Long-term Exchange Research Articles

Feeling like the enemy: the emotion management and alienation of hospital doctors.

Globally, an epidemic of psychological distress, burnout, and workforce attrition signify an acute deterioration in hospital doctors' relationship with their work-intensified by COVID-19. This deterioration is more complicated than individual responses to workplace stress, as it is heavily regulated by social, professional, and organizational structures. Moving past burnout as a discrete "outcome," we draw on theories of emotion management and alienation to analyze the strategies through which hospital doctors continue to provide care in the face of resource-constraints and psychological strain. We used Mobile Instant Messaging Ethnography (MIME), a novel form of remote ethnography comprising a long-term exchange of digital messages to elicit "live" reflections on work-life experiences and feelings. The results delineate two primary emotion-management strategies-acquiescence and depersonalization-used by the hospital doctors to suppress negative feelings and emotions (e.g., anger, frustration, and guilt) stemming from the disconnect between professional norms of expertise and self-sacrifice, and organizational realities of impotence and self-preservation. Illustrating the continued relevant of alienation, extending its application to doctors who disconnect to survive, we show how the socio-cultural ideals of the medical profession (expertise and self-sacrifice) are experienced through the emotion-management and self-estrangement of hospital doctors. Practically, the deterioration of hospital doctors' relationship with work is a threat to health systems and organizations. The paper highlights the importance of understanding the social structures and disconnects that shape this deteriorating relationship and the broad futility of self-care interventions embedded in work contexts of unrealized professional ideals, organizational resource deficits and unhappy doctors, patients, and families.

A tale of dualization: accounting for the partial marketization of regulated savings in France

As in other countries, regulated savings in France are intricately woven into dense regulatory frameworks driven by explicit governmental objectives. The anticipated marketization of the French economy should have eradicated them; however, a substantial portion of regulated savings has managed to evade this process. Is this phenomenon attributable to the tenacious grip of the French state-led tradition? Not entirely, as another subset of these savings has indeed undergone marketization. The landscape of French regulated savings is notably distinguished by a growing dichotomy: on one side, non-marketized products offered by banks, and on the other, increasingly marketized products provided by insurers. Drawing upon process tracing, we contend that these ostensibly conflicting developments emanate from the distinct and precise institutional dependencies between state and private actors in which these products are enmeshed. The prevailing status quo within the banking sector is owed to banks’ engagement in a mutually advantageous, long-term exchange of favors with state actors. Faced with the trade-off between offering less lucrative products and risking the endangerment of this relationship, banks have opted for the former. In contrast, an assertive strategy has gained traction in the insurance industry. Yet, strategies for the marketization of regulated savings aligned with state priorities have been implemented, even when insurers expressed opposition.

The deep Earth oxygen cycle: Mass balance considerations on the origin and evolution of mantle and surface oxidative reservoirs

The deep Earth oxygen cycle addresses the origin and long-term exchange of oxidized species between the mantle and exosphere and creates the geochemical context in which the interior and surface environment have evolved. The redox power of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) can be measured in terms of its redox budget, RB, relative to a reference state of the predominant valences of redox-sensitive elements in the mantle. 82±4% (1.9±0.5 × 1023 moles) of the redox power resides in the mantle and 18±4% (4.2±0.5 × 1022 moles) in the exosphere. Vigorous outfluxes of oxidized species from the mantle (3.8±0.7 × 1013 mol/yr) can replenish the exosphere reservoir in 1.1±0.2 Ga, which requires efficient long-term recycling of redox power via subduction. Within uncertainties, recent (last 200 Ma) mantle RB outfluxes and subduction influxes (4.9±1.3 × 1013 mol/yr) are balanced, but outfluxes likely exceeded influxes earlier in Earth history. CO2 is 66±20% of the RB outfluxes but only 24±13% of the influxes. This is largely because of conjugate intervalence reactions; one in the shallow mantle creates carbonate at the expense of Fe2O3 and the other creates Fe2O3 from CO2 on the surface by a combination of organic carbon fixation and oxidative weathering.Scaling of mantle oxygen fugacity, fO2, to redox mass balance is approximately Δlog⁡(Fe3+Fe⊤)peridotite ≈14Δlog⁡(fO2)mantle . Consequently, inferences of secular evolution of mantle oxygen fugacity from the Archaean to the Proterozoic, amounting to about 1.5 log units in fO2, imply that the Archaean mantle had an Fe3+/FeT ratio <0.02, rather than the modern value of 0.04±0.01. Oceanic basalts derive from sources with greater redox budgets than mid-ocean ridges, and this is partly expressed as higher source Fe3+/FeT ratios, but more importantly, as greater source CO2 concentrations. In combination, these require that plumes in the deep upper mantle have Fe3+/FeT ratios significantly greater than the depleted mantle.The oxidative inventory of the BSE originated by a combination of H2O disproportionation in the atmosphere, leading to H2 escape, and FeO disproportionation in the deep mantle, with loss of Fe to the core. FeO disproportionation in a deep magma ocean inevitably produces a significant fraction of the BSE RB, but additional contributions are likely required. Further Fe loss could be from bridgemanite crystallization followed by Fe escape through a basal magma ocean. Gradual mixing of the resulting deep oxidized layer may account for secular oxidation of the mantle source regions of igneous rocks from 3 to 2 Ga. H2O disproportionation assisted in accumulation of the oxidized surface species, but was not a significant source of mantle oxidative power, as mechanisms of oxidative influx are quantitatively insufficient.

Understanding agricultural land leasing in Ireland: a transaction cost approach

Formal written land leasing contracts offer an alternative to land purchase for those farmers wishing to expand their land area and provide greater security relative to informal short-term rental agreements and are particularly important for beginning farmers with resources insufficient to purchase land. Formal land leasing contracts vary in terms of their duration, but there is limited understanding about the determinants of contract duration in developed countries. In this research, we use econometric techniques and transaction level data to explore the determinants of duration for agricultural land lease contracts for two regions in Ireland. Under the transaction cost economics approach, the research explores the role of legal status, price and non-price conditions in influencing the contract duration. Results indicate that the legal status of the tenant is a significant factor in influencing the duration. Provisions such as break clauses appear positively related to duration and confirm the theoretical expectation that long-term contracts create a demand for processes that enable adaptation over the course of long-term exchange.

Determinants of short and long-term exchange market pressure in Indonesia

A decrease in a country's export prices and foreign exchange reserves is symptomatic of exchange rate market pressures, which would be described as an oversupply or disequilibrium in the money market. The method used in this study is the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to investigate Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) in Indonesia. This study utilizes secondary data obtained from Statistics Indonesia and Bank Indonesia (BI) website since 2008Q1-2021Q4. The findings of this study demonstrate a strong positive long-term relationship between domestic credit growth and the BI rate, a large negative long-term relationship between GDP growth and the BI rate, and no significant relationship between the current account balance and the exchange rate.

The magnitude and pace of photosynthetic recovery after wildfire in California ecosystems

Wildfire modifies the short- and long-term exchange of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, with impacts on ecosystem services such as carbon uptake. Dry western US forests historically experienced low-intensity, frequent fires, with patches across the landscape occupying different points in the fire-recovery trajectory. Contemporary perturbations, such as recent severe fires in California, could shift the historic stand-age distribution and impact the legacy of carbon uptake on the landscape. Here, we combine flux measurements of gross primary production (GPP) and chronosequence analysis using satellite remote sensing to investigate how the last century of fires in California impacted the dynamics of ecosystem carbon uptake on the fire-affected landscape. A GPP recovery trajectory curve of more than five thousand fires in forest ecosystems since 1919 indicated that fire reduced GPP by [Formula: see text] g C m[Formula: see text] y[Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]) in the first year after fire, with average recovery to prefire conditions after [Formula: see text] y. The largest fires in forested ecosystems reduced GPP by [Formula: see text] g C m[Formula: see text] y[Formula: see text] (n = 401) and took more than two decades to recover. Recent increases in fire severity and recovery time have led to nearly [Formula: see text] MMT CO[Formula: see text] (3-y rolling mean) in cumulative forgone carbon uptake due to the legacy of fires on the landscape, complicating the challenge of maintaining California's natural and working lands as a net carbon sink. Understanding these changes is paramount to weighing the costs and benefits associated with fuels management and ecosystem management for climate change mitigation.

Long term currency forecast with multiple trend corrected exponential smoothing with shifting lags

In the current global economy, exchange rate forecasting is critical for investors and businesses seeking to make informed investment decisions and manage risk. While many short-term exchange rate forecasting methods exist, long-term forecasting methods are limited and often fail to account for the complex macroeconomic factors that influence exchange rate trends. However, investors need to have an analytically examined basis for deciding to invest, which requires knowing more about the future values of the related market currency. This paper proposes a new Multiple Trend Corrected Exponential Smoothing with Shifting Lags model to forecast long-term exchange rates, which incorporates multiple trend corrections and shifting lags to provide more accurate predictions of future currency values. We apply the proposed method to six currency pairs (USD/EUR, USD/NOK, USD/TRY, USD/CNY, USD/XOF, and USD/MGF) from 2006 to 2018 and compare its performance to existing methods, such as moving average, weighted moving average, and exponential smoothing. Our results show that the proposed model provides more accurate long-term exchange rate forecasts for developed countries than existing methods. Our findings have important implications for investors and businesses seeking to manage currency risk and make informed investment decisions in the global economy.

Price efficiency of the foreign exchange rates of BRICS countries: A comparative analysis

In this paper, we analyze BRICS countries’ long-term exchange rate market efficiency. Our analysis, using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) for the 2009–2021 period, shows considerable differences in the exchange rate efficiency of BRICS countries, with South Africa the most efficient and China the least efficient. Based on daily exchange rates, our analysis shows that after a country shifts to a flexible exchange rate regime, the price efficiency of its currency improves, but not immediately. All the BRICS countries show improvements in market efficiency over the 13-year period of our study. The adaptive market hypothesis supports our finding of efficiency improvements over time more than the efficient market hypothesis does.

The Effectiveness Of The Exchange Rate on The Amount of Foreign Exchange Reserves in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the interaction variables of fiscal transfer policy variables. (Foreign Exchange Reserves, Imports, Exports, Exchange Rates and GDP). This study uses secondary data or from 2000 - 2019. The data analysis model in this study uses the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model and is sharpened by Impulse Response Function (IRF) Analysis, Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD). The results of the VAR analysis show that previously (t – p) contributed to the current variable, both alone and to other variables. The results of the FEVD analysis show that all variables have a major contribution to the variables themselves in the short, medium and long term, namely Foreign Exchange Reserves, Imports, Exports, Exchange Rates and GDP. The results of the analysis of each variable of monetary policy transmission and the effectiveness of the Exchange Rate on Reserves Short, medium and longterm exchange rates show that policy transmission can maintain the Indonesian economy

Investigating the roles of advection and degradation in chlorinated solvent back-diffusion from multi-layer aquitards: A novel analytical approach

Aquitards contaminated by chlorinated solvents may act as a secondary source slowly releasing contaminants into adjacent aquifers, thus severely hampering the remediation of groundwater systems. Accurate predicting the long-term exchange of solvents between aquifers and aquitards can more effectively guide site management and remediation. This study presented a general analytical model for the back-diffusion of chlorinated solvents through multilayer aquitards. This model considers the slow advection and local degradation of dissolved constituents in natural aquitards and the dynamic depletion of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone in aquifers. Transient solutions for the proposed multilayer model were derived using Duhamel’s Theorem, the separation of variables method, and the transfer matrix method, verified against experimental and numerical concentration data. Results reveal that advection in aquitards can significantly shorten the trailing time of chlorinated solvent plumes, and highly adsorptive soils may reduce this effect in layered aquitards. The previous no-degradation model is no longer applicable to predict the back-diffusion behavior of chlorinated solvents when the extent and rate of solvent degradation are large, giving a “strong-effect zone”. Based on numerous example simulations and data fitting, the forecast functions for the back-diffusion onset time and plume trailing time were proposed, greatly facilitating remediation decisions and risk assessment of chlorinated-solvent contaminated sites.

Price and output effects of long-term exchange rate changes: Central and Eastern European countries in 2002-2019

Price and output effects of long-term exchange rate changes: Central and Eastern European countries in 2002-2019

EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH IN MOROCCO: A STRUCTURAL VAR APPROACH

This study analyzes the impact of short- and long-term exchange rate fluctuations in Morocco. The purpose of this paper is to study the shocks transmission of exchange rates variations to prices index known as exchange rate pass-through. The empirical results of the quarterly data between 2000 and 2018 revealed that the pass-through of the exchange rate in Morocco is quite important, but incomplete and delayed in three categories of price index: consumer price index, Imports price Index and Industrial production price Index.&#x0D; &#x0D; JEL: G15, G17, C51, C52&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0925/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Corrosion of Longquan celadons in the marine environment: study on the celadons from the Dalian Island shipwreck of the Yuan Dynasty

The Dalian () Island shipwreck of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 CE) was located in the sea area of Pingtan (), Fujian () Province, China. A total of 603 Longquan () celadon wares were excavated, some of which have been severely corroded. In this study, two celadon specimens with severe corrosion were selected to investigate the corrosion mechanism in the marine environment. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and thermal expansion analysis were applied to analyze the microstructure of the glaze, corrosion morphology, and composition of corrosion products, and the corrosion mechanism was discussed in depth. The results showed that these two celadon wares are opaque matt glaze, in which the anorthite crystallization-phase separation structure with low chemical stability was found, which was more likely to be corroded. There are three possible stages in the corrosion process of the glaze. The first stage is mainly the long-term cation exchange reaction. Then, because of the corrosion of the CaO-rich droplet phase and the crystal-glass phase interface layer, the porous structure and many microcracks may be formed, promoting the corrosion process. Finally, many corrosion craters, caused by the shedding of anorthite crystals, may appear on the glaze surface. The quintinite group minerals in the glaze were probably formed during the corrosion process, which may be related to the marine buried environment and the corrosion of the glaze. This study discussed the influencing factors of the corrosion process of celadon wares in the marine environment from the perspective of microstructure for the first time, which is of great significance to the study of the corrosion mechanism of ancient ceramics.

On the history and historiography of the “South China School”

The South China School is currently an influential academic school in China, and its scholarship methods and practices are worthy of attention and discussion. The formation of the South China School is rooted in the tradition of “downward-looking” and interdisciplinary scholarship since the construction of the liberal arts at Sun Yat-sen University, and is inspired by the theories and methods of Fu Yiling and Liang Fangzhong in the study of Chinese social and economic history. On this basis, the School has actively absorbed the historiographical theories of the Western annals school, and formed a common philosophy of scholarship through long-term cooperation and exchange with overseas scholars. The formation of the South China School is closely related to the changes in Chinese society and its academic trends in the last hundred years, which reflect certain common features of Chinese historiography from tradition to modernity. Exploring the formation process of this school should be of some significance for the development of contemporary Chinese historiography.

The Use of Educational Exchange and International Education to Improve U.S.-Sino Relationship

As political scientist Graham Allison argues in his book, Destined for War, the United States and China “are currently on a collision course for war” (Allison, 2017, p. vii). Drawing on government reports and academic global education studies, this paper evaluates whether educational exchange and global education are plausible ways to de-escalate political tensions between the United States and China. This review indicates that studying abroad and educational exchange may de-escalate political tensions on a long-term horizon because of improved cultural understanding, foreign language acquisition, and students’ potential of making an impact after gaining new perspectives. After comparing case studies of educational exchange programs, I concluded that a balanced, government-funded, long-term exchange program between high school students will be the most effective in de-escalating political tensions between the U.S. and China. High schoolers are the best candidates because they are more likely to accept new perspectives and take less time to acquire a foreign language. Cultural understanding and respect facilitate diplomatic relations, and high schoolers in exchange programs will provide that cultural understanding in the future. Many people may think that political, economic, and military compromises are the only ways to de-escalate political tensions, specifically between the U.S. and China. However, this paper proves that the impact of educational exchange should not be underestimated, and this proposed plan of using educational exchange programs to strengthen U.S.-Sino relations is an actionable step towards solutions both countries can take up now with few significant barriers to entry. &#x0D;

Boundary condition and oceanic impacts on the atmospheric water balance in limited area climate model ensembles

Regional climate models (RCMs) are indispensable in climate research, albeit often characterized by biased terrestrial precipitation and water budgets. This study identifies excess oceanic evaporation, in conjunction with the RCMs’ boundary conditions, as drivers contributing to these biases in RCMs with forced sea surface temperatures in a CORDEX RCM ensemble over Europe. The RCMs are relaxed to the prescribed lateral boundary conditions originating from a global model, effectively matching the driving model's overall atmospheric moisture flux divergence. As a consequence, excess oceanic evaporation results in positive precipitation biases over land due to forced internal recycling of moisture to maintain the overall flux divergence prescribed by the boundary conditions. This systematic behaviour is shown through an analysis of long-term atmospheric water budgets and atmospheric moisture exchange between oceanic and continental areas in a multi-model ensemble.

The rare hemoglobin variant Hb Mizuho: report of a Swiss family and literature review

Hb Mizuho is a very rare unstable hemoglobin; here, we describe the clinical history of three Swiss family members with Hb Mizuho together with a systematic review of the previously six published cases. The clinical history of the adult woman we report here is unique since this is the first Hb Mizuho presenting with Moyamoya complications and the first case reported with long-term erythrocyte exchange. The literature review showed that Hb Mizuho was mainly reported as a de novo mutation, with the exception of children descended from known cases. All published patients with this unstable hemoglobin showed severe hemolytic anemia with the exception of one; all were regularly transfused. Patients with higher HbF levels might require fewer transfusions. All patients underwent splenectomy at a median age of 4 years and had variable clinical improvement; some achieved complete resolution of transfusion dependency after splenectomy. Iron overload in Hb Mizuho patients seems to be mainly attributed to transfusions and has less to do with ineffective erythropoiesis. Diagnosis might be challenging; a normal hemoglobin electrophoresis should not rule out the diagnosis of unstable hemoglobin in patients with otherwise unexplained hemolytic anemia. This series shows the enormous utility of using molecular techniques for diagnosis.

Towards an Extensive Statutory Protection of Consumers in Timeshare Agreements: A Comparative Perspective

Timeshare property interest has become a major business worldwide. The protection of consumers in various timeshare-related contracts has been characterised by challenges due to outdated laws, lack of appropriate legislation as new products are introduced on the market as well as the inclusion of unfair terms. The European Union (EU) adopted the Timeshare Directive 2008/122/EC which governs a broad range of timeshare-related contracts, namely: timeshare, long-term holiday products, and resale and exchange contracts. In comparison, South Africa and Kenya do not have consolidated legislation that govern timeshare-related contracts. In South Africa, timeshare agreements fall under the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008, the Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1993 as well as under common law. In Kenya, the Consumer Protection Act 46 of 2012, which was revised in 2016, governs specific consumer agreements including timeshare contracts. The article compares the position of consumers who enter into timeshare-related services in South Africa, Kenya and the EU. It is argued that the problems faced by consumers who enter into timeshare-related contracts in South Africa and Kenya necessitate legislative protection which should consist of a consolidated statute that specifically regulates such contracts for the attainment of a high level consumer protection.

Long-lived Eccentric Modes in Circumbinary Disks

Abstract Hydrodynamical simulations show that circumbinary disks become eccentric, even when the binary is circular. Here we demonstrate that, in steady state, the disk’s eccentricity behaves as a long-lived free mode trapped by turning points that naturally arise from a continuously truncated density profile. Consequently, both the disk’s precession rate and eccentricity profile may be calculated via the simple linear theory for perturbed pressure-supported disks. By formulating and solving the linear theory, we find that (i) surprisingly, the precession rate is roughly determined by the binary’s quadrupole, even when the quadrupole is very weak relative to pressure; (ii) the eccentricity profile is largest near the inner edge of the disk and falls exponentially outward; and (iii) the results from linear theory indeed agree with what is found in simulations. Understanding the development of eccentric modes in circumbinary disks is a crucial first step for understanding the long-term (secular) exchange of eccentricity, angular momentum, and mass between the binary and the gas. Potential applications include the search for a characteristic kinematic signature in disks around candidate binaries and precession-induced modulation of accretion over long timescales.

Autoregressive Distributed Lag Kurs Dan Ekspor Karet Remah Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of short-term and long-term exchange rates and crumb rubber exports on the economic growth of Indonesia. The data used are secondary data for 39 years from 1980 to 2018 accessed on www.world.bank.wdi.data.bank.org, www.pertanian.go.id, www.bps.go.id, and www.bps.go.id. The data analysis method used is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach with the help of EViews 10 software. The results show that the economic growth is stationary at the level and exchange rate and exports of stationary crumb rubber at the first difference level and have cointegration in the long-term relationship. The test results in the short-term analysis of the exchange rate have a positive and significant effect, and exports have a positive but insignificant effect on economic growth, while in the long run, the exchange rate has a negative effect but insignificant, and exports have a positive but insignificant effect on the economic growth of Indonesia. Keywords:economic growth, exchange rates, exports and the ARDL approach.