Longer Wires Research Articles

Effects of wire size on electrical and shock-wave characteristics in underwater electrical explosions of aluminum wires

Initial wire resistance is an important parameter in an underwater electrical wire explosion because it directly affects the discharge characteristics of the circuit and indirectly affects the explosion and shock-wave generation. This paper presents a study on how the initial resistance affects electrical and shock-wave characteristics of underwater electrical explosions of aluminum wires with an initial energy storage of ∼53.5 kJ under the optimal mode. Load voltage, circuit current, and shock-wave pressure were recorded and analyzed. The experimental results show that the average of the discharge channel resistance and the total energy deposition all increase with the initial resistance. In addition, there is no simple functional relationship between the energy deposition during the phase transition process and the initial resistance, while the energy deposition during the plasma growth process increases with the initial resistance. As for shock waves at ∼33 cm, it is observed that when the initial resistance increases from 674.82 to 1581.60 μΩ, the peak pressure, energy density, and impulse increase from 12.65 MPa, 2.67 kJ/m2, and 964.51 Pa s to 42.37 MPa, 18.21 kJ/m2, and 1940.42 Pa s, respectively. In other words, for the optimal mode, an underwater electrical explosion with thinner and longer wire is more conducive to generating strong shock waves in the far-field regime. These results should help select loads for underwater electrical wire explosions in engineering applications.

Analysis of the characteristics of silver nanowires (AgNW) random network for transparent heater applications

Transparent heaters (THs) find widespread application in various indoor and outdoor settings, such as LCD panels and motorcycle helmet visors. Among the materials used for efficient TH performance, the AgNW network stands out due to its high conductivity, substantial transmittance, and minimal solution requirement. Extensive research has been directed towards enhancing AgNW characteristics, focusing on smaller diameters and longer wires. In TH applications, the primary considerations include a rapid response and elevated temperature. Consequently, this research delves into investigating the impact of parameters like diameter, length, and density on random AgNW networks under varying applied voltages. The finite element method is employed for analyzing temperature changes in response to voltage application, particularly in scenarios involving small-scale setups with high-density and high-percolation AgNW networks. The results reveal a significant increase in the thermal transition rate, ranging from 28% to 36%, with varying densities in the random network. Within the same density, the AgNW network with larger diameters and lengths demonstrates the highest temperatures, aligning with previous calculations. Furthermore, a trade-off exists between optical properties in smaller diameters and electrical properties in larger diameters within a relatively narrow temperature range.

Multiframe point-projection radiography imaging based on hybrid X-pinch.

This paper demonstrates the possibility of using a new configuration of the hybrid X-pinch to produce a set of spatially and temporarily separate x-ray bursts that could be used for the radiography of dynamic events. To achieve this, a longer than normal wire is placed between the conical electrodes of the hybrid X-pinch, and a set of small spacers (fishing weights) is placed along the wire. Each subsection of the wire then acts as a unique X-pinch, producing its own radiation burst from a small (∼3 µm) spot. The timing between bursts is 20-50ns, and each is <2ns in duration. For comparison, if a longer wire is simply employed without spacers, hotspots of radiation occur in random positions and the time between any two bursts does not exceed 20ns. Examples of two and three frame point-projection radiography of solid-state and plasma test objects are given.

10.3: A Fast Method for Equalizing Resistance in Touch Panel Design

In the field of special‐shaped panel design, TP (touch panel) design engineers need to manually complete the wiring routing work between the driven IC port and the TP pad port. Due to the routing channel is not regular, the equal line width method is usually adopted. Complete the routing in the channel in advance, and then adjust the routing line width to reduce the resistance discrepancy manually. As the resistance difference between the shortest and longest wire is relatively large, it is very extremely complicated for engineers to manually modify the line width to reach equal resistance for all the routing wires. At the same time, because the routing channel is often limited to a certain area, when adjusting one wire, the other wires will be affected. In order to achieve the purpose of automatic routing, we designed a routing method that distributes the line width in a limited area automatically, plus a method of superimposing serpentine wiring in the specified area to achieve the overall wiring resistance balance. In the paper, we referred to the idea of channel routing, first split the routing channel, and then routed in the split channel, and then connected the same net wiring in the channel, and adjusted the split channel according to the requirements of resistance. In the process of adjusting the resistance, the strategy of the simulated annealing algorithm is deployed to search the optimum routing result.

A System-Level Exploration of Binary Neural Network Accelerators with Monolithic 3D Based Compute-in-Memory SRAM

Binary neural networks (BNNs) are adequate for energy-constrained embedded systems thanks to binarized parameters. Several researchers have proposed the compute-in-memory (CiM) SRAMs for XNOR-and-accumulation computations (XACs) in BNNs by adding additional transistors to the conventional 6T SRAM, which reduce the latency and energy of the data movements. However, due to the additional transistors, the CiM SRAMs suffer from larger area and longer wires than the conventional 6T SRAMs. Meanwhile, monolithic 3D (M3D) integration enables fine-grained 3D integration, reducing the 2D wire length in small functional units. In this paper, we propose a BNN accelerator (BNN_Accel), composed of a 9T CiM SRAM (CiM_SRAM), input buffer, and global periphery logic, to execute the computations in the binarized convolution layers of BNNs. We also propose CiM_SRAM with the subarray-level M3D integration (as well as the transistor-level M3D integration), which reduces the wire latency and energy compared to the 2D planar CiM_SRAM. Across the binarized convolution layers, our simulation results show that BNN_Accel with the 4-layer CiM_SRAM reduces the average execution time and energy by 39.9% and 23.2%, respectively, compared to BNN_Accel with the 2D planar CiM_SRAM.

Wire Crossing Time Correlate with Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure in Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Backgrounds: Mortality and morbidity in acute myocardial infarction depend on the extent of the infarct area. Rapid recovery of coronary artery blood flow with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) can limit the extent of infarction and improve left ventricular function. Acute myocardial infarction reduce diastolic function, which in the early stage of diastolic dysfunction, there is an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The non-invasive marker of E/e’ ratio is an accurate parameter of increased LVEDP.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) who underwent pPCI at Dr. Sardjito Hospital. The wire crossing time was calculated from the onset of chest pain until the guidewire crossed the infarct-related artery during the pPCI procedure. The E/e’ ratio was determined by transthoracic echocardiography which performed within 48 hours after the primary PCI. Correlation between the wire crossing time and the E/e’ ratio was assessed by the Pearson correlation test. The value of p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean wire crossing time was 12.73±5.22 hours. The median value of the E/e’ ratio was 8.36 (range: 4.71-22.00). There was a moderate strength and significant correlation between the wire crossing time and the E/e’ ratio (r = 0.572; p &lt;0.001). Patients with E/e’ ratio &gt;15 had significantly longer wire crossing time than in patient with E/e’ ratio ≤15 (20.21±2.5 hours vs. 11.41±4.39 hours; p &lt;0.001; respectively). The wire crossing time was independently associated the E/e’ ratio (r = 0.463; p = 0.003).Conclusion: There was a moderate strength and significant positive correlation between the wire crossing time and increased LVEDP, an earlier marker of diastolic dysfunction, measured by E/e’ ratio using TTE in patients with STEMI underwent pPCI.

Longer wires conduct better

Longer wires conduct better

Low-Temperature Solution Processed Random Silver Nanowire as a Promising Replacement for Indium Tin Oxide.

A low-temperature solution-based process for depositing silver nanowire (AgNW) networks for use as transparent conductive top electrode is demonstrated. These AgNWs when applied to Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells outperformed indium tin oxide as the top electrode. Thinner nanowires allow the use of lower temperatures during processing, while longer wires allow lowered sheet resistance for the same surface coverage of NWs, enhancing the transmittance/conductance trade-off. Conductive atomic force microscopy and percolation theory were used to study the quality of the NW network at the microscale. Our optimized network yielded a sheet resistance of 18 Ω/□ and ∼95% transmission across the entire wavelength range of interest for a deposition temperature as low as of 60 °C. Our results show that AgNWs can be used for low-temperature cell fabrication using cheap solution-based processes that could also be promising for other solar cells constrained to low processing temperatures such as organic and perovskite solar cells.

Conductance spectroscopy on Majorana wires and the inverse proximity effect

Recent experimental searches for signatures of Majorana-like excitations in proximitized semiconducting nanowires involve conductance spectroscopy, where the evidence sought after is a robust zero-bias peak (in longer wires) and its characteristic field-dependent splitting (in shorter wires). Although experimental results partially confirm the theoretical predictions, commonly observed discrepancies still include (i) a zero-bias peak that is significantly lower than the predicted value of $2e^2/h$ and (ii) the absence of the expected "Majorana oscillations" of the lowest-energy modes at higher magnetic fields. Here, we investigate how the inevitable presence of a normal drain lead connected to the hybrid wire can affect the conductance spectrum of the hybrid wire. We present numerical results using a one-band model for the proximitized nanowire, where the superconductor is considered to be in the diffusive regime, described by semi-classical Green functions. We show how the presence of the normal drain could (at least partially) account for the observed discrepancies, and we complement this with analytic results providing more insights in the underlying physics.

Microwave absorbing properties of composites containing ultra-low loading of optimized microwires

A set of composite absorbers with ultra-low loading of down to 0.017 wt.% short-cut microwires were prepared and investigated in terms of their magnetic and microwave properties in the X-band (8–12 GHz). The key parameters that could factor into the performance of the present absorbers have been systematically studied from micro to macro scale, i.e., the magnetic domain structure modulated by different internal stress scenarios, microwire aspect and composite filling ratio, and relative importance of impedance matching and material loss. Longer wires (9 mm) and wires after suitable treatment lead to the enhancement of microwave absorbing property mainly due to the larger magnetic loss resulted from the natural ferromagnetic resonance, which is induced in the domain rotation and reversal process. The internal stress modification by removal of glass and joule annealing has profound effects in formulating the microwave absorption frequency and intensity of microwire composites by tailoring the domain structure and local anisotropy field. It is found that the composites with microwires annealed at 132 mA for 15 min obtain the minimum reflection loss and broadest absorption bandwidth with reference to −10 dB at 1.5 mm thickness, which is −25.7 dB (0.81 GHz) at 11.39 GHz caused by the relative high attenuation constant and best matching condition where Zreal is 1.026 and Zimag is −0.102. This indicates that impedance matching plays a dominant role in tailoring the microwave absorbing property. Remarkably, the unconventional absorption frequency - matching thickness relation based on the quarter-wavelength model offers possibility to address the limitation of thickness for low frequency absorbing application.

ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА АРМАТУРНОГО СТАЛЬНОГО КАНАТА С ТОЧЕЧНЫМ КАСАНИЕМ ПРОВОЛОК

An analytical study of complex stress-strain state of the steel twisted rope with point contact of wires is introduced. The rope under investigation is used as a prestressed reinforcement of concrete structures. Currently, the set of rules and regulations SP 52-102-2004 contains only two types of steel strands: K1400 and K1500, which are the ropes with line contact of wires. The length of the wires of outer layer in such ropes depends on the length of the wires of inner layer. And at the same time the wires of each new independent layer are longer than the wires of inner layer and, thus, the wires of outer layer are more deformable. Consequently, they are less loaded, since minimum stress occurs in the longest wires, and maximum stress occurs in the shortest wires because of the difference of deformation characteristics. The stress in the wires is always distributed unevenly. The length of the wires of outer layer does not depend on the length of the wires of inner layer in the ropes with point contact. That is, it is possible to choose the length of outer wires so that the difference of lengths (deformation characteristics) of wires of various layers will be minimal. In this regard, the difference of stress in wires of various layers will be minimal as well. Hence, the coefficient of the use of wires strength, which is the determining criterion for the optimization of prestressed steel strand structures, will increase

Stepwise Synthesis of Structurally Well-defined Porphyrin Wires Connected by Platinum Acetylides

Abstract A series of structurally well-defined molecular wires were designed and synthesized. The wires consisted of metalloporphyrins connected by platinum acetylides. Stepwise synthesis afforded stable wires under ambient conditions, and the wires showed good solubility. The longest wire, 16-oligomer, measured 400 Å.

Radioactivity of $\hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn/Cu}$ Wires After Proton Irradiation

Superconducting magnets based on Nb3Sn technology are being developed for the LHC high luminosity upgrade. In this context, irradiation induced changes of the superconducting properties of state-of-the-art Ti and Ta doped Nb3 Sn wires are presently studied. During irradiation tests with protons of 65 MeV at the cyclotron of Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1.4 GeV at the CERN ISOLDE facility, and 24 GeV at the CERN IRRAD1 facility, the superconductor samples become radioactive and their handling must follow the legal specifications for radioactive materials. We have estimated the activation and the resulting ambient dose equivalent rate up to a fluence of 1017 p/cm2 with the Monte-Carlo Code FLUKA. The estimates were verified with experimental activation spectra. Samples for magnetization measurements with a mass of approximately 20 mg have to be considered as radioactive, but they do not have the potential to harm the operators handling them at radiation levels below 1 μSv/h. Larger samples (longer wires and sample holder materials like Cu and TiAl6V4) show correspondingly higher ambient dose equivalent rates and activation levels and they must be handled by radiation workers in designated areas, taking into account the standard precautions for work with radioactive materials. The use of radiation shielding during handling is recommended.

Reconfiguration and Yield of a Hierarchical Torus Network

This paper presents the reconfiguration and yield of a new interconnection network, Hierarchical Torus Network (HTN). An HTN is a 2D-torus network of multiple basic modules, in which the basic modules are 3D-torus networks that are hierarchically interconnected for higher level networks. The static network performance and dynamic communication performance under dimension-order routing of the HTN have already been studied and network performances are good. However, the fault tolerance performance of the HTN has not yet been evaluated. The goal of this paper is to derive a theoretical estimate of system yield for the HTN as a function of defect density with a reconfiguration approach by hardware redundancy. Yield is the probability of obtaining a fault-free network. Despite the dramatic improvement in fault tolerance in recent years, it is still necessary to provide redundancy and fault circumvention to achieve efficient system yield for large multicomputer systems. Thus, we provide redundant hardware to reconfigure the faulty nodes, switches, and links to healthy nodes, switches, and links. The results indicate that with a 25% redundancy the yield of the HTN is satisfactory. We also discuss the 3D-WSI implementation issue and show that HTN permits efficient VLSI/ULSI/WSI realization due to the fewer numbers of vertical links between the silicon wafers. The longest wire has a length of 4.5 cm, which represents 4.20 times improvement over the planar implementation.

Far infrared response of silicon nanowire arrays

The reflection, transmission and absorbance spectra of silicon nanowire arrays (NWAs), as a function of the length of the nanowires, are investigated in a wavelength range of 15 μm < λ < 200 μm, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in vacuum. The NWAs are fabricated using metal-assisted electroless chemical etching. The wire length is varied between 20 μm and 140 μm, which is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength, and their spectra are compared to bulk Si. At high frequencies the absorbance spectra of the NWAs show molecular resonances due to adsorption of molecules involved in the fabrication process but also due to the oxide quality that wraps the nanowires and changes as a function of nanowire length. Transmission characteristics show an increasing shift in absorption band edge towards the far infrared for longer wires and a transition from specular to diffuse reflection at a nanowire length of approximately 60 μm.

In situ microwave characterization of microwire composites with external magnetic field

Rubber composites containing Co68.15Fe4.35Si12.25B15.25 glass-covered amorphous microwires were fabricated. For samples containing 5 mm long wires and randomly dispersed in the polymer matrix, our results demonstrate that the current induces resonance of circumferential permeability (magnetoimpedance resonance) resulting in a significant change of the effective permittivity of the wire-filled composites with application of a high magnetic field. For samples containing longer wires (70 mm) periodically arranged in the polymer matrix, the permittivity spectrum shows two resonance peaks due to, respectively, dipole and magnetoimpedance resonance. The induced magnetoimpedance resonance has a narrower linewidth than the dipole one as magnetic field is increased.

Numerical and experimental analysis of inhomogeneities in SMA wires induced by thermal boundary conditions

Published data on NiTi wire tensile tests display a surprising variety of results even though the same material has been studied. Hysteresis shapes can be observed that range from box- to cigar-like. In some cases, the variation may be the result of different post-fabrication treatment, such as annealing or cold working procedures. However, oftentimes local data are generated from average stress/strain concepts on the basis of global force and end displacement measurements. It is well known among experimentalists that this has a smoothening effect on data, but there is an additional, less well-known mechanism at work as well. This effect is due to thermomechanical coupling and the thermal boundary condition at the ends of the wires, and it manifests itself in a strong data dependence on the length of the employed specimen. This paper illustrates the effects of a thermal boundary layer in a 1D wire by means of an experimental study combined with a simulation based on the fully coupled momentum and energy balance equations. The system is modeled using COMSOL FEA software to simulate the distribution of strain, temperature, resistivity, and phase fractions. The local behavior is then integrated over the length of the wire to predict the expected behavior of the bulk wire as observed at its endpoints. Then, simulations are compared with results from a tensile test of a 100 mum diameter Dynalloy Flexinol wire between two large, steel clamps. Each step of the tensile test experiment is carefully controlled and then simulated via the boundary and initial conditions of the model. The simulated and experimental results show how the thermal boundary layer affects different length SMA wires and how the inhomogeneity prevents transition to austenite at the wire endpoints. Accordingly, shorter wires tend to be softer (more martensitic) than longer wires and exhibit a large reduction in recoverable strain because a larger percentage of their total length is impacted by the thermal boundary.

Noise correlation in fundamental mode orthogonal fluxgate

One of the key issues to reduce noise in a flux gate is the knowledge of how the noise is originated within the sensor. In this paper we measured the noise of an orthogonal flux gate operated in the fundamental mode in narrow regions of the magnetic wire used as a core, and we show how the correlation between the noise measured in two different sections drops when the distance between the sections is increased. This indicates that the noise is originated locally in the magnetic wire and then spread thought the wire due to its high permeability. This was confirmed by the measurement with a longer wire that yields higher correlation than those observed with shorter ones. Therefore, uncorrelated noise generated in sections of the wire far enough can be compensated. Finally, we show how the noise from two different wires is totally uncorrelated even if excited by the same current source, confirming that the noise is originated within the magnetic core. Such results can be used to design sensors with lower noise.

Symmetric and Folded Tori Connected Torus Network

Hierarchical interconnection networks provide high performance at low cost by exploring the locality that exists in the communication patterns of massively parallel computers. A Symmetric Tori connected Torus Network (STTN) is a 2D-torus network of multiple basic modules, in which the basic modules are 2D-torus networks that are hierarchically interconnected for higher-level networks. We also fold the STTN to minimize the length of the longest wire of STTN. The folded network is called Folded Tori connected Torus Network (FTTN). In this paper, we present the architecture of the STTN and FTTN, addressing of node, routing of message, and evaluate the static network performance of STTN, FTTN, TTN, TESH, mesh, and torus networks. It is shown that both the STTN and FTTN possess several attractive features, including constant node degree, small diameter, low cost, small average distance, moderate bisection width, and high fault tolerant performance than that of other conventional and hierarchical interconnection networks. We further evaluate the longest wire length of FTTN and compare it with other networks. We found that the longest wire length of the FTTN is far lower than that of other networks considered in this paper while keeping good static network performance. It is just about (1 / 2 m th) of its rival STTN.

Transition from Tunneling to Hopping in Single Molecular Junctions by Measuring Length and Temperature Dependence

The charge transport characteristics of a family of long conjugated molecular wires have been studied using the scanning tunneling microscope break junction technique. The family consists of four wires ranging from 3.1 to 9.4 nm in length. The two shortest wires show highly length dependent and temperature invariant conductance behavior, whereas the longer two wires show weakly length dependent and temperature variant behavior. This trend is consistent with a model whereby conduction occurs by two different mechanisms in the family of wires: by a coherent tunneling mechanism in the shorter two and by an incoherent charge hopping process in the longer wires. The temperature dependence of the two conduction mechanisms gives rise to a phenomenon whereby at elevated temperatures longer molecules that conduct via charge hopping can yield a higher conductance than shorter wires that conduct via tunneling. The evolution of molecular junctions as the tip retracts has been studied and explained in context of the characteristics of individual transient current decay curves.