVI value based on a 1° × 1° latitude–longitude area will not represent a typical “rural” NDVI value for the given region, Thus, for some regions of the United States, the urban bias of this study may underestimate the actual current urban bias. The results of this study indicate minimal problems for global application once global NDVI and DMSP data become available. It is anticipated that results from global application will provide insights into the urban bias of the global temperature record.