Long-standing Contact Research Articles

Variation of Relative Complementizers in Yucatecan Spanish: A Comparison of Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers

The starting point of this article is the occurrence of determiner-less and bare que relative complementizers like (en) que, ‘(in) that’, instead of (en) el que, ‘(in) which’, in Yucatecan Spanish (southeast Mexico). While reference grammars treat complementizers with a determiner as the standard option, previous diachronic research has shown that determiner-less complementizers actually predate relative complementizers with a determiner. Additionally, Yucatecan Spanish has been in long-standing contact with Yucatec Maya. Relative complementation in Yucatec Maya differs from that in Spanish (at least) in that the non-complex complementizer tu’ux (‘where’) is generally the only option for locative complementation. The paper explores monolingual and bilingual data from Yucatecan Spanish to discuss the question whether the determiner-less and bare que relative complementizers in our data constitute a historic remnant or a dialectal recast, possibly (but not necessarily) due to language contact. Although our pilot study may not answer these far-reaching questions, it does reveal two separate, but intertwined developments: (i) a generally increased rate of bare que relative complementation, across both monolingual speakers of Spanish and Spanish Maya bilinguals, compared to other Spanish varieties, and (ii) a preference for donde at the cost of other locative complementizer constructions in the bilingual group. Our analysis thus reveals intriguing differences between the complementizer preferences of monolingual and bilingual speakers, suggesting that different variational patterns caused by different (socio-)linguistic factors can co-develop in parallel in one and the [same] region.

Enlightening the darkness: The potential of charcoal analysis for the study of vegetation dynamics and relative exploitation at Krania during the Iron Age Greece

In the framework of the NWO project “What went into the melting pot? Land-use, agriculture, and craft production as indicators for the contributions of Greek migrants and local inhabitants to the so-called Greek colonization in Italy (ca. 850–550 BC)”, science-based methods are employed to analyze and compare the organization of subsistence strategies in the Greek motherland and in the indigenous and colonial milieus of Italy (Crielaard et al. 2020). As a part of the subproject ‘Flora & Fauna’, which focuses on farming practices, subsistence strategies and surplus production, Iron Age material from the settlement of Krania in the Pieria region of Greece was analyzed. The site was excavated in 2001 and revealed occupation phases from the 3rd millennium BC to the Hellenistic period. The amount of ceramics recovered demonstrates the importance of trade with the rest of Greece, in particular Corinth, providing evidence for long-standing contacts and networks. Two pit structures contained a high concentration of material, notably charcoal and ceramics dating to the 9th-8th centuries BC. This material constitutes an interesting case study in itself but also as a regional comparandum with other Greek assemblages. This paper discusses how anthracological analysis can contribute to our understanding of human-environment interactions, anthropogenic practices and environmental management.

Professional publishing and Lithuanian books in the first two-thirds of the 19th century in Lithuania: The case of the Zawadzki firm

Successfully profiting from textbook publishing as the typographer at Vilnius University, Józef Zawadzki (1781‒1838) established one of the most important and most successful book publishing, production, and distribution companies of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century in the territories of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealt. The Zawadzki firm represented the new category of professional publishers. Over the first seventy years of the firm’s existence at the firm’s expense were published 122 Lithuanian books, as well as printed about 50 Lithuanian publications at their authors finances. The attitude of the members of Zawadzki family regarding the publishing of Lithuanian books essentially changed. While the Józef Zawadzki was indifferent towards them, in the middle of the 19th century Adam Zawadzki (1814‒1875) outcompeted other professional book publishers and distributors, and monopolized the publishing of Lithuanian books in the Samogitian Diocese, becoming not only the most important publisher of Lithuanian books, but also their printer and distributor. The successful realization of Adam Zawadzki’s business plans was partly due to his longstanding contacts with the most active figures of Lithuanian written culture, with whom he maintained a new form of cooperation based on authorial royalties, partly due effectively distribution of published matter, using first stationary bookstore in the periphery, located in the west of Lithuania (which served as a retail and wholesale trade enterprise), various ways of non-stationary book trade, services of a commercial library and advertising. Owing to Adam’s efforts, the Zawadzki firm made a significant contribution uniting main forces of authors and publishers of Lithuanian books in 19th century Lithuania, renewing the repertoire of Lithuanian books, as well as giving Lithuanian book publishing, production and distribution features characteristic for a modern business. A model of dealing with censorship through illegal publishing, developed with the publication Apej brostwą błaiwistes arba nusiturieima, was used throughout all the forty years of the press ban and helped raising several generations of literate Lithuanians and bringing Lithuania and Lithuania Minor closer together.

A Preliminary Study on the Meranaw Traditional Balod “Tie-Dye” Technique in Weaving

This paper is a historical narrative study documenting two of the most ancient living Meranaw cultural heritage: kapanga-awl (weaving) and kapamalod (tie-dyeing). These century-old surviving crafts serve as a testament to a very long-standing contacts and trade relations between the Philippines and her neighboring countries such as India, China and the Asian countries, more particularly Indonesia whose Ikat (from an ancient Indonesian word mengikat which means to tie or bind) weaving style closely resembles the Meranaw balod technique in weaving. What links the Philippines with these countries and what finds the Meranaw more similar to the weaving tribes in Northern Luzon and Southern Mindanao are their weaving culture. Highlights of this paper include the origin of the balod technique in weaving, their ingenuity with regards to the use of natural and indigenous raw materials for weaving and some mythical performances, ceremonies, and ritual offerings associated with the balod craftsmanship. Significantly, the research aimed to enable the readers to appreciate and understand the said weaving cultural heritage. It addresses the issues of saving this cultural heritage; otherwise, weaving may suffer the fate of other Meranaw indigenous arts that have diminished and faded into oblivion. This paper recommends preserving such weaving cultural heritage through continuous recording or documenting, archiving, preserving them in their living form, and ensuring its transmission to the next generation.

Basque Differential Object Marking as a Contact-Induced Phenomenon: How and Why?

The debate as to whether syntax can be borrowed has spurred much scholarly inquiry among those who argue that syntax cannot be borrowed (Silva-Corvalán, 2008) and those in favor of the ‘anything-goes’ argument (Thomason, 2001). In contribution to this debate, this study examines the contact-induced processes behind the variation of Basque Differential Object Marking (dom). We examine the use of Basque dom in the spontaneous speech of 42 speakers whose variety has been in a long-standing contact with Spanish (Gernika Basque) and 15 speakers of a ‘newly’ standardized variety (Standard Basque). We additionally examine the spontaneous speech of their leísmo in order to make a case that Basque dom is not an example of syntactic borrowing but involves a process of replica grammaticalization (Heine and Kuteva, 2005) whereby speakers replicate their use of leísmo either through matter-borrowing, pattern-borrowing or a combination of both.

Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture

The Cucuteni-Trypillia complex (CTC) flourished in eastern Europe for over two millennia (5100–2800 BCE) from the end of the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Its vast distribution area encompassed modern-day eastern Romania, Moldova and western/central Ukraine. Due to a lack of existing burials throughout most of this time, only little is known about the people associated with this complex and their genetic composition. Here, we present genome-wide data generated from the skeletal remains of four females that were excavated from two Late CTC sites in Moldova (3500–3100 BCE). All individuals carried a large Neolithic-derived ancestry component and were genetically more closely related to Linear Pottery than to Anatolian farmers. Three of the specimens also showed considerable amounts of steppe-related ancestry, suggesting influx into the CTC gene-pool from people affiliated with, for instance, the Ukraine Mesolithic. The latter scenario is supported by archaeological evidence. Taken together, our results confirm that the steppe component arrived in eastern Europe farming communities maybe as early as 3500 BCE. In addition, they are in agreement with the hypothesis of ongoing contacts and gradual admixture between incoming steppe and local western populations.

Syntactic and aspectual functions of Latvian verbal prefixes in Livonian

This paper presents an analysis of an assumed contact-induced change in the Livonian modes of expressing perfective aspect: the adoption of Latvian-origin verbal prefixes expressing perfective aspect. The main objective of this article is to determine whether long-standing contact between Livonian and Latvian has led to the introduction of verbal prefixes as both pure lexical elements and, in parallel, as markers of grammatical functions that distinguish Livonian from its closest cognate languages. The current study is based on the data derived from unpublished recordings and published written material representing spoken Livonian, already extinct as a first language in the traditional speech area.
 There are a total of eleven Latvian-origin verbal prefixes in Livonian, a language which usually does not display this category. The prefixes are as follows: aiz-, ap-, at-, ie-, iz-, nuo-, pa-, pie-, pōr-, sa-, and uz-. In Latvian, most of these items can be used as bound verbal prefixes and also prepositions marking adverbial functions. In Livonian, these prefixes can be combined with both Livonian and Latvian verbs but, as a rule – except for pa- – they do not occur as prepositions. The frequency of their occurrence in the data varies considerably and, presumably, corresponds to the degree that a given prefix may derive perfective verbs. In fact, verbal prefixation can be considered, to some extent, a means for expressing perfective aspect in Livonian, thereby adding a secondary strategy to the inherent Finnic way of expressing aspectual oppositions, namely the object case alternation and verbal particles.

Technological conditions control for obtaining the metallic component from the M-C prosthetic restorations, by scanning electron microscopy and EDAX analysis

The alloys used in the metal-ceramic technology are noble alloys based on gold (eg Au-Pd, Au-Pd-Ag), noble alloys based on palladium (eg Pd-Ag, Pd-Cu) and non-noble alloys (ex. Ni-Cr, Co-Cr, Fe-Cr, Ti alloys, Cu-alloys, etc) as an alternative to noble alloys that have become expensive and inaccessible. The metallic structure must be precise, without casting defects that will influence the adhesion after sintering of the overlying ceramic mass. The research carried out highlights the causes that favor the occurrence of defects during the stages of the metallic component processing (from the melting to the casting) of the alloy, using electron microscopy analysis of samples from non-noble alloys (e.g. Cu alloys) taken from the casting network, channels and crowns. Point analysis in the base mass indicates the initial composition [3] of the alloy within the limits indicated by the standard. In the same samples (taken from the casting network) there are also discontinuities of materials, respectively microrets, which means that the alloy was cast at a low temperature. The experimental results easily demonstrate both the technological moment / stage in which the purity of the alloy worsens, the material defects in the initial state or any defects that occurred during the smelting - casting operations. EDX Spectroscopy Analysis on samples taken from the crown, from all alloys (but especially copper based alloys) confirms the presence of impurities (mainly oxides), proof of the long-standing contact with the atmosphere of the alloy during processing [1,3].

Liminality and Communitas in Literary Representations of Aboriginal and Asian Encounters

ABSTRACTThe dynamic relationship between Aboriginal groups and ethnic immigrants in Australia remains theoretically unconstructed as it largely falls outside the binaries of race and ethnicity. Historically, Aboriginal people have developed longstanding contacts with Asian groups, traversing national, cultural, sexual and legislative boundaries. Although indigeneity and diaspora embody disparate and even opposite meanings, there are synergies between diasporic identities and Aboriginal people who suffer from dislocation due to the enduring impact of colonisation and migration. The postcolonial adaptation of liminality or threshold may provide an apt framework for theorising the literary representation of a convergence of border-crossing and diasporic experiences of Aboriginal and Asian Australians in the marginal, interstitial and in-between spaces. Due to a shared predicament and a sense of comradeship, Aboriginal–Asian encounters forge communitas, which does not suggest inherent subversiveness or unproblematic co-option. This paper considers Ubby’s Underdogs (2011, 2013) by Brenton E. McKenna and A Most Peculiar Act (2014) by Marie Munkara to explore Aboriginal–Asian relations under the White Australia policy. Through the recurrent theme of Japanese and imaginary Chinese invasions, these novels complicate the crossings in the porous and precarious borderlands, remap the intersecting power relations and reroute Aboriginal characters back to the centre.

The Anglo-Frisian Relationship as Contact and Linkage

This note places Rolf Bremmer’s views on a possible ‘Anglo-Frisian’ branch of West Germanic in the context of theoretical discussions about subgrouping, and in this way provides further underpinning for Bremmer’s position. The key test for subgrouping as defined since Leskien 1876 has been synapomorphy, namely shared innovations unlikely to have arisen independently, and many features presented as support for an Anglo-Frisian branch do not conform to that. Bremmer’s views on the role of longstanding contact between English and Frisian and related varieties now finds support in the notion of ‘linkages’. The author concludes, with Bremmer, that the similarities between English and Frisian reflect a mixture of inheritance plus complex and ongoing contacts, but does not necessarily reflect a sub- branch of West Germanic.

Phonological Features of the Amharic Variety of South Wəllo

This paper examines the phonological features that characterize the Amharic variety spoken in South Wəllo, an area which has been influenced by the diffusion of linguistic and cultural features arising from longstanding contact situations between Semitic and non-Semitic linguistic groups. Data from eight districts of the zone have shown that the South Wəllo variety has 26 consonant and seven vowel phonemes. The consonants are four fewer than that reported of the standard variety. The co-occurrence restrictions of the consonants and the syllable structures are the same as those of the standard variety. However, the phonological rules that operate at morpheme internal, morpheme and word boundary levels are different in the degree of complexity and directionality. These include inter-vocalic lenition of velar stops, word-final weakening of alveo-palatals, coalescence of lowering diphthongs, centering, lowering and fronting of vowels, metathesis of coronals and anteriors, and lexeme specific alternations of homorganic consonants. The description of the facts provides more substantive arguments in favor of the long-held claim that Wəllo constitutes a distinct dialect area.

Voice Onset Timing in the English of Spanish Heritage Speakers

The phonological system of bilinguals has been the subject of many recent studies. Several studies have specifically looked at Voice Onset Time (VOT) production in bilinguals in order to answer questions about the phonological system or systems of different types of bilinguals. For example, prior studies have looked at the effects of bilingual phonological production based on age of acquisition of a second language, cross-linguistic influence, and childhood experience with the language. This study will specifically examine the VOT production of a group of bilingual English-Spanish students who are enrolled in a Spanish as a Heritage Language Program (henceforth, SHL) at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This population is of particular interest as Spanish and English have been in long-standing contact in this region of the country. This study will measure the VOT of this diverse group of bilinguals in order to assess whether and to what extent exposure to and/or proficiency in Spanish has an effect on the production of English VOTs in this region of the country.

Speaking Volumes: Embodying Cather’s Works

For all the warnings not to judge a book by its cover, the physical form of a book nevertheless speaks of its content, rightly or wrongly, and gives a context for it. Willa Cather's stories were embodied in a variety of forms in their first appearances in public, the results of increasingly complex interplays between both her publishers' choices and her own. Her publishers had to consider technical and commercial factors in their choices, as well as aesthetic ones; Cather was freer to concentrate on aesthetic considerations, although she too was interested in making her books attractive in a marketing sense as well. At first, as a new writer, she had little say in the presentations of her works; she even claimed she didn't know much about how her books were made physically (WC to Edward D. MacDonald, 21 Feb. 1923). Nonetheless, influenced in different ways by her publishers, she took an increasing role in the making of her books as physical objects, becoming involved with questions of bindings, book-jackets, and even paper and typography. This essay will describe Cather's books in their changing material forms, suggesting how these were influenced by Cather's wishes and by how her publishers wanted her to be seen. Publishers Cather's books were expressions of two different publishing houses. Her first publisher, Houghton Mifflin, was a Boston firm with deep roots in the New England tradition. The firm was a successor to Ticknor and Fields, publisher of many of the mid-nineteenth-century New England writers; they continued to publish editions, from cheap to deluxe, of Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, and others. The New England genteel tradition continued to influence the firm's editorial policies into the twentieth century. Houghton Mifflin also had long-standing contacts and arrangements with established British writers to publish their work in the United States. Cather was just one of many authors inscribed on Houghton Mifflin's rolls, although she had the interest and encouragement of her editor and friend, Ferris Greenslet (see Robert Thacker's essay in this issue.) With such a large backlist of authors for whom there was a continuing audience, as well as a large educational publishing division, Houghton Mifflin did not feel a need to depend on advertising. Both Horace Houghton and George Mifflin distrusted newspaper advertising in particular as being both expensive and ineffective; they preferred more dignified methods, such as direct mail and store displays (Ballou 324,426). Nor did they feel that reviews were particularly effective, since they thought few people read them. In short, Houghton Mifflin was well-established, careful with its budgets, and conservative: Ballou notes that though the firm had popular books, by the 1920s they were not publishing the younger writers who were leading fiction and poetry in new directions (549-53). Cather's second publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, was very different (see Richard Harris's essay in this issue). After working for Doubleday, one of the more progressive New York publishers, Knopf had started his own firm in 1915, at the age of twenty-three. He had been influenced by the high standards of design and craftsmanship of a slightly earlier generation of young publishers such as Mitchell Kennerly and Herbert Stone (Tebbel, II, 388,435). As a new publisher and an outsider (he was one of the first Jewish men to become a mainstream publisher), his editorial policy would have differed from Houghton Mifflin's even if his temperament had not. Without the money to lure established authors by prospects of large advances, Knopf committed himself to nurturing the long-term success of his authors, rather than searching for the next best seller. Of course, their success was his: he sought to build the brand of the Knopf firm as the source of intelligent, interesting, and well-designed books. As one of his billboards declared, now you can buy books by the label (Tebbel, III, 334)--presumably the Knopf name on the spine or the Borzoi stamp on the back cover. …

Genomics of corneal wound healing: a review of the literature

Corneal wound healing is a complex process: its mechanisms and the underlying genetic control are not fully understood. It involves the integrated actions of multiple growth factors, cytokines and proteases produced by epithelial cells, stromal keratocytes, inflammatory cells and lacrimal gland cells. Following an epithelial insult, multiple cytokines are released triggering a cascade of events that leads to repair the epithelial defect and remodelling of the stroma to minimize the loss of transparency and function. In this review, we examine the literature surrounding the genomics of corneal wound healing with respect to the following topics: epithelial and stromal wound healing (including inhibition); corneal neovascularisation; the role of corneal nerves in wound healing; the endothelium; the role of aquaporins and aptamers. We also examine the effect of ectasia on corneal wound healing with regard to keratoconus and following corneal surgery. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur during repair of corneal wounds will provide the opportunity to design treatments that selectively modulate key phases of the healing process resulting in scars that more closely resemble normal corneal architecture.

Contact-induced restructuring of pronominal morphosyntax in Umpithamu (Cape York Peninsula, Australia)

This paper analyses the morphosyntactic status of pronouns in Umpithamu, a language from Cape York Peninsula (Australia). The analysis shows that pronominal morphosyntax in Umpithamu deviates from what can be expected historically and typologically, and attributes this to restructuring under the influence of intensive contact with Lamalamic languages, to which it is not closely related. The evidence for contact-induced restructuring combines a clear linguistic case involving a rare morphosyntactic pattern with a rare function, with a well-documented anthropological case for long-standing language contact. The outcome of the process is morphologically hybrid, combining the external structure of enclitic forms with the internal structure of free forms, which testifies to the abrupt nature of the process that was involved.

Non-vitrectomizing vitreous surgery for premacular haemorrhage

We report three cases illustrating an alternative treatment option for premacular haemorrhage. This retrospective interventional case study included three eyes in three patients with premacular haemorrhage caused by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in the first case, trauma in the second case and retinal arterial macroaneurysm in the third case. All patients underwent non-vitrectomizing vitreous surgery. Visual acuity as well as slit-lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations were performed pre- and postoperatively to evaluate the resolution of premacular haemorrhage and changes in lenticular opacity. At postoperative day 1, visual acuity had improved from counting fingers (CF) to 6/12 in case 1, from CF to 6/20 in case 2 and from CF to 3/60 in case 3. Examination of the fundus showed resolution of the premacular haemorrhage with mild vitreous haemorrhage in all cases. Final best corrected visual acuities were 6/6, 6/7.5 and 6/15, respectively. The lens remained clear in two of two phakic eyes at the last follow-up visit. In these selected cases, non-vitrectomizing vitreous surgery was a useful and safe alternative for the treatment of premacular haemorrhage.

Why Paul Nathan Attacked Albert Ballin: The Transatlantic Mass Migration and the Privatization of Prussia's Eastern Border Inspection, 1886–1914

Albert Ballin was one of Imperial Germany's most successful business leaders. He early recognized the impact and possibilities of the expansion and integration of global markets. Within little more than a decade after he had joined the management of theHamburg-Amerikanische-Paketfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft(HAPAG) in 1886, he turned an already significant enterprise into the world's largest steamship line. As a leading manager and later as HAPAG director general, Ballin was a major force behind Hamburg's rise to Imperial Germany's second largest city. Due in no small part to HAPAG's spectacular growth, Hamburg emerged as a key global port for passengers and freight by the turn of the century. But Ballin was not just a gifted business leader in a highly innovative economic sector; he also had access to some of the highest figures in Berlin. Ballin repeatedly met with theKaiserand government members, and he used his long-standing contacts in England on several diplomatic missions to ease rising tensions between the two powers, albeit without lasting success.

Introduction. The linguistic consequences of globalization: the Nordic laboratory

As is well-known from the literature on language contact (e.g. Weinreich 1953; Thomason and Kaufman 1988) the factors and forces that are in play in close and longstanding contact between (speakers of ) two languages are both linguistic and social in nature, and involve both quantitative and qualitative relationships. Indeed, the outcome of language contact is a question of numbers and frequencies in terms of use and users, of sameness vs. difference in terms of linguistic structure, of dominance vs. subordination in terms of socio-historical contexts, etc. The history of the Nordic communities is rich in illustrative examples of such relationships, with Denmark and Sweden as the stronger communities, opposing each other “in the middle” of the Nordic area, all while dominating “the periphery” — westwards in the case of Denmark and Danish with a long history in Norway, the Faroes, Iceland and Greenland — eastwards in the case of Sweden and Swedish with a long history in Finland. And we may add the linguistic and socio-historical complexities that relate the Sami people in the far north to the southern majority populations of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Superposed on these intra-Nordic relationships, so to speak, “foreign” cultures and languages — most importantly Latin, German and French — have reached the Nordic area as a whole throughout its history, leaving a similar imprint, with variations, on its languages. The complex linguistic and socio-historical relationships hinted at here are among the most thoroughly studied and documented in the world (Bandle et al. 2002–2005). Against this background, it seems to us that the Nordic area makes up a well-suited “laboratory” for research into the contexts and consequences of today’s globalization and the general advance of English. This is a main consideration behind a large contrastive project which has been running since 2001 in seven Nordic communities, including (from west to east): Iceland, The Faroe Islands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Swedish-speaking Finland, and Finnish-speaking Finland. (The Greenlandic and Sami AUTHOR’S COPY | AUTORENEXEMPLAR

Ohmic contacts on silicon carbide: The first monolayer and its electronic effect

We demonstrate that origin of the long-standing contact issue in silicon carbide devices can be understood and technologically manipulated at the atomic level. Using advanced transmission electron microscopy, we attribute qualitatively the formation of ohmic contacts to silicon carbide to an epitaxial, coherent, and atomically ordered interface. Quantitatively, first-principles calculations predict that this interface can trap an atomic layer of carbon and hence enable lowered Schottky barrier and enhanced quantum electron transport. The combined experimental and theoretical studies performed provide insight into the complex electronic and electric effects of the buried contact interface, which are fundamental for improving the contact in future electronics based on wide-band-gap semiconductors such as silicon carbide and diamond.

Situational Uses of Syndromic Surveillance

Since 2001, many state and local health departments have implemented automated systems to monitor healthcare use and to promptly identify and track epidemics and other public health threats. In 2007-08, we conducted case studies of selected events with actual or potential public health impacts to determine whether and how health departments and hospitals used these new systems. We interviewed public health and hospital representatives and applied qualitative analysis methods to identify response themes. So-called "syndromic" surveillance methods were most useful in situations with widespread health effects, such as respiratory illness associated with seasonal influenza or exposures to smoke from wildfires. In other instances, such as a tornado or hazardous material exposures, these systems were useful for detecting or monitoring health impacts that affected relatively few people, or they were used to affirm the absence of outbreaks following natural disasters or the detection of a potential pathogen in air samples. Typically, these data supplemented information from traditional sources to provide a timelier or fuller mosaic of community health status, and use was shaped by long-standing contacts between health department and hospital staffs. State or local epidemiologists generally preferred syndromic systems they had developed over the CDC BioSense system, citing lesser familiarity with BioSense and less engagement in its development. Instances when BioSense data were most useful to state officials occurred when analyses and reports were provided by CDC staff. Understanding the uses of surveillance information during such events can inform further investments in surveillance capacity in public health emergency preparedness programs.