Longer Rows Research Articles

The spatial distribution of focal stacks within the inner enamel layer of mandibular mouse incisors.

Focal stacks are an alternative spatial arrangement of enamel rods within the inner enamel of mandibular mouse incisors where short rows comprised of 2–45 enamel rods are nestled at the side of much longer rows, both sharing the same rod tilt directed mesially or laterally. The significance of focal stacks to enamel function is unknown, but their high frequency in transverse sections (30% of all rows) suggests that they serve some purpose beyond representing an oddity of enamel development. In this study, we characterized the spatial distribution of focal stacks in random transverse sections relative to different regions of the inner enamel and to different locations across enamel thickness. The curving dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) in transverse sections complicated spatial distribution analyses, and a technique was developed to “unbend” the curving DEJ allowing for more linear quantitative analyses to be carried out. The data indicated that on average there were 36 ± 7 focal stacks located variably within the inner enamel in any given transverse section. Consistent with area distributions, focal stacks were four times more frequent in the lateral region (53%) and twice as frequent in the mesial region (33%) compared to the central region (14%). Focal stacks were equally split by tilt (52% mesial vs. 48% lateral, not significant), but those having a mesial tilt were more frequently encountered in the lateral and central regions (2:1) and those having a lateral tilt were more numerous in the mesial region (1:3). Focal stacks having a mesial tilt were longer on average compared to those having a lateral tilt (7.5 ± 5.6 vs. 5.9 ± 4.0 rods per row, p < 0.01). There was no relationship between the length of a focal stack and its location within the inner enamel. All results were consistent with the notion that focal stacks travel from the DEJ to the outer enamel the same as the longer and decussating companion rows to which they are paired. The spatial distribution of focal stacks within the inner enamel was not spatially random but best fit a null model based on a heterogenous Poisson point process dependent on regional location within the transverse plane of the enamel layer.

Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements

Abstract The Periodic Law, one of the great discoveries in human history, is magnificent in the art of chemistry. Different arrangements of chemical elements in differently shaped Periodic Tables serve for different purposes. “Can this Periodic Table be derived from quantum chemistry or physics?” can only be answered positively, if the internal structure of the Periodic Table is explicitly connected to facts and data from chemistry. Quantum chemical rationalization of such a Periodic Tables is achieved by explaining the details of energies and radii of atomic core and valence orbitals in the leading electron configurations of chemically bonded atoms. The coarse horizontal pseudo-periodicity in seven rows of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 members is triggered by the low energy of and large gap above the 1s and nsp valence shells (2 ≤ n ≤ 6 !). The pseudo-periodicity, in particular the wavy variation of the elemental properties in the four longer rows, is due to the different behaviors of the s and p vs. d and f pairs of atomic valence shells along the ordered array of elements. The so-called secondary or vertical periodicity is related to pseudo-periodic changes of the atomic core shells. The Periodic Law of the naturally given System of Elements describes the trends of the many chemical properties displayed inside the Chemical Periodic Tables. While the general physical laws of quantum mechanics form a simple network, their application to the unlimited field of chemical materials under ambient ‘human’ conditions results in a complex and somewhat accidental structure inside the Table that fits to some more or less symmetric outer shape. Periodic Tables designed after some creative concept for the overall appearance are of interest in non-chemical fields of wisdom and art.

Effects of word-evoked object size on covert numerosity estimations.

We investigated whether the size and number of objects mentioned in digit-word expressions influenced participants’ performance in covert numerosity estimations (i.e., property probability ratings). Participants read descriptions of big or small animals standing in short, medium, and long rows (e.g., There are 8 elephants/ants in a row) and subsequently estimated the probability that a health statement about them was true (e.g., All elephants/ants are healthy). Statements about large animals scored lower than statements about small animals, confirming classical findings that humans perceive groups of large objects as being more numerous than groups of small objects (Binet, 1890) and suggesting that object size effects in covert numerosity estimations are particularly robust. Also, statements about longer rows scored lower than statements about shorter rows (cf. Sears, 1983) but no interaction between factors obtained, suggesting that quantity information is not fully retrieved in digit—word expressions or that their values are processed separately.

Description of a new species of Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Brazil

A new species of Miroculis is described based on material from State of São Paulo, Brazil.The imago of the new species can be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: upper part of stalked portion of compound eyes with 12 facets in the longest row; forewing translucent tinged with brown, with transverse and longitudinal veins brown; general color of abdomen brown translucent; size of penis from 0.8 to 1.0 the size of forceps segment I.

Number Conservation is Related to Children’s Prefrontal Inhibitory Control: An fMRI Study of a Piagetian Task

Although young children can accurately determine that two rows contain the same number of coins when they are placed in a one-to-one correspondence, children younger than 7 years of age erroneously think that the longer row contains more coins when the coins in one of the rows are spread apart. To demonstrate that prefrontal inhibitory control is necessary to succeed at this task (Piaget’s conservation-of-number task), we studied the relationship between the percentage of BOLD signal changes in the brain areas activated in this developmental task and behavioral performance on a Stroop task and a Backward Digit Span task. The level of activation in the right insula/inferior frontal gyrus was selectively related to inhibitory control efficiency (i.e., the Stroop task), whereas the activation in the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was selectively related to the ability to manipulate numerical information in working memory (i.e., the Backward Digit Span task). Taken together, the results indicate that to acquire number conservation, children’s brains must not only activate the reversibility of cognitive operations (supported by the IPS) but also inhibit a misleading length-equal-number strategy (supported by the right insula/inferior frontal gyrus).

Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group

A new ant species, Monomorium dryhimi, is described based on workers from a single colony collected in Al Bahah, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia. This is the fourth species of the Monomorium monomorium-group collected from Arabian Peninsula, and appears to be closely related to Monomorium holothir Bolton, 1987, from Kenya. It can be distinguished by the following characters: head in profile with a weakly convex dorsal surface and a clearly convex ventral surface; eyes of moderate size with maximum diameter EL 0.19–0.25 × HW and with 6 ommatidia in the longest row; body colour yellow to light brownish yellow. In some individuals, head and gaster slightly but conspicuously darker than rest of body. Second halves of first and second gastral tergites with two characteristic brownish transverse bands. An identification key to the workers of the Arabian species of the Monomorium monomorium-group is presented. Scanning electron micrographs are given to illustrate the new species.

New species and new records of Miroculis Edmunds (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Southeastern Brazil

In the present work, based mainly on material from environmental protection areas in the State of Espírito Santo, we describe a new species of Miroculis (Miroculis). The male imago of M. (M.) caparaoensis, sp. nov. can be distinguished from other members of the subgenus by the following combination of characteristics: 1) dorsal portion of eyes on a short stalk, dorsal upper portion circular with 12–18 large-sized facets in longest row; 2) forewings with membrane translucid, longitudinal and crossveins brown; 3) abdominal color pattern; 4) posteromedian margin of styliger plate with small concavity; 5) penes length approximately 0.70 length of forceps segment 1. Miroculis (Ommaethus) mourei and M. (M.) fittkaui are reported for the first time from the region.

Monomorium moathi sp. n., a new ant species from Yemen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) related to the salomonis-group

Monomorium moathi sp. n. is described and illustrated from Yemen based on the worker caste. This species belongs to the Monomorium salomonis-group, with closest resemblance to M. areniphilum Santschi, 1911. It is distinguished from the latter species by the following characters: Eyes oval, relatively large with eleven ommatidia in the longest row; Petiole node high and pointed in profile; Head, mesosoma and waist distinctly shagreenate granulate. Gaster finely shagreenate. Head dorsum, mesosoma, petiole, postpetiole and gastral tergites without hairs.

Improvement of Work Methods in Tomato Greenhouses Using Simulation

Greenhouse tomato growing processes are labor intensive, and the large numbers of workers involved in the various operations cause bottlenecks that affect costs and working efficiency. The main bottleneck points are in the trellising and harvesting stages, and in the transportation to the packinghouse. This study aimed to suggest improved working practices in tomato greenhouses by reducing manual labor. The study took place on a farm with 30 ha of tomato greenhouses located in southwest Israel. Work studies were conducted, and the working procedures were characterized. Two simulation models of the working procedures in tomato greenhouses were developed in ARENA and Microsoft Excel Visual Basic on the basis of statistical analysis of the work-study data. The Visual Basic simulation environment proved to be better suited to the agricultural environment. Several alternatives for the various work procedures were suggested and evaluated. The results indicate that fruit pickers should use a picking cart, progressing along the row in a batch advance method, and that longer rows are preferable and reduce working time. This could reduce manual labor by up to 32%.

One‐Row Machine for the Harvest of Corn Stover

AbstractMany corn (Zea mays L.) experiments require total dry matter determination in addition to grain yield. Mechanized small‐plot grain harvest is a common practice, but determination of total dry matter is usually accomplished by hand harvesting. Hand harvesting is time consuming and labor intensive. Our objective was to construct a mechanized stover sampling system that would reduce the labor requirements for collecting dry matter data. A machine was assembled that cuts, chops, and delivers corn stover to a bag without hand cutting and carrying. A New Holland 707 forage harvester was modified and rear‐mounted on a Model 1910 Ford tractor to harvest a single row with a minimum width of 0.76 m. Chopped corn stover is blown through a tube over the top of the tractor to a platform on the front of the tractor where the material is collected and weighed. By using this machine, the number of people needed for data collection is reduced from eight to three, and longer rows can be harvested to increase experimental precision.

Reinstatement of the genus Haemescharia (Rhodophyta, Haemeschariaceae fam.nov.) for H. polygyria and H. hennedyi comb.nov. (= Petrocelis hennedyi)

The crustose red alga Haemescharia polygyna Kjellman, identified by comparison with unpublished drawings of type material, is a conspicuous element in the subtidal flora of the Canadian arctic and Greenland; it is the dominant noncoralline crust in these areas at depths from 3 to 46 m. Petrocelis hennedyi (Harvey) Batters, previously known only from northern Europe, is reported from Nova Scotia, Canada. These two species are remarkably similar in vegetative and reproductive characters, differing principally in the larger size of most structures in H. polygyna and the longer rows of tetrasporangia in P. hennedyi (up to 12, compared with a maximum of 6 (8) in H. polygyna). Accordingly, P. hennedyi is transferred to Haemescharia hennedyi (Harvey) comb.nov. The family Haemeschariaceae fam.nov. (Gigartinales) is proposed, based on the unique intercalary chains of obliquely cruciate tetrasporangia, and further characterized by the following: the crustose morphology of isomorphic tetrasporophytes and gametophytes; monoecious gametophytes forming lateral (1-) 2-celled carpogonial branches; carpogonia dividing after fertilization and producing up to 8 connecting filaments that fertilize identifiable intercalary auxiliary cells and give rise to simple carposporophytes from the point of junction between connecting filament and auxiliary cell.

Sediment Losses from Cropland Furrows of Different Gradients

ABSTRACT SEDIMENT losses from bedded rows were evaluated for furrow gradients ranging from 0.5 to 6.5% at several row lengths and rain intensities. Part of the soil eroded from the row sideslopes deposited in the furrow at 0.5%, but all was lost at gradients of 2.0% and steeper. Additional sediment was lost due to serious furrow scour at gradients of 5.0% and steeper. For all conditions except the longer rows at 5.0 and 6.5%, more of the lost sediment eroded from the row sideslopes than the furrows. The size distribution of the lost sediment became coarser as the furrow gradient increased.

Characters of F 1 Hybrid Tadpoles between Six Species of Hyla

Pigment patterns, tooth row ratios, and oral papillae were studied in 13 hybrid crosses of six species of Hyla. Pigment patterns that appeared to be controlled by dominant genes include the interorbital iridophore pattern of Hyla avivoca tadpoles, the copper-red tail saddles of H. avivoca, the yellow crossband on the body of H. cinerea tadpoles, the preorbital stripe of H. cinerea and H. avivoca, the striped tail pattern of H. femoralis and the unique melanophore distribution on the tail fin of H. gratiosa. On the anterior third of the tail in H. gratiosa, the melanophores are fibrillar and on the posterior portion they are punctate. These characteristics appeared in every hybrid tadpole involving at least one parent with the trait. The length of the third lower tooth row was somewhat intermediate between the parents but favored the parent with the longer row; this was particularly evident in crosses involving short and long-rowed parents. Lateral submarginal papillae tended to be intermediate in the hybrids, indicating a polygenic mode of inheritance, whereas a double row of marginal papillae on the ventral midline of the oral disc appeared to be dominant over a single row. Reciprocal crosses showed no detectable differences in hybrid characters. Natural hybrids between H. cinerea and H. gratiosa were morphologically similar to laboratory hybrids involving these two parents.

Cognitive capacity of very young children.

Children between 2 years, 6 months old and 3 years, 2 months old correctly discriminate the relative number of objects in two rows; between 3 years, 2 months and 4 years, 6 months they indicate a longer row with fewer objects to have "more"; after 4 years, 6 months they again discriminate correctly. The discriminative ability of the younger children shows that the logical capacity for cognitive operations exists earlier than previously acknowledged.