Longer Phrases Research Articles

Effective Flood prediction model based on Twitter Text and Image analysis using BMLP and SDAE-HHNN

In recent years, social media platforms such as Twitter have garnered a lot of interest as a new source of text data for quick flood awareness and effective prediction. Hence various types of research were made on flood prediction using Twitter data but it only focuses on classifying the text data as relevant or irrelevant, thereby loss of semantic information from longer phrases while extracting important information from Twitter text data and resulting in low accuracy of text classification. Hence, a novel BMLP and SDAE-HHNN has been proposed. This approach comprises BMLP and SDAE-HHNN techniques has been developed for effective flood prediction based on Twitter text data and image analysis. To classify the text data into two/six different classes, BERT is used to preprocess the text data from Twitter. To achieve high levels of precision, the Rule-Based Matching technique extracts specific place entities from the Named Entity Recognition. To predict the high probability location affected by flood from the place entity, bi-directional MLP (BMLP) is used which is made up of a finite number of sequential layers in its most basic form. Then images are extracted from this particular location and these images are processed to predict flood level but existing techniques cannot provide sufficient information to map the flood area and object detection due to real field data collection. Hence, a novel SDAE with HHNN has been developed in which SDAE removes noise from the specified extracted location and HHNN is used to classify the image into flood or non-flood. Then plot this sufficient predicted information related to flood level in the google map. The proposed model is implemented in the Python platform and the result obtained shows that the proposed has a maximum recall of 96%, maximum precision of 95%, accuracy of 97%, and an F1 score of 96%.

Acoustic Voice and Speech Biomarkers of Treatment Status during Hospitalization for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

This study investigates acoustic voice and speech features as biomarkers for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), a serious escalation of heart failure symptoms including breathlessness and fatigue. ADHF-related systemic fluid accumulation in the lungs and laryngeal tissues is hypothesized to affect phonation and respiration for speech. A set of daily spoken recordings from 52 patients undergoing inpatient ADHF treatment was analyzed to identify voice and speech biomarkers for ADHF and to examine the trajectory of biomarkers during treatment. Results indicated that speakers produce more stable phonation, a more creaky voice, faster speech rates, and longer phrases after ADHF treatment compared to their pre-treatment voices. This project builds on work to develop a method of monitoring ADHF using speech biomarkers and presents a more detailed understanding of relevant voice and speech features.

Can we call Anne Lister a lesbian?

The introductions of scholarly works on queer desire between eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British women typically pose some version of the question “do they count as lesbians?” Historians and literary critics have responded with a variety of answers; while some embrace the term “lesbian” despite the anachronism, others hesitate, using words like “Sapphic” or longer phrases like “women who loved women” to characterize the object of study. Indeed, in the absence of a noun or a recognized social role for women who loved other women before the twentieth century, the ways such women conceptualized themselves necessarily diverge from modern lesbian identity. But although the hesitation to use modern terminology makes sense in the case of many women, I argue in this paper that Anne Lister (1791–1840) is an exception. From her own descriptions in her extensive diaries, it is clear that Lister’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are largely consistent with modern lesbian identity—particularly given that “modern lesbian identity” is not a monolith. I support this contention by examining evidence from the journals themselves as well as by considering recent arguments that focus on the fluidity and capaciousness of terminology itself. Finally, I suggest that applying the word “lesbian” to Lister is a strategic way to communicate the extent of her relationships with women to a public that still sometimes refuses to admit that such relationships existed in the past.

Treatment of phraseology in Chinese–English dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries for learners

There is little doubt that phraseology is at the heart of all language use. This paper examines the treatment of phraseology in two influential Chinese–English dictionaries and four Chinese dictionaries for learners. Two high-frequency characters, namely eat and hit, were selected due to their highly polysemous and phraseological nature, and their phraseological behaviors examined in the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese. The entries in the Chinese–English dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries for learners for eat and hit were examined and their dictionary records compared with the results of the previous corpus-based study. The corpus-based identification and categorization of the phraseological behaviors of eat and hit revealed that some multi-character expressions could not be covered by the terms offered by the existing taxonomy (Sag et al., 2002). Accordingly, the taxonomy was revised for the appropriate categorization of Chinese phraseology. Comparisons between corpus-based findings and entry records in Chinese–English dictionaries showed a convergence in the overall treatment of phraseology in Chinese–English dictionaries. By contrast, inconsistencies in the learners’ dictionaries were observed. It was also found that the two Chinese–English dictionaries agree with each other on the overall inclusion and exclusion of phrases. Again, we also observed many differences in the way phrases are treated between Chinese–English dictionaries and learners’ dictionaries and also among the four learners’ dictionaries. It is worth noting that hardly any of the verb-particle constructions observed in the corpus are included in the dictionaries under observation. We propose that these constructions should also be treated as phrases and the dictionaries would be more user-friendly if these phrases were not hidden in the other longer phrases, and were given the same status as the headwords. A larger corpus and sampling in the future would better characterize the taxonomy of Chinese phraseology and provide more conclusive findings.

Glossa som forskningsverktøy. Hva folk søker etter og hva resultatene brukes til

In this article we show how the search interface Glossa has been developed in step with the various corpora that have been built at the Text Laboratory. Furthermore, we present statistics on what kind of searches people do – single words or longer phrases, with or without specifications for phonetic form or grammatical features etc. – focusing on the Nordic Dialect Corpus and the Corpus of American Nordic Speech. Finally, we demonstrate how researchers have searched for data in these corpora and used them in published articles – both simple and extended search, in smaller or larger language areas – within several different branches of linguistics.

Melodic constructions in Spanish: Metrical structure determines the association properties of intonational tones

This paper explores phrase-length-related alternations in the association of tones to positions in metrical structure in two melodic constructions of Spanish. An imitation-and-completion task eliciting (a) the low–falling–rising contour and (b) the circumflex contour on intonation phrases (IPs) of one, two, and three prosodic words revealed that, although the focus structure and pragmatic context is constant across conditions, phrases containing one prosodic word differ in their nuclear (i.e. final) pitch accents and edge tones from phrases containing more than one prosodic word. For contour (a), short intonation phrases (e.g. [Manolo]IP) were produced with a low accent followed by a high edge tone (L* H% in ToBI notation), whereas longer phrases (e.g. [El hermano de la amiga de Manolo]IP‘Manolo's friend's brother’) had a low accent on the first stressed syllable, a rising accent on the last stressed syllable, and a low edge tone (L* L+H* L%). For contour (b), short phrases were produced with a high–rise (L+H* ¡H%), whereas longer phrases were produced with an initial accentual rise followed by an upstepped rise–fall (L+H* ¡H* L%). These findings imply that the common practice of describing the structure of intonation contours as consisting of a constant nuclear pitch accent and following edge tone is not adequate for modeling Spanish intonation. To capture the observed melodic alternations, we argue for clearer separation between tones and metrical structure, whereby intonational tones do not necessarily have an intrinsic culminative or delimitative function (i.e. as pitch accents or as edge tones). Instead, this function results from melody-specific principles of tonal–metrical association.

Investigations of the Quality of Speech Imitated by Alexandrine Parrot ( $$\varvec{ Psittacula~eupatria}$$ P s i t t a c u l a e u p a t r i a )

Speech is an important means of communication. Like human beings, birds also use sounds to communicate their emotions. Harmonic plus noise model (HNM) has widely been used for high-quality analysis/synthesis of human speech. Some species of parrots, particularly, Alexandrine parrots, have been reported as possessing the capability of imitating the human speech. The objective of this paper is to investigate the quality of the speech imitated by Alexandrine parrots using HNM as an analysis/synthesis platform. Spectrographic analysis of the phrases recorded from human speakers and Alexandrine parrots showed that parrot's vocal tract does not remain stable during the production of longer phrases. For fricatives, the parrot's sounds are relatively weak in high-frequency content. The duration of noise burst is slightly larger for parrot sounds as compared to that of human beings. For the laughing sound, the formants of the parrot vocal tract are relatively clearer. The parrots are not able to produce the liquid sound /r/. The parrot is able to imitate most of the vowels to some extent, and imitated consonants are not intelligible. Perceptual evaluation of speech quality scores of the phrases imitated by parrots were around 2.2, when the percentage of voice part was fixed in the range 30---50 and noise part in the range 20---40. These investigations would be useful for extracting the information from their calls, behavior study of the endangered birds, safeguarding the crashes with aero planes, and defense-related activities.

효율적인 한국어 파싱을 위한 최장일치 기반의 형태소 분석기 기능 확장

효율적인 한국어 파싱을 위한 최장일치 기반의 형태소 분석기 기능 확장

Bring colour to language

Learning the names of different colours in a new language is both fun and easy, and will give children an immediate sense of achievement, but it will also help them to start building up much longer phrases.

Multilevel modeling of speaker variation in cross-dialectal articulation rate.

Articulation rate (excluding pause time) in spontaneous speech was examined for northern speakers of American English from Wisconsin and for southern speakers from western North Carolina. The corpus consisted of speech samples from 192 speakers, males and females, ranging from 8 to 90 years old. The focus of this study is to model statistically both the between‐speaker and within‐speaker variations. Within‐speaker changes in tempo depend primarily on phrase length so that longer phrases, containing more syllables, tend to be spoken faster than shorter phrases. To capture this type of variation, mixed‐effect models were used and the phrase length was included as a predictor. Fixed‐effect covariates of interest included dialect, gender, age, and phrase length. The results indicate that phrase length has a highly significant fixed effect on articulation rate. When the differences in phrase length were controlled, the speech tempo of Wisconsin speakers was found to be significantly faster than of North Carolina speakers and male speech was significantly faster than female. The effects of age were also significant showing that articulation rate increases with age achieving the peak at 46 years and decreases with age thereafter. [Work supported by NIH.]

Phrasing and fragmented time in “pathological” mother-infant vocal interaction

This paper presents the results of an ecological perturbation study of mother-infant vocal interaction. We compared the temporal organisation of spontaneous interactions between 3–month-old infants and mothers who suffered from “borderline personality disorder” and control mothers and infants. Previous studies of vocal interaction have shown that they present a hierarchical temporal organisation. This study focused specifically on “phrasal” units in the flow of expressive sounds produced by mothers and infants that can be segmented according to rules similar to those used by music performers, composers and listeners. Phrases in interaction are perceived and shaped by features such as final lengthening, pausing or lowered pitch and intensity. Acoustic analyses of audio recordings of 34 mother-infant dyads were performed. Results showed that the interactions of mothers with “borderline personality disorder” contained fewer “phrases” with longer phrase final pauses than those of control dyads. These findings suggest that the temporal organisation and quality of vocalisation, rather than the degree of maternal involvement, has a fundamental effect on the infant's motivation to partake in lively interaction.

Comparative Analyses of Song Complexity and Song-Control Nuclei in Fourteen Oscine Species

Most studies on the relationship between measures of song behavior and the sizes of song control nuclei have focused on one or two oscine species, and often show inconsistent results. To address this issue, we first measured four variables for song complexity, i.e., song repertoire size, syllable repertoire size, the mean number of syllables per phrase (MNS) and the number of syllables in the longest phrase (NSLP), and the sizes of three song control nuclei, i.e., HVC, RA (the robust nucleus of the arcopallium), and Area X in 14 oscine species from eight families. To tackle the problem of statistical non-independence that probably existed among the closely related species, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the species studied using mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences from GenBank. By using the methods adopted in most previous reports, we tested the relationship between song complexity and the sizes of the song control nuclei. We found that: 1) the absolute sizes of RA and Area X, but not of HVC, were positively correlated to the three measures of song complexity, but that only the residual size of RA in regard to telencephalon size was significantly correlated to the song measures; 2) independent contrasts analysis showed RA and Area X to be significantly associated with NSLP. Our results indicated that the relationship between song behavior and its neural structures varied among song nuclei, suggesting that each song control nucleus may play a different role in song behavior.

L'école belge dans la rue

BELGIAN TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN THE STREET. PATTERNS OF SLOGAN-FORMATION IN DEMONSTRATIONS This study is based on the tape recording and the transcription of protesters' speech. The corpus consists of five demonstrations of Belgian teachers and students protesting against economic cutbacks decided by the government in 1986. In the research, an attempt is made to identify the formal structure of the collected slogans. It brings to light that the teachers prefer short sentences with a stereotyped vocabulary, whereas the students like longer phrases using unvarying syntax. The rhytms are diversified, but they present various common mechanisms, such as a four of eight beat pattern. However, to follow a formal pattern is not a guarantee of success. The slogan must be adapted to the general and immediate context.

Speaking and writing: Comparisons of two psycholinguistic siblings

An identical composition and recall task was used to compare writing and speaking in terms of their temporal organization. A common cutoff point of 0.1 sec was used for minimum duration of pauses. Speakers took only a fourth of the time taken by writers, but spoke more than half again as many syllables as writers wrote. Mean durations of pauses for writing and speaking were equivalent (110 and 0.97 sec, respectively), but the respective distributions of pauses differed dramatically: In writing, a far greater number of pauses per syllable led to shorter phrases (segmentation between and even within individual words), whereas speaking was characterized by fewer pauses per syllable and consequently longer phrases (segmentation between syntactic units). Pauses at syntactic positions (i.e., after punctuation) were the least frequent pauses in writing, although they were the longest in mean duration.

Acoustic and Associated Behavior of the Coneheaded Katydid, Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Males of the coneheaded katydid, Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Bruner), produce calling, male/male contact (aggressive), precopulatory, and disturbance sounds. Males may produce solo calling sounds but usually their calling sounds are synchronous with those of nearby males. During paired synchrony, the leader male produces a longer phrase and begins his phrase before and ends his phrase after the follower. As interkatydid distance is shortened, followers shorten their phrases. Males continue to synchronize when close, even when touching. Eventually the follower ceases calling and moves away. If males are not singing, antennal contact of another male may elicit the contact song from either male. Contact songs consist of shorter phrases and longer phrase intervals than solo or synchronized calling. Short bursts of male calling during the day, the first phrases of solo calling, and the precopulatory song are similar to contact songs except that the latter include short, clicklike sounds following some phrases. Such clicks are characteristic of male/male interactions in other katydid species. The disturbance sound is a single click produced during closing of a male's wings in response to tapping on a male's cage, movement of a male's perch, and before flight or hopping. Precopulatory songs are only elicited following antennation of a virgin female, contain no clicks, are produced by previously calling or silent males, and appear softer than other sounds. As in most strictly nocturnal singing orthopterans, physical fighting is rare. Fighting consists of raking with front legs, abdominal raking (performed in the parallel and opposite position characteristic of attempted copulations of females), and head butting, which may include biting without injury. Occasionally, males and females will tremulate (body shake) during male/male and male/female interactions.

Storing and retrieving word phrases

We have developed methods for storing and retrieving large dictionaries of word pairs and other multi-word phrases based on hashed indexing. From analysis of text samples we have derived Zipfian laws for the frequency distributions of word pairs and longer phrases. We show where these Zipfian curves cross and deduce that the number of multi-word phrases which occur frequently in text is surprisingly small, of the same order of magnitude as the number of individual word-types in a text. Dictionaries of phrases are therefore amenable to fast processing with modest computer equipment. Finally, we suggest that in stylistic analysis word phrases might better discriminate between authors than do single words.

Compound words: A problem in post‐coordinate retrieval systems

AbstractCompound words cause some difficulty in post‐coordinate indexing systems: if too many are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected for fracturing, noise will be produced at unacceptable levels on retrieval. Various prior suggestions for handling compound terms are examined which include those for precoordinated or rotated, indexes.The syntactic origins are also explored and it is found that many compound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between the components, and that this relationship can be applied to decision making. Other compound words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases, while some are influenced by the presence of a verb‐like form.These syntactic influences, together with some of the philosophy from earlier studies–especially that of the ‘force’ required to fracture a term, have been combined to produce a set of rules which have been employed at the Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association (NRPRA) for over two years. These have greatly eased decision making and have enabled the thesaural vocabulary to be made more consistent.It is also suggested that the rules have some bearing on the application of roles especially if these are employed on a pre‐coordinate basis.

How Words Mean Kinds of Sensations

IT sometimes seems to me that what makes one of my * sensations of the kind it is is something that only who have the sensation can know. Then it seems conceivable that, no matter what evidence might think have to the contrary, the kind of sensation that mean by, for example, the term itch is not in the least like the kind that other people mean by that term. Then it seems impossible to find out for certain, really to know, whether or not and other people do mean anything like the same kind of sensation by that, or any, sensation term. cannot show another person what it is about my sensation that mean by calling it itch and he cannot show me what he means by calling one of his sensations itch. Of necessity, we can at best induce each other's meaning from similarity of concomitant external facts: behavior and circumstance. We cannot share the direct, certain path to grasping the kind each of us means by the term: that is necessarily solitary and private. Yet at the same time as feel drawn to these conclusions cannot rid myself of a sense that they are radically wrong. The hypothesis that what another person represents himself as feeling when he rubs his nose vigorously and says I can't seem to get rid of this blasted itch! is not at all like what feel that inclines me to do the same sort of thing (but is, say, just like what call in myself a stomach-ache) is, cannot help thinking, a hypothesis that cannot be seriously entertained, even as highly improbable. The way out of this familiar philosophical distress (if there is any way out) is, believe, to see more clearly what it is that enables a piece of language (a single word or a longer phrase) to mean (or specify) a kind of sensation. It is thereby that we may