Long-chain Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

The Effect of Mulberry Silage Supplementation on the Carcass Fatness and Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition of Growing Lambs Compared with Traditional Corn Silage

The Effect of Mulberry Silage Supplementation on the Carcass Fatness and Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition of Growing Lambs Compared with Traditional Corn Silage

Bayesian Meta-Analysis: Impacts of Eating Habits and Habitats on Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Growth in Cultured Fish.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) offer protective benefits against various pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, obesity, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Marine fish and seafood are the primary sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs in the human diet. However, the inclusion of fish oil in aquafeeds is declining due to limited availability, fluctuating prices, sustainability concerns, and replacement with vegetable oils. While comprehensive narrative reviews on the impact of substituting fish oil with vegetable oil in aquafeeds exist, quantitative studies are relatively scarce and mainly focused on comparing the source of vegetable oils. Herein, we employed, for the first time, a Bayesian meta-analysis approach, collecting research data from 81 articles to quantitatively analyze the effects of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels on the n-3 LC-PUFA composition and growth performance in cultured fish. Our findings indicate that with the exception of herbivorous fish, dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels significantly affect the EPA and DHA levels in the livers and muscles of carnivorous, omnivorous, freshwater, and marine fish. Additionally, the growths of freshwater and herbivorous fish were less affected by changes in dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels compared to that of carnivorous and marine fish.

Acute treatment of bilateral rTMS combined with antidepressants on the plasma fatty acids for major depressive episodes

Bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (B-rTMS) has been largely used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Nonetheless, information on the acute treatment by B-rTMS combined with antidepressants (ADs) on the plasma fatty acids in MDD is limited. The present study focused on depressive symptoms; Plasma was obtained from 27 adult patients with MDD at baselinephase (MDD), after 2 weeks of treatment (MDD-2w), and 27 healthy controls (HC). Meanwhile, we evaluated the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-and long-chain fatty acids (MLCFAs) in the plasma. Consequently, the levels of Isobutyric acid, Caproic acid, and Propionic acid were low both in the MDD and MDD-2w groups and negatively correlated with the scores of HAMD and HAMA. Besides, minimal changes were observed between the MDD and HC groups, whereas significant MLCFA levels were high in the MDD-2w group. Moreover, we developed combined panels that could effectively differentiate MDD from HCs (AUC=0.99), MDD-2w from HC (AUC=0.983), and MDD from MDD-2w (AUC=0.852). These findings may provide a reference for the use of B-rTMS combined with ADs against the acute phase of depressive episodes and shed light on the relationship between plasma FAs and MDD.

Muscle biopsy long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, IMF and FMP in Australian pasture-based Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu Beef Cattle

BackgroundWe investigated breed and gender variations in the compositions of long-chain (≥ C20) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC omega-3 PUFA), fat melting point (FMP) and intramuscular fat (IMF) contents in biopsy samples of the M. longissimus dorsi muscle of grazing beef cattle. The hypothesis that biopsy compositions of health-beneficial LC omega-3 PUFA, FMP and IMF in a pasture-based production system will vary with breed, was tested. Muscle biopsies were taken from 127 yearling pasture-based Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu heifers and young bulls exclusive to the Australian Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral breeding stud averaging 12 ± 2.43 months of age and under the same management routine.ResultsBreed had a significant influence on IMF, FMP, and the compositions of oleic acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and total EPA + DHA + DPA in the M. longissimus dorsi muscle biopsies (P ≤ 0.03). The Wagyu breed had the highest (11.1%) and Hereford the lowest (5.9%) IMF (P = 0.03). The reverse trend was observed in FMP values where the Hereford breed had the highest (55 °C), Angus intermediate (46.5 °C), and Wagyu the lowest (33 °C) FMP. The Wagyu and Angus breeds had similar oleic fatty acid (18:1n-9) content, while the Hereford breed had the lowest (P < 0.01). The highest ALA, DPA, total EPA + DHA, total EPA + DHA + DPA and total ALA + EPA + DHA + DPA contents were detected in the Wagyu breed (P ≤ 0.03). The Hereford had similar EPA and DPA contents to the Angus (P ≥ 0.46). Total EPA + DHA + DPA contents in Wagyu, Angus, and Hereford were 28.8, 21.5, and 22.1 mg/100g tissue (P = 0.01), respectively. Sex was an important source of variation that influenced LC omega-3 PUFA composition, FMP and IMF, where yearling heifers had higher IMF (11.9% vs 5.3%), lower FMP (33°C vs 37°C), and higher LC omega-3 PUFA than bulls.ConclusionAll the results taken together indicate that the Wagyu breed at 28.8 mg/100g tissue, was the closest to meeting the Australia and New Zealand recommended source level threshold of 30 mg/100g tissue of health-beneficial ≥ C20 omega-3 FA content. Since gender was a significant determinant of LC omega-3 PUFA composition, IMF content and FMP, it should be factored into enhancement strategies of healthy meat eating quality traits in grazing cattle. These findings also suggest that the Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral beef cattle studs are important sources of LC omega-3 PUFA that can be used to cover the deficit in these health claimable fatty acids in Western diets.

Holistic effect of operating conditions and purification methods on the pollution characteristics of washing water and biodiesel quality

This study aimed to optimize the experimental conditions in terms of converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel and minimizing contaminants in the washing water. The statistical interactions of the experimental conditions such as alcohol:oil ratio, catalyst ratio, temperature and reaction time on the biodiesel and the washing water quality were determined. Aqueous and dry washing methods were carried out and optimum alcohol:oil and catalyst ratios were obtained as 30 % (molar ratio 3:1) and 1 %, respectively, for both methods. Kinematic viscosity, density and pH of the biodiesel and chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate (PO4), total nitrogen (TN), conductivity, pH, absorbance values, metals and long-chain fatty acid composition of the washing water were measured. It was concluded that COD and fatty acid concentrations of the washing water have significantly decreased to 10,015 mg/L and 7 mg/L, respectively, at the optimum conditions. Long-chain fatty acid composition in the wastewater was determined to be related with the experimental conditions and the quality of produced biodiesel. It was observed that types and concentrations of the fatty acids increased in the waste washing water of biodiesel at low alcohol and catalyst ratios. As an important contribution to the literature, fatty acids passing from biodiesel into wastewater were determined by gas chromatography and their relation to COD was analyzed. Besides linear correlation was found between fatty acids and COD. The increase of metals in waste washing water thought to be as a result of frying process in the metallic containers.

Elevated ozone alters long-chain fatty acids in leaves of Japanese white birch saplings.

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in leaves have attracted attention as nutritious phytochemicals and olfactory signals that influence the behavior and growth of herbivorous insects. In recognition of the negative effects of increasing tropospheric ozone (O3) levels on plants, LCFAs can be altered through peroxidation by O3. However, how elevated O3 changes the amount and composition of LCFAs in field-grown plants is still unknown. We investigated palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic LCFAs in the two leaf types (spring and summer) and two stages (early and late stage after expansion) of Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) after a multi-year O3 exposure on the field. Summer leaves exhibited a distinct composition of LCFAs under elevated O3 at the early stage, whereas both stages of spring leaves did not exhibit significant changes in LCFAs composition by elevated O3. In the spring leaves, the amounts of saturated LCFAs significantly increased at the early stage, however, the amount of total, palmitic, and linoleic acids at the late stage were significantly decreased by elevated O3. Summer leaves had a lower amount of all LCFAs at both leaf stages. Regarding the early stage of summer leaves, the lower amount of LCFAs under elevated O3 was possibly due to O3-suppressed photosynthesis in the current spring leaves. Furthermore, the decrease ratio of spring leaves over time was significantly increased by elevated O3 in all LCFAs, whereas summer leaves did not exhibit such an effect. These findings suggest that further studies should be conducted to reveal the biological functions of LCFAs under elevated O3, considering the leaf type- and stage-dependent changes of LCFAs.

Association of Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 rs174547 Polymorphism with the Composition of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Serum Glycerophospholipids during Pregnancy.

The increase in fetal requirements of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy alters maternal fatty acid metabolism, and therefore, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene polymorphisms may change blood fatty acid composition or concentration differently during pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between a FADS1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and maternal serum LCPUFA levels in Japanese pregnant women during the first and third trimesters and at delivery. Two hundred and fifty-three pregnant women were included, and fatty acid compositions of glycerophospholipids in serum (weight %) and the FADS1 SNP rs174547 (T/C) were analyzed. LCPUFAs, including arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), significantly decreased from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, DHA significantly decreased from the third trimester of pregnancy to delivery. At all gestational stages, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid were significantly higher with the number of minor FADS1 SNP alleles, whereas γ-linolenic acid and ARA and the ARA/LA ratio were significantly lower. DHA was significantly lower with the number of minor FADS1 SNP alleles only in the third trimester and at delivery, suggesting that genotype effects become more obvious as pregnancy progresses.

Lacticaseibacillus casei decrease long-chain fatty acids and most substances in an experimental model of intestinal mucositis.

To evaluate the long-chain fatty acid and major compounds levels in the feces after prophylactic oral use of Lacticaseibacillus casei in an experimental model of intestinal mucositis. Fifteen Swiss mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=5/group): The negative or positive control groups (n = 5) received saline orally for 18 days and an the intraperitoneal (i.p.) of saline or 5 Fluorouracil (450 mg/kg) in 15th day, respectability. L. casei group received oral concentration of L. casei (1x109 CFU/mL) for 18 days, the i.p. injection of 5-fluorouracil (450 mg/kg) in 15th days. Tissue samples from colon and each small intestine segment were collected for histopathological analysis. Stool samples were collected. Fecal composition of long-chain fatty acids and sterols were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on the 15th and the 18th day. The mucosa layer of all small intestine segments of animals from L. casei showed well preserved epithelium and glands, without necrosis signs, but Goblet cells number decreased. Several long-chain fatty acids and sterols have been identified before and after in the groups. L. casei administration after 5-FU treatment reduced concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) (p < 0.001) and oleic acid (18:1) (p < 0.001) in feces. L. casei prevented the mucosal damage associated with 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis reduced long-chain fatty acid levels in the feces.

Canola Seed Priming and Its Effect on Gas Exchange, Chlorophyll Photobleaching, and Enzymatic Activities in Response to Salt Stress

Canola is the second-largest oil seed crop in the world, providing oil mainly composed of long-chain fatty acids (C14 to C20). When mixed with fossil-diesel, canola-based biofuel can be used in passenger vehicles, trucks, or even in aviation. Canola is the most productive type of biofuel due to its oil’s long-chain and unbranched fatty acid composition, which makes it more fluid. However, canola yields are constrained by drought and salinity that can aggravate climate change, resulting in negative consequences. Therefore, it is becoming necessary for studies that involved the canola salt-tolerant genotypes to consider soil salinization by use of saline soil or salinized soil by a non-efficient irrigation method. This study was carried out to assess the effects of salinity on seed germination and the effect of CaCl2 (ψs = −1.2 MPa) on the promotion of regenerated plant memory when a new cycle of stress occurs. Our experiment shows that salt-stressed canola plants resulted in a high reduction in chlorophylls and carotenoids, with a high impact on gas exchange and a reduction in the efficiency of the chloroplast electron chain transporter, producing the negative effect of reduced molecules that affect the membrane integrity. However, canola seed priming could produce a memory in the regenerated plants when the second round of salt stress was applied. This research concludes that canola genotypes appear to have a tolerance mechanism against salt stress which could be an important trait for developing high-yielding canola varieties in future breeding programs under salt stress conditions.

Changes in Serum Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolome-Microbiome Responses of Heigai Pigs Induced by Dietary N-6/n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio.

Changing fatty acid composition is a potential nutritional strategy to shape microbial communities in pigs. However, the effect of different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on serum fatty acid composition, microbiota, and their metabolites in the intestine of pigs remains unclear. Our study investigated the changes in serum fatty acid composition and metabolome–microbiome responses induced by dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio based on a Heigai-pig model. A total of 54 Heigai finishing pigs (body weight: 71.59 ± 2.16 kg) fed with 3 types of diets (n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios are 8:1, 5:1, and 3:1) were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 6 replications (3 pigs per replication) for 75 days. Results showed that dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio significantly affected biochemical immune indexes including glucose (Glu), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TChol), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total thyroxine (TT4), and medium- and long-chain fatty acid composition, especially n-3 PUFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the serum. However, no significant effects were found in the SCFAs composition and overall composition of the gut microbiota community. In the low dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio group, the relative abundance of Cellulosilyticum, Bacteroides, and Alloprevotella decreased, Slackia and Sporobacter increased. Based on the metabolomic analysis, dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio altered the metabolome profiles in the colon. Moreover, Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that differential microbial genera and metabolites induced by different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio had tight correlations and were correlated with the n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA content in longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Taken together, these results showed that lower dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved serum fatty acid composition and metabolome–microbiome responses of Heigai pigs and may provide a new insight into regulating the metabolism of pigs and further better understanding the crosstalk with host and microbes in pigs.

Investigation of Maternal Diet and FADS1 Polymorphism Associated with Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Compositions in Human Milk.

Increasing the amount of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in human milk is an important strategy for infant growth and development. We investigated the associations of LCPUFA compositions in human milk with maternal diet (especially fish and shellfish intake), with fatty acid Δ5 desaturase gene (FADS1) polymorphisms, and with gene-diet interactions. The present study was performed as part of an adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. The participants were 304 lactating females, who provided human milk 6–7 months after delivery. Fatty acids in human milk were analyzed by gas chromatography, and dietary surveys were conducted using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. We also analyzed a single nucleotide polymorphism of FADS1 (rs174547, T/C). There was a significant difference in arachidonic acid (ARA) composition in human milk among the genotype groups, and the values were decreasing in the order of TT > TC > CC. The concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also different between TT and CC genotype, indicating a tendency for decreasing values in the same order. The composition of ARA showed significant gene–dietary interactions in multiple regression analysis, and the positive correlation between fish and shellfish intake and ARA composition in human milk was significant only in the CC genotype. Moreover, the factor most strongly associated with EPA and DHA composition in human milk was fish and shellfish intake. Therefore, it was suggested that increasing fish and shellfish intake in mothers may increase EPA and DHA composition in human milk, while increasing fish and shellfish intake in CC genotype mothers may lead to increased ARA composition in human milk.

DHA Supplementation of Obese Rats throughout Pregnancy and Lactation Modifies Milk Composition and Anxiety Behavior of Offspring.

We investigated if supplementing obese mothers (MO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) composition and offspring anxiety behavior. From weaning throughout pregnancy and lactation, female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating and through lactation, half the mothers received 400 mg DHA kg−1 d−1 orally (C+DHA or MO+DHA). Offspring ate C after weaning. Maternal weight, total body fat, milk hormones, and milk nutrient composition were determined. Pups’ milk nutrient intake was evaluated, and behavioral anxiety tests were conducted. MO exhibited increased weight and total fat, and higher milk corticosterone, leptin, linoleic, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations, and less DHA content. MO male and female offspring had higher ω-6/ ω-3 milk consumption ratios. In the elevated plus maze, female but not male MO offspring exhibited more anxiety. MO+DHA mothers exhibited lower weight, total fat, milk leptin, and AA concentrations, and enhanced milk DHA. MO+DHA offspring had a lower ω-6/ω-3 milk intake ratio and reduced anxiety vs. MO. DHA content was greater in C+DHA milk vs. C. Supplementing MO mothers with DHA improves milk composition, especially LCPUFA content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio reducing offspring anxiety in a sex-dependent manner.

Nutritional Enhancement of Health Beneficial Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Muscle, Liver, Kidney, and Heart of Tattykeel Australian White MARGRA Lambs Fed Pellets Fortified with Omega-3 Oil in a Feedlot System.

Simple SummaryThe problem addressed in this research was the possibility of enhancing the nutritional value and health beneficial omega-3 long-chain fatty acid content of lamb and its edible components. The aims and objectives were to evaluate the omega-3 contents of muscle, liver, kidney, and heart of lot-fed Tattykeel Australian White lambs of the MARGRA brand, in response to dietary supplementation with or without omega-3 oil fortified pellets. The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of omega-3 oil in feedlot diets of lambs enhances the human health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of edible muscle tissue and organs without compromising meat quality or shelf life. These results are valuable to society because of increased functionality, health benefits, micro-marbling, tender, mouth-melting taste, and high-end eating quality experience of MARGRA lamb tissues and organs.The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional enhancement of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) composition of edible lamb Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, heart, kidney, and liver in response to dietary supplementation of lot-fed lambs with or without omega-3 oil fortified pellets. The hypothesis tested was that fortifying feedlot pellets with omega-3 oil will enhance the human health beneficial n-3 LC-PUFA composition of edible lamb muscle tissue and organs. Seventy-five Tattykeel Australian White lambs exclusive to the MARGRA brand, with an average body weight of 30 kg at six months of age, were randomly assigned to the following three dietary treatments of 25 lambs each, and lot-fed as a cohort for 47 days in a completely randomized experimental design: (1) Control grain pellets without oil plus hay; (2) Omega-3 oil fortified grain pellets plus hay; and (3) Commercial whole grain pellets plus hay. All lambs had ad libitum access to the basal hay diet and water. Post-slaughter fatty acid composition of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, liver, kidney, and heart were determined using thee gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry technique. Results indicated significant variations (p < 0.05) in fatty acid profiles between tissues and organs. Omega-3 oil fortified pellets significantly (p < 0.05) increased ≥C20 n-3 LC-PUFA (C20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoate, EPA + C22:5n3 docosapentaenoate, DPA + C22:6n3 docosahexanoate DHA); C18:3n-3 alpha-linolenate, ALA; C18:2 conjugated linoleic acid, CLA; total monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA; polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA contents; and reduced the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in all lamb organs and tissues without impacting shelf-life. The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of omega-3 oil in feedlot diets of lambs enhances the human health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of edible muscle tissue and organs without compromising meat quality.

Effect of weaning and sex on meat fatty acid profile of grazing lambs

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-20 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.25-28 Twenty Tsigai and Suffolk crossbreed lambs in grazing conditions were used to investigate the effect of weaning status (weaned vs. unweaned) and sex on fatty acid composition of meat. Six males and four females were included in both groups, the weaned lambs group (WL) and the unweaned lambs group (UL). The fatty acid profile of Musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis intramuscular fat (IMF) were determined by gas chromatography and analysed by analysis of variance. WL displayed higher proportion of t 11-C18:1 (P < 0.001), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) C18:2 (P < 0.01) and C20:4 (P < 0.05), n-3 PUFA C18:3 (P < 0.05), C20:5 (P < 0.01), C22:5 (P < 0.05), C22:6 (P < 0.05) and the total PUFA (P < 0.01) in IMF than UL. On the contrary, IMF of UL had higher proportion of the medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C12:0 (P < 0.01), C14:0 (P < 0.01) and C16:0 (P < 0.01), the total SFA (P < 0.05) and the total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P < 0.05). The weaning status had no significant effect on n-6/n-3 ratio, however the ratio was satisfactory low in both groups. The sex had no effect on a profile of essential and health beneficial fatty acids in meat of lamb. In conclusion, meat of weaned lambs in grazing system might be considered to obtain a higher proportion of healthy n-3 fatty acids compared to unweaned lambs. Keywords: fatty acids, intramuscular fat, lamb meat, weaned lambs, unweaned lambs References Belanche, A. et al. (2019). Amulti-kingdom study reveals the plasticity of the rumen microbiota in response to a shift from non-grazing to grazing diets in sheep. Frontiers in Microbiology , 10, 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00122 Caneque, V. et al. (2001). Effect of weaning age and slaughter weight on carcass and meat quality of Talaverana breed lambs raised at pasture. Animal Science , 73, 85-95. Cividini, A. et al. (2014). Fatty acid composition of lamb meat from the autochthonous Jezersko-Solcava breed reared in different production systems. Meat Science , 97(4), 480-485. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.12.012 Cividini, A. et al. (2008). Fatty acid composition of lamb meat as affected by production system, weaning and sex. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica , Suplement 2, 47-52. De Brito, G. F. et al. (2017). TheEfect of Extensive Feeding Systems on Growth Rate, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Finishing Lambs. Comprehensive Reviews. Food Science and Food Safety . 16(1), 23-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12230 Enser, M. et al. (1998). Fatty acid content and composition of UK beef and lamb muscle in relation to production systemand implications for human nutrition. Meat Science ., 49, 329–341. French, P. et al. (2000). Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrate-based diets. Journal of Animal Science , 78, 2849-2855. Howes, N. L. (2015). Opportunities and Implications of Pasture-Based Lamb Fattening to Enhance the Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition in Meat. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , 14(1), 22-36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12118 Jacques, J. et al. (2016). Meat quality, organoleptic characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Dorset lambs fed different forage to concentrate ratios or fresh grass. Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 97, 290-301.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0104 Kosulwat, S. et al. (2003). Lipid composition of Australian retail lamb cuts with differing carcass classification characteristics. Meat Science , 65, 1413-1420. Margetin, M. et al. (2018). Fatty acids in intramuscular fat of Ile de France lambs in two different production Systems. Archives Animal Breeding , 61 (4), 395-403. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-395-2018 Velasco, S et al. (2004). Effect of different feeds on meat quality and fatty acid composition of lambs fattened at pasture. Meat Science , 66(2), 457-465. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00134-7 Velasco, S. et al. (2001) Fatty acid composition of adipose depots of suckling lambs raised under different production systems. Meat Science , 59(3), 325-333. Velasco, S. et al. (2000). Carcass and meat quality of Talaverana breed sucking lambs in relation to gender and slaughter weight . Animal Science , 70, 253-263. Woods, V. B., &Fearon, A. M. (2009). Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and eggs: A review. Livestock Science , 126, 1-20.

Effect of fish oil supplementation in sow diet during late gestation and lactation period on litter characteristics, milk composition and fatty acid profile of sows and their offspring

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing the sow diet with fish oil on litter characteristics, fatty acid composition and desaturase expression of sows and their progeny. Sixteen second-parity sows were allocated equally into two groups. Sows were fed either the soybean oil diet (SD) or soybean oil + fish oil diet (FD) during the late gestation and lactation periods. Fatty acid composition was evaluated in the red blood cell (RBC) of sows, full-term placenta, RBC of cord blood, milk and livers of piglets. The expression of fatty acid desaturases mRNA was measured in placenta and livers of piglets. The proportion of 20:5n-3 (p < .001) in placenta and RBC of cord blood increased in the FD group. The proportion of 22:5n-3 (p < .01) decreased in placenta and cord blood and the fatty acid desaturases gene 1 (FADS1) mRNA expression (p < .05) in placenta decreased in the FD group. The proportion of 22:6n-3 in the RBC of piglets reduced from birth to day 16 in both groups, while the proportion of 22:6n-3 in the livers of piglets continuously increased during the same time period in both groups. These results indicate that fish oil supplementation during late gestation and lactation alters the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) composition in the RBC and livers of piglets. The decrease of the 22:5n-3 and the increase of the 22:6n-3 in placenta might be related to the regulation of n-3 LC-PUFA metabolism at the 22:5n-3 formation step. Highlights Fish oil supplementation in maternal diet alters n-3 LC-PUFA composition in progeny. Fish oil might regulate n-3 LC-PUFA metabolism in placenta.

Acyl-CoA synthetase 6 regulates long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids in spermatids and supports normal spermatogenic processes in mice.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5), have versatile physiologic functions. Studies have suggested that DHA and DPA are beneficial for maintaining sperm quality. However, their mechanisms of action are still unclear because of the poor understanding of DHA/DPA metabolism in the testis. DHA and DPA are mainly stored as LCPUFA-containing phospholipids and support normal spermatogenesis. Long-chain acyl-conenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (ACSL) 6 is an enzyme that preferentially converts LCPUFA into LCPUFA-CoA. Here, we report that ACSL6 knockout (KO) mice display severe male infertility due to attenuated sperm numbers and function. ACSL6 is highly expressed in differentiating spermatids, and ACSL6 KO mice have reduced LCPUFA-containing phospholipids in their spermatids. Delayed sperm release and apoptosis of differentiated spermatids were observed in these mice. The results of this study indicate that ACSL6 contributes to the local accumulation of DHA- and DPA-containing phospholipids in spermatids to support normal spermatogenesis.—Shishikura, K., Kuroha, S., Matsueda, S., Iseki, H., Matsui, T., Inoue, A., Arita, M. Acyl-CoA synthetase 6 regulates long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids in spermatids and supports normal spermatogenic processes in mice.

The association of fatty acid desaturase gene polymorphisms on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in Indonesian infants

ABSTRACTBackgroundAdequate availability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is important for human health from pregnancy to adulthood. Previous studies on fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been performed predominantly in Western populations and showed that FADS SNPs had a marked impact on LC-PUFA composition in blood and tissues.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the influence of fetal FADS genotypes on LC-PUFA composition in umbilical artery plasma lipids in Indonesian infants.DesignWe performed a cross-sectional study to assess for these associations.ResultsA total of 12 cord plasma n–6 (ω-6) and n–3 (ω-3) fatty acids were analyzed for associations with 18 FADS gene cluster SNPs from 390 women with single parturition from the Indonesian Prospective Study of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants (ISADI). Fetal FADS genotypes influenced cord plasma LC-PUFA composition, but, in contrast to previous studies from Western populations, the quantitatively predominant SNPs were associated with lower LC-PUFA content.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this study was the first in South East Asia on FADS genotypes and arterial cord blood fatty acids to show an association between fetal LC-PUFA composition and fetal FADS SNPs. The FADS genotype distribution differs markedly between different geographical populations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02401178.

Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulation Prevents and Reverses Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Mice.

Medication for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an unmet need. Glucocorticoid (GC) stress hormones drive fat metabolism in the liver, but both full blockade and full stimulation of GC signaling aggravate NAFLD pathology. We investigated the efficacy of selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator CORT118335, which recapitulates only a subset of GC actions, in reducing liver lipid accumulation in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice received a low-fat diet or high-fat diet mixed with vehicle or CORT118335. Livers were analyzed histologically and for genome-wide mRNA expression. Functionally, hepatic long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) composition was determined by gas chromatography. We determined very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production by treatment with a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor after which blood was collected to isolate radiolabeled VLDL particles and apoB proteins. CORT118335 strongly prevented and reversed hepatic lipid accumulation. Liver transcriptome analysis showed increased expression of GR target genes involved in VLDL production. Accordingly, CORT118335 led to increased lipidation of VLDL particles, mimicking physiological GC action. Independent pathway analysis revealed that CORT118335 lacked induction of GC-responsive genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and LCFA uptake, which was indeed reflected in unaltered hepatic LCFA uptake in vivo. Our data thus reveal that the robust hepatic lipid-lowering effect of CORT118335 is due to a unique combination of GR-dependent stimulation of lipid (VLDL) efflux from the liver, with a lack of stimulation of GR-dependent hepatic fatty acid uptake. Our findings firmly demonstrate the potential use of CORT118335 in the treatment of NAFLD and underscore the potential of selective GR modulation in metabolic disease.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre‐pupae meal as a dietary protein source for broiler production ensures a tasty chicken with standard meat quality for every pot

Animal products (fishmeal etc.) are typically used in commercial broiler production systems. However, progressively more pressure is placed on the animal feed industry to find alternative protein sources that are more sustainable, ethical and green, such as insect meal, without having negative effects on the sensory and meat quality. Hence this study aimed to validate the commercial value of black soldier fly (BSF) pre-pupae meal for broiler production by determining the effects of different dietary levels (0%, 5%, 10% or 15%) on carcass, sensory and meat quality. There were no significant differences for the carcass characteristics, pH, colour, thaw loss and cooking loss of the broilers. Treatment had no influence on the sensory characteristics (aroma, flavour, juiciness and tenderness) of the breast muscle (P > 0.05). Mineral content was similar across treatments and no differences (P > 0.05) were observed for the long-chain fatty acid composition of the cooked broiler meat. None of the fatty acids was correlated with chicken flavour. BSF pre-pupae meal (up to 15%) can be included in broiler diets without influencing the carcass, sensory or meat quality characteristics. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genetic variants of fatty acid elongase 6 in Chinese Holstein cow

In the dairy industry, genetic variants have contributed to the improvement of milk production traits. Fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6), which elongates saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), plays a distinct role in the balance of long-chain fatty acids composition in animals. ELOVL6 catalyzes the elongation of palmitic acids (C16:0) which is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals and also an essential precursor to synthesize other long-chain fatty acids. However, the genetic variant research of bovine ELOVL6 on milk quality traits is still unknown. Therefore, our study aimed to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of bovine ELOVL6 and explored the relationship between SNPs and milk quality traits including milk yield, fat content, protein content and somatic cell score. In this study, three SNPs, including SNP1 (g16379651A>G), SNP2 (g16458976A>G) and SNP3 (g16511290A>G), have been identified in intron 3 and 3′UTR regions of ELOVL6 in Chinese Holstein (CH) cows. Besides, the results of genetic diversity analysis, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis indicated that these SNPs presented moderate polymorphisms which reflected relatively high genetic diversity. No strong linkage among these SNPs were detected in sampled population of cows. Moreover, the results of correlation analyses demonstrated that these SNPs of bovine ELOVL6 were significantly related to milk yield (P < 0.05). The SNP1 was also correlated with somatic cell score, whereas the SNP3 was associated with fat content. The 21 combined genotypes (diplotypes) were highly significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with milk yield. These results revealed that the genetic variants of bovine ELOVL6 influenced the milk production of CH cows. Hence, the three SNPs could be regarded as molecular markers in marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the dairy cow breeding.