Long-term Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Long-Term Aerobic Exercise Enhances Hepatoprotection in MAFLD by Modulating Exosomal miR-324 via ROCK1

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is central to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (MAFLD). While aerobic exercise reduces hepatic fat and enhances insulin sensitivity, the specific mechanisms—particularly those involving exosomal pathways—are not fully elucidated. Method: Exosomes were isolated from 15 MAFLD patients’ plasma following the final session of a 12-week aerobic exercise intervention. Liver fat content was measured using MRI-PDFF, and metabolic parameters were assessed via OGTT, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and VO2 max. Co-culture experiments evaluated the effects of exercise-derived exosomes on IR signaling pathways. miRNA microarray analysis identified miR-324, which was quantified in high-fat diet (HFD) mice with and without exercise and compared between athletes and sedentary controls. Functional assays assessed miR-324’s role in glucose and lipid metabolism, while luciferase reporter and Western blot assays confirmed ROCK1 as its direct target. Result: Aerobic exercise significantly reduced liver fat and improved insulin sensitivity in both MAFLD patients and HFD mice. Notably, exosomal miR-324 levels were lower in athletes than sedentary controls, indicating an inverse association with insulin sensitivity. Post-exercise, precursor and mature miR-324 increased in adipose tissue and decreased in muscle, suggesting its adipose origin and inverse regulation. Functional assays demonstrated that miR-324 modulates insulin resistance by targeting ROCK1. Conclusion: Exercise-induced exosomal miR-324 from adipose tissue targets ROCK1, revealing a novel mechanism by which aerobic exercise confers hepatoprotection against insulin resistance in MAFLD. These findings enhance our understanding of how exercise influences metabolic health and may inform future therapeutic strategies for managing MAFLD and related conditions.

Exercise protects impairments in memory recognition in the iron-deficient male rat model of Restless Legs Syndrome.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs and is associated with decreased quality of life and sleep, and may result in cognitive changes. Physical exercise generates cognitive improvements and improves RLS symptoms. Our objective is to analyze recognition memory in the iron-deficient rodent model of RLS, and the effect of exercise. The animals (male Wistar rats) were distributed at 21 days of age into a control group (CTRL) (standard diet) or an ID group (iron-deficient diet). After performance classification (at 77 days of age), the animals were redistributed into CTRL (no exercise), CTRL EX (exercise), ID (no exercise) and ID EX (exercise), totaling 9 animals per group. The exercise groups performed treadmill exercise for four weeks. In the 14th week of the diet, the sleep recording of CTRL and ID animals was carried out to validate the RLS model. The Novel Object Recognition Memory test (NOR) was performed before the start of exercise (8th week of diet) and after the end (14th week) in all groups. The ID group demonstrated worsening sleep parameters and increased paw movements compared to the control group. The ID group demonstrated impairment of recognition memory after 14 weeks of diet compared to the CTRL group, and, the CTRL improved recognition memory in the 14th week compared to the 8th week. No differences were found for the exercise groups. Our findings indicate that the RLS animal model exhibited cognitive alterations associated with recognition memory, and long-term aerobic exercise intervention demonstrated a protective influence against these effects.

Aerobic exercise-induced HIF-1α upregulation in heart failure: exploring potential impacts on MCT1 and MPC1 regulation

BackgroundThe terminal stage of ischemic heart disease develops into heart failure (HF), which is characterized by hypoxia and metabolic disturbances in cardiomyocytes. The hypoxic failing heart triggers hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) actions in the cells sensitized to hypoxia and induces metabolic adaptation by accumulating HIF-1α. Furthermore, soluble monocarboxylic acid transporter protein 1 (MCT1) and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1), as key nodes of metabolic adaptation, affect metabolic homeostasis in the failing rat heart. Aerobic exercise training has been reported to retard the progression of HF due to enhancing HIF-1α levels as well as MCT1 expressions, whereas the effects of exercise on MCT1 and MPC1 in HF (hypoxia) remain elusive. This research aimed to investigate the action of exercise associated with MCT1 and MPC1 on HF under hypoxia.MethodsThe experimental rat models are composed of four study groups: sham stented (SHAM), HF sedentary (HF), HF short-term exercise trained (HF-E1), HF long-term exercise trained (HF-E2). HF was initiated via left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, the effects of exercise on the progression of HF were analyzed by ventricular ultrasound (ejection fraction, fractional shortening) and histological staining. The regulatory effects of HIF-1α on cell growth, MCT1 and MPC1 protein expression in hypoxic H9c2 cells were evaluated by HIF-1α activatort/inhibitor treatment and plasmid transfection.ResultsOur results indicate the presence of severe pathological remodelling (as evidenced by deep myocardial fibrosis, increased infarct size and abnormal hypertrophy of the myocardium, etc.) and reduced cardiac function in the failing hearts of rats in the HF group compared to the SHAM group. Treadmill exercise training ameliorated myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac pathological remodelling and enhanced cardiac function in HF exercise group rats, and significantly increased the expression of HIF-1α (p < 0.05), MCT1 (p < 0.01) and MPC1 (p < 0.05) proteins compared to HF group rats. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1α in hypoxic H9c2 cells dramatically downregulated MCT1 and MPC1 protein expression. This phenomenon is consistent with knockdown of HIF-1α at the gene level.ConclusionThe findings propose that long-term aerobic exercise training, as a non- pharmacological treatment, is efficient enough to debilitate the disease process, improve the pathological phenotype, and reinstate cardiac function in HF rats. This benefit is most likely due to activation of myocardial HIF-1α and upregulation of MCT1 and MPC1.

Fresh goat's milk and Long-term aerobic exercise improve bone health in Athletes

Objective: To analyze the effect of fresh goat's milk intake and long-term aerobic exercise on serum calcium and its relationship to bone resorption in male athletes. Methods: This research was an experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group design. Subjects were 29 gymnastics athlete volunteers: trial group (n=19) and control group (n=10), male, aged 19-26 years. The treatments were fresh goat milk (1x250ml/day, given from 07.00 p.m to 08.00 p.m) and aerobic exercise (3-5 times/week, medium intensity, duration 50-60 minutes), for 90 days. Results: The results showed that serum calcium levels in the trial group were significantly higher than in the control group (9.58±0.26; 9.87±0.32 vs. 9.74±0.42; 9.37±0.38: p=0.001) after consumption of goat milk and long-term regular physical exercise. The results also showed that there was a significant decrease in CTx-1 levels in the trial group compared with the control group (0.603±0.25; 0.45±0.16 vs. 0.73±0.32; 0.76±0.30: p=0.001) after goat milk intake and regular aerobic exercise. Conclusion: Consumption of fresh goat's milk and long-term aerobic exercise increased calcium levels and decreased CTx-1 levels. Therefore, the combination of both therapies reduces bone resorption, and fresh goat's milk is allowed to be consumed regularly as a sports nutrition to reduce the risk of premature osteoporosis in athletes.

Effects of acute- and long-term aerobic exercises at different intensities on bone in mice.

Exercise intensity determines the benefits of aerobic exercise. Our objectives were, in aerobic exercise at different intensities, to determine (1) changes in bone metabolism-related genes after acute exercise and (2) changes in bone mass, strength, remodeling, and bone formation-related proteins after long-term exercise. Total 36 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group and exercise groups at 3 different intensities: low, moderate, or high group. Each exercise group was assigned to acute- or long-term exercise groups. Tibias after acute exercise were evaluated by real-time PCR analysis. Furthermore, hindlimbs of long-term exercise were assessed by micro-CT, biomechanical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Acute moderate-intensity exercise decreased RANKL level as bone resorption marker, whereas low- and high-intensity exercise did not alter it. Additionally, only long-term exercise at moderate intensity increased bone mass and strength. Moderate-intensity exercise promoted osteoblast activity and suppressed osteoclast activity. After low- and high-intensity exercise, osteoblast and osteoclast activity were unchanged. An increase in the number of β-catenin-positive cells and a decrease in sclerostin-positive cells were observed in the only moderate group. These results showed that moderate-intensity exercise can inhibit bone resorption earlier, and long-term exercise can increase bone mass and strength through promoted bone formation via the Wnt/β-catenin activation. High-intensity exercise, traditionally considered better for bone, may fail to stimulate bone remodeling, leading to no change in bone mass and strength. Our findings suggest that moderate-intensity exercise, neither too low nor high, can maintain bone health.

Myocardial proteome changes in aortic stenosis rats subjected to long-term aerobic exercise.

The effects of exercise training (ET) on the heart of aortic stenosis (AS) rats are controversial and the mechanisms involved in alterations induced by ET have been poorly clarified. In this study, we analyzed the myocardial proteome to identify proteins modulated by moderate-intensity aerobic ET in rats with chronic supravalvular AS. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control (C-Sed), exercised control (C-Ex), sedentary aortic stenosis (AS-Sed), and exercised AS (AS-Ex). ET consisted of five treadmill running sessions per week for 16 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and Goodman tests. Results were discussed at a significance level of 5%. At the end of the experiment, AS-Ex rats had higher functional capacity, lower blood lactate concentration, and better cardiac structural and left ventricular (LV) functional parameters than the AS-Sed. Myocardial proteome analysis showed that AS-Sed had higher relative protein abundance related to the glycolytic pathway, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and lower relative protein abundance related to beta-oxidation than C-Sed. AS-Ex had higher abundance of one protein related to mitochondrial biogenesis and lower relative protein abundance associated with oxidative stress and inflammation than AS-Sed. Proteomic data were validated for proteins related to lipid and glycolytic metabolism. Chronic pressure overload changes the abundance of myocardial proteins that are mainly involved in lipid and glycolytic energy metabolism in rats. Moderate-intensity aerobic training attenuates changes in proteins related to oxidative stress and inflammation and increases the COX4I1 protein, related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Protein changes are combined with improved functional capacity, cardiac remodeling, and LV function in AS rats.

Enhancing Quality of Life through a Supervised Cardiac Rehabilitation Program along with a conventional conditioning exercise program at home in Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Objectives: Debilitating day-to-day practices, including a sedentary lifestyle, increased unhealthy food consumption habits, no exercise, smoking, remarkably low HDL, and high cholesterol levels, lead to increased obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), affecting the quality of life. Supervised, steady, and long-term aerobic exercise training benefits cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological status, and quality of life. Therefore, the study’s objective was to determine the effect of cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) on heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and quality of life (QOL) in CVD patients.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The study followed a two-arm parallel group randomized comparative design. Thirty participants (n=15/group) with CVD (aged between 45-76 years) were randomly allocated to two groups (CRP vs. Control). CRP Group received the CRP and a conventional conditioning exercise program (CEP) at home and the Control Group received the conventional CEP only at home. The outcomes, HR, SBP, DBP, and QOL, were assessed using a sphygmomanometer and short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire’s physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scale, respectively. The t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to analyze between and within-group comparisons for all the outcomes scores, keeping the significance level α at 95% (p&lt;0.05) for all the statistical analyses.&#x0D; Results: The mean scores comparison of the outcomes, HR, PCS, and MCS, were found significant (95% CI, p&lt;0.05) within CRP and Control groups; however, SBP and DBP mean scores were found insignificant (95% CI, p&gt;0.05) within both groups, except DBP mean score which was found significant (p&lt;0.05) within CRP Group. Comparing the outcomes mean scores between the groups at four-week post-intervention, except PCS and MCS (95% CI, p&lt;0.05), HR, SBP, and DBP were found to be insignificant (p&gt;0.05). &#x0D; Conclusions: The CRP and conventional CEP at home together and conventional CEP at home alone were equally effective in decreasing HR and improving QOL in CVD patients. However, the CRP and conventional CEP at home together showed more effectiveness than the conventional CEP at home in improving the QOL in CVD patients.

Mass Spectrometry Chromatography-Based Metabolomics: The Effect of Long-Term Aerobic Exercise on Learning Ability and the Metabolism of Intestinal Contents in Mice with Alzheimer's Disease.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term aerobic exercise on the metabolism of intestinal contents in APP/PS1 mice was studied using a non-targeted metabolomics technique based on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) coupling, providing a theoretical basis for exercise to regulate the metabolism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) organisms. Three-month-old male C57BL/6JNju mice, six wild-type (NC, n = 6); 12 APP/PS1 double transgenic species in total, were randomly divided into AD model (AM, n = 6) and AD model exercise (AE, n = 6) groups. The mice in the NC group were fed naturally, the mice in the AM group were statically placed on a running platform, and the mice in the AE group received a 20-week long-term moderate intensity running platform exercise intervention. Following the exercise intervention, the cecum contents of the mice in each group were collected and analyzed using the HPLC-MS technique, with those meeting both variable important in projection (VIP)> 1.5 and p < 0.05 being screened as differential metabolites. A total of 32 different metabolites were detected between the AM and NC groups, with 19 up-regulated in the AM group such as phosphatidic acid (PA) (18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/21:0) and 13 down-regulated in the AM group, such as 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl, compared to the NC group; 98 different metabolites were found between the AM and AE groups, 41 of which were upregulated such as Lyso phosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and 57 of which were downregulated compared to the AM group such as Phosphatidylinositol (PI). The regulation of linoleic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, bile secretion, phenylalanine metabolism, and other pathways was predominantly regulated by nine metabolites, which were subsequently identified as indicators of exercise intervention to enhance metabolism in AD mice. The metabolomic technique can identify the metabolic problems of intestinal contents in AD mice and initially screen the biomarkers of exercise to improve the metabolic disorders in AD. These findings can help us better understand the impact of aerobic exercise on AD metabolism.

Exercise training reduces arterial stiffness in women with high blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The acute and long-term benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health are well established, yet the optimal mode of exercise training that improves arterial stiffness in women with high blood pressure remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the influence of aerobic and resistance training on arterial stiffness in women with high blood pressure. After an extensive search of four online databases, six randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in meta-analyses. Data were extracted from six studies examining the influence of exercise on arterial stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Whereas aerobic exercise significantly reduced arterial PWV in women with high blood pressure after long-term training [SMD -1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.34 to -1.40], resistance training had a more modest effect that was borderline statistically significant (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.65 to 0.03). These findings suggest regular long-term aerobic exercise training (i.e. 12-20 week interventions) reduces arterial stiffness in women with high blood pressure. Although not statistically significant, the modest number of included trials and lack of publication bias encourages further assessments on the efficacy of resistance exercise for improving arterial stiffness in women with high blood pressure. Given the unique benefits of aerobic and resistance training, particularly for postmenopausal women (e.g. bone health and muscular strength), both modes of training should be encouraged for women with high blood pressure to enhance arterial function and support favorable cardiovascular outcomes.

A review of ergogenic nutritional supplements for athletes

Ergogenic supplements are defined as substances that contribute to or support the doing or production of a job. These supplements are used for many purposes such as increasing the performance of athletes, accelerating recovery in athletes, improving capacity, and reducing and preventing muscle injuries and muscle fatigue. Ergogenic supplements, which are of great interest to athletes and trainers, are classified as nutritional aids, pharmacological aids, psychological aids, mechanical and biomechanical aids, and physiological aids. Among these supplements, they are the most actively used nutritional aids and attract attention in the market as muscle-building nutritional supplements, weight-reducing nutritional supplements, performance-enhancing nutritional supplements, and general health-promoting nutritional supplements. Protein and amino acids provide benefits in long-term or short-term explosive power activities. Fats are used as the main fuel in long-term aerobic exercises. In addition, caffeine, ginseng, antioxidants, and coenzyme Q10 also serve as ergogenic nutritional supplements. It has been reported in studies that minerals such as B, C and E vitamins, chromium, magnesium, iron, and zinc affect sports performance in a good way. In case of deficiency of the aforementioned vitamins and minerals in athletes, many negativities occur. In this study, the use of ergogenic nutritional supplements by athletes before, during, and after training was compiled using the current literature on the types of these supplements.

Antioxidant effect of omega-3 fatty acids on exercise-induced oxidative stress in rats.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of omega-3 supplementation on Catalase (CAT) activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in long-term aerobic exercises in rats. 28 male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks old, 220-350 g body weight) were included in the study. The rats were given treadmill exercise for 20 minutes at an average speed of 15 cm/s, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. The experiment was terminated at the end of the eighth week. Blood samples were taken. CAT, MDA, AOPP and GSH analyses were performed. SPSS v. 21 package program was used in the analysis of the data. The distribution of the data was examined with the normality homogeneity test, and it was determined that it was a normal distribution. As a result, the One-Way ANOVA test, one of the parametric tests, was used. Tukey test was used to determine the difference between groups. Significance levels were evaluated as (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference between groups in CAT, MDA and GSH levels (p < 0.05), while there were no differences between the groups in AOPP levels (p > 0.05). In the conclusion of the study, it was determined that omega-3 supplementation caused a decrease in MDA level, an increase in CAT activity and GSH level in rats exposed to chronic long-term exercise. Thus, it can be said that omega-3 supplementation in chronic long-term exercise will provide antioxidant protection against potential oxidative damage.

Meta-analysis Regarding the Effects of Long-term aerobic exercise on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity(SOD) and Lipid Peroxidation(MDA)

Meta-analysis Regarding the Effects of Long-term aerobic exercise on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity(SOD) and Lipid Peroxidation(MDA)

Effects of Long-Term Aerobic Exercise on Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function and Akt/eNOS/NO Pathway in Obese Rats

BackgroundPerivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in obesity critically contributes to vascular dysfunction, which might be restored by long-term exercise. Protein kinase B/nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (Akt/eNOS/NO) down-regulation within PVAT might be involved in the impaired anti-contractile function of arteries. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of long-term aerobic exercise on PVAT function and the potential regulator during this process.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal diet control group (NC), normal diet exercise group (NE), high-fat diet control group (HC), and high-fat diet exercise group (HE) (n = 12 in each group). Upon the establishment of obesity (20 weeks of high-fat diet), exercise program was performed on a treadmill for 17 weeks. After the intervention, circulating biomarkers and PVAT morphology were evaluated. Vascular contraction and relaxation were determined with or without PVAT. Production of NO and the phosphorylations of Akt (Ser473) and eNOS (Ser1177) within PVAT were quantified.ResultsMetabolic abnormalities, systemic inflammation, and circulating adipokines in obesity were significantly restored by long-term aerobic exercise (P < 0.05). The anti-contractile effect of PVAT was significantly enhanced by exercise in obese rats (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by a significant reduction in the PVAT mass and lipid droplet area (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the production of NO was significantly increased, and phosphorylation levels of Akt (Ser473) and eNOS (Ser1177) were also significantly promoted in PVAT by long-term aerobic exercise (P < 0.05).ConclusionLong-term aerobic exercise training restored PVAT morphology and anti-contractile function in obese rats, and enhanced the activation of the Akt/eNOS/NO signaling pathway in PVAT.

Long-term aerobic and combined exercises enhance the satiety response and modulate the energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEnergy homeostasis plays a vital role in achieving glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise is known to increase energy expenditure. However, its role in energy intake has not been explored in people with T2DM. Thus, this study aimed at determining the impact of long-term aerobic and combined exercises in modulating hunger, satiety and energy intake in T2DM.MethodsA randomized controlled trial, with 108 people with T2DM, aged 35–60 years were assigned into an aerobic, combined (aerobic and resistance) and a control group. Primary outcomes were subjective levels of hunger and satiety measured by a 100 mm visual analogue scale in relation to a standard breakfast meal (453 kcal) and energy and macronutrient intake determined by a 3-day diet diary at 0, 3 and 6 months.ResultsAerobic and combined groups exhibited reduced hunger and increased satiety at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The combined group demonstrated a profound increase in satiety at 3 and 6 months compared to aerobics (3 months; p = 0.008, 6 months; p = 0.002) and controls (3 months; p = 0.006, 6 months, p = 0.014). Mean daily energy intake was reduced only at 6 months in the aerobic group (p = 0.012), whereas it was reduced in the combined group at 3 and at 6 months compared to controls (3 months: p = 0.026, 6 months: p = 0.022).ConclusionsLong-term aerobic and combined exercises produced a reduction in hunger, energy intake and increase satiety in people with T2DM. Despite energy expenditure, exercise seems to play a significant role in reducing energy intake as well. Combined exercises show more advantages over aerobic exercise since combined exercises have a greater impact on satiety and energy intake in people with T2DM.Trial registration number: SLCTR/2015/029, https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-029.

Cardiac remodeling in well-healed burn survivors after 6 months of unsupervised progressive exercise training.

Aerobic exercise is important in the rehabilitation of individuals with prior burn injuries, but no studies have examined whether adult burn survivors demonstrate cardiac remodeling to long-term aerobic exercise training. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 6 months of progressive exercise training improves cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-based measures of cardiac structure and function in well-healed burn survivors. Secondary analyses explored relations between burn surface area and changes in cardiac structure in the cohort of burn survivors. V̇o2peak assessments and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were performed at baseline and following 6 months of progressive exercise training from 19 well-healed burn survivors and 10 nonburned control participants. V̇o2peak increased following 6 months of training in both groups (Control: Δ5.5 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min; Burn Survivors: Δ3.2 ± 3.6 mL/kg/min, main effect of training, P < 0.001). Left ventricle (LV) mass (Control: Δ1.7 ± 3.1 g/m2; Burn survivors: Δ1.8 ± 2.7 g/m2), stroke volume (Control: Δ5.8 ± 5.2 mL/m2; Burn Survivors: Δ2.8 ± 4.2 mL/m2), and ejection fraction (Control: Δ2.4 ± 4.0%; Burn Survivors: Δ2.2 ± 4.3%) similarly increased following 6 months of exercise training in both cohorts (main effect of training P < 0.05 for all indexes). LV end-diastolic volume increased in the control group (Δ6.5 ± 4.5 mL/m2) but not in the cohort of burn survivors (Δ1.9 ± 2.7 mL/m2, interaction, P = 0.040). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that burn surface area had little to no effect on changes in ventricular mass or end-diastolic volumes in response to exercise training. Our findings provide initial evidence of physiological cardiac remodeling, which is not impacted by burn size, in response to exercise training in individuals with well-healed burn injuries.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aerobic exercise is important in the rehabilitation of individuals with prior burn injuries, but no studies have examined whether adult burn survivors demonstrate cardiac remodeling to long-term aerobic exercise training. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 6 months of progressive exercise training would improve cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-based measures of cardiac structure and function in well-healed burn survivors. Our findings highlight the ability of exercise training to modify cardiac structure and function in well-healed burn survivors and nonburned sedentary controls alike.

The Mechanism of miR-21-5p/TSP-1-Mediating Exercise on the Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Aged Rats.

(1) Background: The declined function of peripheral circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in aging individuals resulted in decreased endothelial cell regeneration and vascular endothelial function. Improving EPCs function in aging individuals plays an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases. (2) Methods: Thirty aged (18-month-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and exercise groups. An aerobic exercise intervention was performed 5 days/week for 8 weeks. EPCs functions, miR-21-5p, and TSP-1 expressions were detected after the intervention. The senescence rate, proliferation, and migration of EPCs were examined after overexpression of miR-21-5p and inhibition of TSP-1 expression. (3) Results: The senescence rate, proliferation, and migration of EPCs in exercise groups were significantly improved after exercise intervention. The miR-21-5p expression was increased and the TSP-1 mRNA expression was decreased in the EPCs after the intervention. miR-21-5p overexpression can improve EPCs function and inhibit TSP-1 expression but has no effect on senescence rate. Inhibition of TSP-1 expression could improve the function and reduce the senescence rate. (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate that long-term aerobic exercise can improve the functions of EPCs in aging individuals by downregulating TSP-1 expression via miR-21-5p, which reveals the mechanism of exercise in improving cardiovascular function.

Acute resistance exercise training does not augment mitochondrial remodelling in master athletes or untrained older adults.

Background: Ageing is associated with alterations to skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism that may be influenced by physical activity status, although the mechanisms underlying these changes have not been unraveled. Similarly, the effect of resistance exercise training (RET) on skeletal muscle mitochondrial regulation is unclear. Methods: Seven endurance-trained masters athletes ([MA], 74 ± 3years) and seven untrained older adults ([OC]. 69 ± 6years) completed a single session of knee extension RET (6 x 12 repetitions, 75% 1-RM, 120-s intra-set recovery). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected pre-RET, 1h post-RET, and 48h post-RET. Skeletal muscle biopsies were analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity, mitochondrial content, and markers of mitochondrial quality control via immunoblotting. Results: Pre-RET CS activity and protein content were ∼45% (p < .001) and ∼74% greater in MA compared with OC (p = .006). There was a significant reduction (∼18%) in CS activity 48h post-RET (p < .05) in OC, but not MA. Pre-RET abundance of individual and combined mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I-V were significantly greater in MA compared with OC, as were markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics (p-DRP-1Ser616, p-MFFSer146, OPA-1 & FIS-1, p < .05 for all). Moreover, MA displayed greater expression of p-AMPKThr172, PGC1α, TFAM, and SIRT-3 (p < .05 for all). Notably, RET did not alter the expression of any marker of mitochondrial content, biogenesis, or quality control in both OC and MA. Conclusion: The present data suggest that long-term aerobic exercise training supports superior skeletal muscle mitochondrial density and protein content into later life, which may be regulated by greater mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and supported via superior fission-fusion dynamics. However, a single session of RET is unable to induce mitochondrial remodelling in the acute (1h post-RET) and delayed (48h post-RET) recovery period in OC and MA.

The Effect of Combination of Aerobic and Strengthening Exercise on Muscle Strength, Balance, and Sleep Quality in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic and strengthening exercise combination on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), muscle strength, balance, and sleep quality in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Material and Methods: Fifty individuals aged between 30 and 65 years and diagnosed with type 2 DM were included in this study. Anthropometric measurements, HbA1c, quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, balance, and sleep quality of the included individuals were evaluated. Aerobic and strengthening exercises were applied to the participants 3 days a week for 12 weeks. All evaluation measurements were repeated at the end of 12 weeks. Results: Of the 50 individuals included in this study and diagnosed with type 2 DM, 64% (n=32) were male and 36% (n=18) were female. The mean age of the participants was 50.12±10.81 years, the mean body mass index was 29.97±3.12 kg/m2, the waist/hip ratio was 0.91±0.08, and the mean HbA1c was 9.19±2.39. When the pre and post-treatment HbA1c, muscle strength, balance, and sleep quality measurements of all participants were compared, there were statistically significant differences (p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: It was determined that the combination of long-term aerobic and strengthening exercise decreased the HbA1c value and also significantly improved muscle strength, balance, and sleep quality in individuals with type 2 DM. A structured exercise program that includes strengthening and aerobic exercises would be beneficial in developing the most effective and appropriate exercise prescriptions in terms of exercise efficiency and sustainability for individuals with type 2 DM.

Exercise serum regulates uric acid transporters in normal rat kidney cells

Hyperuricemia (HUA) refers to a physiological condition of high serum uric acid (SUA) level in the body, which may cause an increased risk of several chronic diseases. The kidney’s impaired uric acid (UA) metabolism is an important reason for HUA. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that circulating factors produced during exercise regulate the expression of ABCC4, ABCG2, URAT1, and GLUT9 in normal rat kidneys and normal rat kidney cells (NRK-52E) and their relationship with NF-κB and NRF-2. NRK-52E cells were separately cultured by serum from 10 healthy SD rats who did not exercise (CON) and 10 healthy SD rats who did aerobic treadmill exercise for 6 weeks. Cells cultured by serum from rats who did aerobic treadmill exercise for 6 weeks were separated by without NRF-2 inhibitor (EXE) and with NRF-2 inhibitor (EXE + ML). SUA level of rats was tested by using dry chemical assays, xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in serum and liver were tested by using enzyme colorimetry assays, protein expression in kidney and NRK-52E cells were tested by using Western-blot, and UA levels in the upper or lower chamber were tested by colorimetry assays. Aerobic exercise reduced SUA levels in rats but did not significantly affect on liver xanthine oxidase. It also increased the expression of some UA transporters in the kidney and NRK-52E cells and increased the cells’ ability in UA excretion. When the NRF-2 was inhibited, the NF-κB and ABCG2 increased, and the expression of ABCC4, URAT1, and GLUT9 decreased. In conclusion, this study suggested that 6 weeks of aerobic treadmill exercise intervention may help to improve the excretion of UA in renal cells, suggesting that long-term aerobic exercise may be a means to prevent hyperuricemia.

Effects Of Different Intensities And Durations Of Aerobic Exercise On Vascular Endothelial Function In Middle-aged And Elderly People: A Meta-analysis

PURPOSE: Previous studies have found that aerobic exercise was more effective in improving vascular endothelial function than resistance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and other types of exercise, while the effects between different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise were unclear. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to investigate the effects of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on the vascular endothelial function of middle-aged and elderly people. METHODS: Databases were searched up to April 2021 for studies evaluating the influences of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) among healthy middle-aged and elderly people. Data were pooled using random-effects models to obtain the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 9 studies involving 161 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Aerobic exercise improved the overall FMD of healthy middle-aged and elderly people (WMD, 1.33 [95% CI, 0.37-2.28], p < 0.05). Specifically, vigorous-intensity exercise increased FMD significantly in healthy middle-aged and elderly people (WMD, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.27-1.93], p < 0.05), while moderate-intensity exercise had no significant association with FMD (WMD, 1.49 [95% CI, -0.62-3.60], p < 0.05). In addition, long-term (8 weeks or above) aerobic exercise increased the FMD in healthy middle-aged and elderly people (WMD, 1.63 [95% CI, 0.61-2.66], p < 0.05), while one-time acute aerobic exercise had no significant association with FMD of healthy middle-aged and elderly people (WMD, 0.89 [95% CI, -1.47-3.24], p < 0.05).Specifically, 8 weeks or above of vigorous-intensity exercise increased FMD significantly in healthy middle-aged and elderly people (WMD, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.06-1.90], p < 0.01), while 8 weeks or above of moderate aerobic exercise had no significant association with FMD (WMD, 1.49 [95% CI, -0.62-3.60], p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise, especially 8 weeks or above of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, improved the endothelial function in healthy middle-aged and elderly people.