Long-acting Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Research Articles

Enhanced bioactivity and stability of a long-acting FGF21: A novel variant for the treatment of NASH

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is pivotal in regulating energy metabolism, highlighting substantial therapeutic potential for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Previously, we reported a long-acting FGF21 fusion protein, PsTag-FGF21, which was prepared by genetically fusing human FGF21 with a 648-residue polypeptide (PsTag). While this fusion protein demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against NASH, our final product analysis revealed the presence of fixed impurities resistant to effective removal, indicating potential degradation of PsTag-FGF21. Here, we enriched and analyzed the impurities, confirming our hypothesis regarding the C-terminal degradation of PsTag-FGF21. We now describe a new variant developed to eliminate the C-terminal degradation. By introducing one mutation located at the C-terminal of PsTag-FGF21(V169L), we demonstrated that the new molecule, PsTag-FGF21(V169L), exhibits many improved attributes. Compared with PsTag-FGF21, PsTag-FGF21(V169L) displayed elevated bioactivity and stability, along with a twofold enhanced binding affinity to the coreceptor β-Klotho. In vivo, the circulating half-life of PsTag-FGF21(V169L) was further enhanced compared with that of PsTag-FGF21. In NASH mice, PsTag-FGF21(V169L) demonstrated efficacy with sustained improvements in multiple metabolic parameters. Besides, PsTag-FGF21(V169L) demonstrated the ability to alleviate NASH by decreasing hepatocyte apoptosis. The superior biophysical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties, along with the positive metabolic effects, imply that further clinical development of PsTag-FGF21(V169L) as a metabolic therapy for NASH patients may be warranted.

A long-acting FGF21 attenuates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-related fibrosis by modulating NR4A1-mediated Ly6C phenotypic switch in macrophages.

Because of the absence of effective therapies for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), there is a rising interest in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogues due to their potential anti-fibrotic activities in MASH treatment. PsTag-FGF21, a long-acting FGF21 analogue, has demonstrated promising therapeutic effects in several MASH mouse models. However, its efficacy and mechanism against MASH-related fibrosis remain less well defined, compared with the specific mechanisms through which FGF21 improves glucose and lipid metabolism. The effectiveness of PsTag-FGF21 was evaluated in two MASH-fibrosis models. Co-culture systems involving macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were employed for further assessment. Hepatic macrophages were selectively depleted by administering liposome-encapsulated clodronate via tail vein injections. RNA sequencing and cytokine profiling were conducted to identify key factors involved in macrophage-HSC crosstalk. We first demonstrated the significant attenuation of hepatic fibrosis by PsTag-FGF21 in two MASH-fibrosis models. Furthermore, we highlighted the crucial role of macrophage phenotypic switch in PsTag-FGF21-induced HSC deactivation. FGF21 was demonstrated to regulate macrophages in a PsTag-FGF21-like manner. NR4A1, a nuclear factor which is notably down-regulated in human livers with MASH, was identified as a mediator responsible for PsTag-FGF21-induced phenotypic switch. Transcriptional control over insulin-like growth factor 1, a crucial factor in macrophage-HSC crosstalk, was exerted by the intrinsically disordered region domain of NR4A1. Our results have elucidated the previously unclear mechanisms through which PsTag-FGF21 treats MASH-related fibrosis and identified NR4A1 as a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis.

The Novel GlycoPEGylated FGF21 Analog Pegozafermin Activates Human FGF Receptors and Improves Metabolic and Liver Outcomes in Diabetic Monkeys and Healthy Human Volunteers.

Pegozafermin (also known as BIO89-100) is a glycoPEGylated analog of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) under development to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG). In cell-based assays, pegozafermin had a similar receptor engagement profile as native FGF21, with approximately 8-fold higher potency at FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1). In diabetic monkeys, once-weekly and once-every-two-week regimens of subcutaneous pegozafermin provided rapid and robust benefits on an array of metabolic biomarkers, including triglycerides, cholesterol, fasting glucose, HbA1c, adiponectin, ALT, food intake, and body weight. In a single ascending dose study in healthy volunteers, subcutaneously administered pegozafermin was associated with statistically significant improvements in triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory adipokine. Pharmacokinetic half-lives ranged from 55 to 100 hours over the clinically relevant dose range, consistent with the expected half-life extension by glycoPEGylation. These findings provide evidence that pegozafermin is a promising candidate molecule for the treatment of patients with NASH or SHTG. Significance Statement Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress-inducible hormone that has important roles in regulating energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis. Studies presented here demonstrate that a novel long-acting FGF21 analog, pegozafermin, has similar pharmacologic properties as FGF21 and that repeated, subcutaneous-dosing of pegozafermin in diabetic monkeys and healthy humans improves lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, weight and liver transaminases. These results support future development of pegozafermin for the treatment of metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and severe hypertriglyderidemia.

The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases.

As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 is related to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 is related to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.

Efruxifermin, a long-acting Fc-fusion FGF21 analogue, reduces body weight gain but does not increase sympathetic tone or urine volume in Sprague Dawley rats.

Background and PurposeAnalogues of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) demonstrate diverse metabolic benefits in preclinical models of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but clinical responses with different analogues are inconsistent. Efruxifermin is an Fc‐FGF21 fusion protein with prolonged half‐life and enhanced receptor affinity compared with native human FGF21. Efruxifermin is in clinical trials for the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.Experimental ApproachEfruxifermin was administered weekly to male and female Sprague Dawley rats for 4 or 26 weeks. Body and organ weights, macroscopic and microscopic pathology, clinical chemistry, blood cytology and serum and urine biomarkers were analysed to characterize the pharmacodynamics of efruxifermin and to investigate potential non‐clinical toxicities following chronic administration of supra‐pharmacological doses of efruxifermin.Key ResultsEfruxifermin significantly reduced body weight gain after 4 and 26 weeks, despite increasing food intake. Changes in tissue pathology, clinical chemistry and serum biomarkers generally appeared to be associated with weight loss, except for a significant decrease in urine volume in both males and females without perturbed electrolyte balance. Markers of sympathetic activation, urinary corticosterone and ratio of adrenal‐to‐body weight were unchanged.Conclusion and ImplicationsEfruxifermin attenuated body weight gain, consistent with other FGF21 analogues. In contrast to at least one other FGF21 analogue, efruxifermin decreased rather than increased urine volume. The absence of an increase in sympathetic tone in rats mirrors the unchanged salivary cortisol and systemic blood pressure following efruxifermin treatment in humans.

Preparation, characterization, and pharmacological study of a novel long-acting FGF21 with a potential therapeutic effect in obesity

FGF21 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 21), which is expressed in the liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas, has been widely known as a therapeutic candidate for metabolic diseases. Though FGF21 is crucial to glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, it is not straightforward to develop a new drug with FGF21 due to its short half-life in serum. Here, we derived a novel long-acting FGF21 (LAPS-FGF21), which is chemically conjugated to the human IgG4 Fc fragment for longer half-life in serum. The recombinant human IgG4 Fc fragment and FGF21 were prepared by the refolding of inclusion body and periplasmic expression in Escherichia coli overexpression systems, respectively. The efficacy study of LAPS-FGF21 in a Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) mouse model revealed that LAPS-FGF21 reduced body weight effectively accompanied by improved glucose tolerance in a dose-dependent manner. The administration of LAPS-FGF21 also improved the blood profiles with a significant reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of LAPS-FGF21 using normal ICR mice demonstrated that the half-life of LAPS-FGF21 was approximately 64-fold longer than FGF21. Taken together, the LAPS-FGF21 could be a feasible drug candidate with excellent bodyweight loss efficacy and longer dosing interval by half-life increase in serum.

The therapeutic potential of FGF21 in metabolic diseases: from bench to clinic.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress-inducible hormone that has important roles in regulating energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis through a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β-klotho. Administration of FGF21 to rodents or non-human primates causes considerable pharmacological benefits on a cluster of obesity-related metabolic complications, including a reduction in fat mass and alleviation of hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, native FGF21 is unsuitable for clinical use owing to poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical properties. A large number of long-acting FGF21 analogues and agonistic monoclonal antibodies for the FGFR1-β-klotho receptor complexes have been developed. Several FGF21 analogues and mimetics have progressed to early phases of clinical trials in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and NASH. In these trials, the primary end points of glycaemic control have not been met, whereas substantial improvements were observed in dyslipidaemia, hepatic fat fractions and serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH. The complexity and divergence in pharmacology and pathophysiology of FGF21, interspecies variations in FGF21 biology, the possible existence of obesity-related FGF21 resistance and endogenous FGF21 inactivation enzymes represent major obstacles to clinical implementation of FGF21-based pharmacotherapies for metabolic diseases.

Long-Acting FGF21 Inhibits Retinal Vascular Leakage in In Vivo and In Vitro Models.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of long-acting fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on retinal vascular leakage utilizing machine learning and to clarify the mechanism underlying the protection. To assess the effect on retinal vascular leakage, C57BL/6J mice were pre-treated with long-acting FGF21 analog or vehicle (Phosphate Buffered Saline; PBS) intraperitoneally (i.p.) before induction of retinal vascular leakage with intravitreal injection of mouse (m) vascular endothelial growth factor 164 (VEGF164) or PBS control. Five hours after mVEGF164 injection, we retro-orbitally injected Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -dextran and quantified fluorescence intensity as a readout of vascular leakage, using the Image Analysis Module with a machine learning algorithm. In FGF21- or vehicle-treated primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs), cell permeability was induced with human (h) VEGF165 and evaluated using FITC-dextran and trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Western blots for tight junction markers were performed. Retinal vascular leakage in vivo was reduced in the FGF21 versus vehicle- treated mice. In HRMECs in vitro, FGF21 versus vehicle prevented hVEGF-induced increase in cell permeability, identified with FITC-dextran. FGF21 significantly preserved TEER compared to hVEGF. Taken together, FGF21 regulates permeability through tight junctions; in particular, FGF21 increases Claudin-1 protein levels in hVEGF-induced HRMECs. Long-acting FGF21 may help reduce retinal vascular leakage in retinal disorders and machine learning assessment can help to standardize vascular leakage quantification.

FGF21 acts as a negative regulator of bile acid synthesis

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a potent regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis in vivo; its most closely related subfamily member, FGF19, is known to be a critical negative regulator of bile acid synthesis. To delineate whether FGF21 also plays a functional role in bile acid metabolism, we evaluated the effects of short- and long-term exposure to native FGF21 and long-acting FGF21 analogs on hepatic signal transduction, gene expression and enterohepatic bile acid levels in primary hepatocytes and in rodent and monkey models. FGF21 acutely induced ERK phosphorylation and inhibited Cyp7A1 mRNA expression in primary hepatocytes and in different rodent models, although less potently than recombinant human FGF19. Long-term administration of FGF21 in mice fed a standard chow diet resulted in a 50-60% decrease in bile acid levels in the liver and small intestines and consequently a 60% reduction of bile acid pool size. In parallel, colonic and fecal bile acid was decreased, whereas fecal cholesterol and fatty acid excretions were elevated. The long-acting FGF21 analog showed superiority to recombinant human FGF21 and FGF19 in decreasing bile acid levels with long duration of effect action in mice. Long-term administration of the long-acting FGF21 analogs in obese cynomolgus monkeys suppressed plasma total bile acid and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one levels, a biomarker for bile acid synthesis. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unidentified role of FGF21 in bile acid metabolism as a negative regulator of bile acid synthesis.

FGF21 increases water intake, urine output and blood pressure in rats.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver in response to metabolic stress. In addition to its well-characterized effects on energy homeostasis, FGF21 has been shown to increase water intake in animals. In this study, we sought to further explore the effects of FGF21 on fluid homeostasis in rats. A single dose of a long-acting FGF21 analog, PF-05231023, significantly increased water consumption, which was accompanied by an elevation in urine output that appeared prior to a significant change in water intake. We observed that FGF21 rapidly and significantly increased heart rate and blood pressure in telemeter-implanted rats, before changes in urine output and water intake were observed. Our data suggest that sympathetic activation may contribute to the pathogenesis by which FGF21 increases blood pressure as the baroreceptor unloading induced reflex tachycardia was significantly elevated in FGF21-treated animals. However, FGF21 was still capable of causing hypertension in animals in which approximately 40% of the sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons were ablated. Our data suggest that FGF21-induced water intake is in fact secondary to diuresis, which we propose to be a compensatory mechanism engaged to alleviate the acute hypertension caused by FGF21.

FGF21 acts as a negative regulator of bile acid synthesis.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a potent regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis in vivo; its most closely related subfamily member, FGF19, is known to be a critical negative regulator of bile acid synthesis. To delineate whether FGF21 also plays a functional role in bile acid metabolism, we evaluated the effects of short- and long-term exposure to native FGF21 and long-acting FGF21 analogs on hepatic signal transduction, gene expression and enterohepatic bile acid levels in primary hepatocytes and in rodent and monkey models. FGF21 acutely induced ERK phosphorylation and inhibited Cyp7A1 mRNA expression in primary hepatocytes and in different rodent models, although less potently than recombinant human FGF19. Long-term administration of FGF21 in mice fed a standard chow diet resulted in a 50-60% decrease in bile acid levels in the liver and small intestines and consequently a 60% reduction of bile acid pool size. In parallel, colonic and fecal bile acid was decreased, whereas fecal cholesterol and fatty acid excretions were elevated. The long-acting FGF21 analog showed superiority to recombinant human FGF21 and FGF19 in decreasing bile acid levels with long duration of effect action in mice. Long-term administration of the long-acting FGF21 analogs in obese cynomolgus monkeys suppressed plasma total bile acid and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one levels, a biomarker for bile acid synthesis. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unidentified role of FGF21 in bile acid metabolism as a negative regulator of bile acid synthesis.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protects Photoreceptor Function in Type 1 Diabetic Mice

Retinal neuronal abnormalities occur before vascular changes in diabetic retinopathy. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that neurons control vascular pathology in diabetic and other neovascular retinal diseases. Therefore, normalizing neuronal activity in diabetes may prevent vascular pathology. We investigated whether fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) prevented retinal neuronal dysfunction in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. We found that in diabetic neural retina, photoreceptor rather than inner retinal function was most affected and administration of the long-acting FGF21 analog PF-05231023 restored the retinal neuronal functional deficits detected by electroretinography. PF-05231023 administration protected against diabetes-induced disorganization of photoreceptor segments seen in retinal cross section with immunohistochemistry and attenuated the reduction in the thickness of photoreceptor segments measured by optical coherence tomography. PF-05231023, independent of its downstream metabolic modulator adiponectin, reduced inflammatory marker interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA levels. PF-05231023 activated the AKT-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway and reduced IL-1β expression in stressed photoreceptors. PF-05231023 administration did not change retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of early diabetic retinopathy by protecting photoreceptor function in diabetes.

FGF21: How sweet it is!

The liver hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 suppresses sweet and alcohol preferences.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PF-05231023, a novel long-acting FGF21 mimetic, in a first-in-human study.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), safety and tolerability of single intravenous (IV) doses of PF-05231023, a long acting fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogue being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM subjects (glycosylated haemoglobin: 7.0-10.5%; on stable metformin therapy and/or diet and exercise) were randomized to receive a single dose of placebo or PF-05231023 (0.5-200 mg). Safety evaluations were performed up to 14 days after dosing. PK and PD endpoints were measured and a PK/PD model was developed for triglyceride - an early marker of drug activity. No antidrug antibody or serious adverse events (AEs) were observed. The most frequent AEs were gastrointestinal but were generally mild. Plasma PF-05231023 levels peaked immediately post-IV dosing, with mean terminal half-lives of 6.5-7.7 h and 66.5- 96.6 h for intact C- and N-termini, respectively. Intact C-terminus exposures increased proportionally with increasing dose, whereas N-terminus exposures appeared to trend higher than dose-proportionally. Although no apparent effect on plasma glucose was seen, dose-dependent decreases in triglyceride were observed, with a maximum reduction of 48.5 ± 10.0% (mean ± standard deviation) for the 200 mg dose compared with a reduction of 19.1 ± 26.4% for placebo, demonstrating proof of pharmacology. Moreover, a reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in the high-dose groups. Single IV doses of PF-05231023 up to 200 mg were generally safe and well tolerated by subjects with T2DM. The observed early sign of pharmacology supports further clinical testing of PF-05231023 upon repeated administration.

Pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and integrated PK/PD modeling of a novel long acting FGF21 clinical candidate PF-05231023 in diet-induced obese and leptin-deficient obese mice.

Pharmacological administration of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) improves metabolic profile in preclinical species and humans. FGF21 exerts its metabolic effects through formation of beta-klotho (KLB)/FGF receptor 1c FGFR1c complex and subsequent signaling. Data from various in vitro systems demonstrate the intact C- and N-terminus of FGF21 is required for binding with KLB, and interaction with FGFR1c, respectively. However the relative roles of the termini for in vivo pharmacological effects are unclear. Here we report PF-05231023, a long-acting FGF21 analogue which is unique in that the half-life and subcutaneous (SC) bioavailability of the intact C-terminus are significantly different from those of the intact N-terminus (2 vs. 22 hr for half-life and 4~7 vs. ~50% SC bioavailability). Therefore, this molecule serves as a valuable tool to evaluate the relative roles of intact C-terminus vs. N-terminus in in vivo pharmacology studies in preclinical species. We determined the effects of PF-05231023 administration on body weight (BW) loss and glucose reduction during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) following SC and intravenous (IV) administration in diet-induced obese (DIO) and leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice, respectively. Our data show that the intact N-terminus of FGF21 in PF-05231023 appears to be sufficient to drive glucose lowering during OGTT and sustain BW loss in DIOs. Further, PK/PD modeling suggests that while the intact FGF21 C-terminus is not strictly required for glucose lowering during OGTT in ob/ob mice or for BW reduction in DIO mice, the higher potency conferred by intact C-terminus contributes to a rapid initiation of pharmacodynamic effects immediately following dosing. These results provide additional insight into the strategy of developing stabilized versions of FGF21 analogs to harness the full spectrum of its metabolic benefits.

Rationale-Based Engineering of a Potent Long-Acting FGF21 Analog for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the use of wild type native FGF21 is challenging due to several limitations. Among these are its short half-life, its susceptibility to in vivo proteolytic degradation and its propensity to in vitro aggregation. We here describe a rationale-based protein engineering approach to generate a potent long-acting FGF21 analog with improved resistance to proteolysis and aggregation. A recombinant Fc-FGF21 fusion protein was constructed by fusing the Fc domain of human IgG1 to the N-terminus of human mature FGF21 via a linker peptide. The Fc positioned at the N-terminus was determined to be superior to the C-terminus as the N-terminal Fc fusion retained the βKlotho binding affinity and the in vitro and in vivo potency similar to native FGF21. Two specific point mutations were introduced into FGF21. The leucine to arginine substitution at position 98 (L98R) suppressed FGF21 aggregation at high concentrations and elevated temperatures. The proline to glycine replacement at position 171 (P171G) eliminated a site-specific proteolytic cleavage of FGF21 identified in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. The derived Fc-FGF21(RG) molecule demonstrated a significantly improved circulating half-life while maintaining the in vitro activity similar to that of wild type protein. The half-life of Fc-FGF21(RG) was 11 h in mice and 30 h in monkeys as compared to 1-2 h for native FGF21 or Fc-FGF21 wild type. A single administration of Fc-FGF21(RG) in diabetic mice resulted in a sustained reduction in blood glucose levels and body weight gains up to 5-7 days, whereas the efficacy of FGF21 or Fc-FGF21 lasted only for 1 day. In summary, we engineered a potent and efficacious long-acting FGF21 analog with a favorable pharmaceutical property for potential clinical development.

Long-Acting FGF21 Has Enhanced Efficacy in Diet-Induced Obese Mice and in Obese Rhesus Monkeys

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone with short half-life, has consistently shown strong pharmacological efficacy. We first assessed the efficacy of murine recombinant FGF21 in C57BL6 lean mice for 5 wk. We then generated a long-acting FGF21 molecule by fusing a Fc to a variant of human recombinant FGF21 (hrFGF21) that contained two engineered mutations [L98R, P171G; Fc-FGF21(RG)] and tested it in C57BL6 diet-induced obese mice and obese rhesus monkeys. We compared its metabolic properties with those of the hrFGF21. Groups of diet-induced obese mice were treated for 36 d with different doses of hrFGF21 (01, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg twice daily) and with Fc-FGF21(RG) (2.3 mg/kg, every 5 d). Body weight, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were decreased after treatment with either compound. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was also improved. Obese rhesus monkeys were treated with hrFGF21 (once a day) and Fc-FGF21(RG) (once a week) in a dose-escalation fashion. Doses started at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg and ended at 3 and 5 mg/kg for hrFGF21 and Fc-FGF21(RG), respectively. Doses were escalated every 2 wk, and animals were followed up for a washout period of 3 wk. Body weight, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and the GTT profile were decreased to a greater extent with Fc-FGF21(RG) than with hrFGF21. The PK-PD relationship of Fc-FGF21(RG) exposure and triglyceride reduction was also conducted with a maximum response model. In conclusion, in more than one species, Fc-FGF21(RG) chronically administered once a week showed similar or greater efficacy than hrFGF21 administered daily.