Relationship Of Loneliness Research Articles

Relationship of Loneliness and Social Media Addiction with Gender Differences Among Undergraduate Students and Psychiatric Rehabilitation

This study aimed to uncover loneliness and its association with social media addiction among college students and suggest psychiatric rehabilitation interventions. The sample consisted of 50 male and 50 female college students. The scales used were the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and the Tutgun-Ünal and Deniz Social Media Addiction Scale, which consisted of 11 and 14 items, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (t-test). We examined three hypotheses. The first hypothesis showed a positive correlation between social media addiction and loneliness. The second hypothesis could not be confirmed. The second hypothesis stated that female students would score higher on the Social Media Addiction Scale than male students. The third hypothesis could also not be confirmed. The third hypothesis stated that female students would score higher on the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale than male students. The statistical analysis showed that there is a positive and weak correlation between loneliness and social media addiction and that female students would not score high on the social media addiction and loneliness scales compared to male students. With these results, one of the hypotheses was confirmed and two of them were not supported. It was also suggested that psychiatric rehabilitation programs should be more student-centered, regardless of gender.

"I'm Trying to Reach Out, I'm Trying to Find My People": A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Link Between Sensory Differences, Loneliness, and Mental Health in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults.

Rates of loneliness are substantially higher among autistic compared with nonautistic individuals. This observation refutes the persistent stereotype that autistic individuals are not motivated to seek meaningful social relationships. More plausibly, social environments systematically exclude people with higher levels of sensory differences, impeding on opportunities for autistic individuals to form meaningful relationships. In this study, we sought to quantify the level of distress associated with loneliness (Study A) and provide complementary qualitative insight into experiences of loneliness in relationship to sensory differences in autistic adults (Study B). In Study A, N = 209 participants completed a range of self-report questionnaires. In Study B, nine autistic adults took part in 10-minute unstructured dyadic conversations around the topic of loneliness. We derived a qualitative understanding of autistic individuals' experience of loneliness, enriched by inductive and deductive analyses. In Study A, the autistic group showed significantly higher levels of loneliness, loneliness distress, anxiety, depression, and sensory reactivity. We found significant positive correlations between variables, but no group differences in differential relationships. The effect of sensory reactivity on anxiety and depression was mediated by levels of loneliness in both groups. In Study B, autistic participants described the pain of feeling lonely and socially disconnected, while simultaneously experiencing a need for restorative solitude after social overstimulation. Our results indicate that sensory differences are related with higher loneliness and associated poor mental health in both autistic and nonautistic adults. This effect was exacerbated in autistic adults due to higher levels of sensory reactivity. First-hand reports from autistic adults on intense loneliness and the obstructive role of sensory environments refute stereotypes about a lack of social motivation in autistic adults. We conclude that to enable meaningful and inclusive social interaction, a societal effort is needed to create spaces that consider the sensory needs of all neurotypes.

Межличностные отношения, переживание одиночества и темперамент студентов транспортного вуза

Purpose: to study the subjective assessment of interpersonal relationships, loneliness experiences and temperament characteristics among students of a transport university. The object of empirical research were: boys and girls aged from 17 to 22 years, 56 people, of which 25 girls and 31 boys of PGUPS. Methods. Analytical-theoretical, testing. The analysis of the results was carried out using mathematical and statistical data processing using the criteria of difference (Student's t-test), correlation analysis (Pearson correlation criterion). Methods: Subjective assessment of interpersonal relationships, S. V. Dukhnovsky, questionnaire of loneliness experiences in adaptation by E. A. Manakova, personality questionnaire by G. Aizenka. Results: It is proved that the indicators of all respondents are at an average level, which characterizes modern students as people with a moderate degree of intensity of tension, alienation, conflict in relationships, not vividly experiencing all types of loneliness. Gender differences were obtained: the results of the girls were significantly higher on the scales of "Neuroticism", "Tension", "Experiencing loneliness as a negative feeling", which characterizes the female sample as more vulnerable from the point of view of stress resistance. Young men tend to experience most of the types of loneliness with an increase in the desire to distance themselves from other people, lack of trust. At the same time, all the studied students are characterized by the development of negative interpersonal manifestations with increasing feelings of loneliness in relationships. Practical significance: The results of this study can be used in the framework of educational and correctional-developmental work at the university, as well as as the basis of programs aimed at the development of self-regulation, especially in a group of girls and communicative trainings for young men, which in the future will help future specialists in the field of transport to become successful professionals.

Loneliness Among Medical Students, Physician Trainees and Faculty Physicians.

Aims of this study were to explore 1) how often medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty physicians who completed a suicide screening questionnaire at a large US academic medical center endorsed intense loneliness and 2) the relationships of loneliness with other negative mental health states. Between May 2009 and September 2001, all medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty physicians were invited to complete an anonymous online questionnaire as part of a screening program to identify and engage individuals in distress with mental health support. The questionnaire assessed intense loneliness, other affective states known to be associated with suicide risk, burnout, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Chi-square tests, independent sample t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were used to examine relationships between loneliness and these other signals of suicide risk. The response rate was ~ 20%. Overall, 364 of 2016 respondents (18.1%) endorsed intense. loneliness "a lot" or "most" of the time. This included 134/641 (20.9%) medical students, 170/703 (24.2%) residents and fellows and 60/664 (9.4%) faculty physicians. A greater odds of endorsing intense loneliness was seen in those under age 40 (OR = 0.35, p < 0.001), women (OR = 1.30, p = 0.030), and non-Whites (OR = 1.70, p < 0.001); and in those with burnout (OR = 3.14, p < 0.001), depression (OR = 12.34, p < 0.001), other intense affective states (OR = 4.34-8.34, p < 0.05), and suicidal ideation (OR = 3.47-13.00, p < 0.001). Interventions to mitigate loneliness in healthcare trainees and professionals may help decrease burnout, depression, and other suicide risk factors. A limitation of the study was the use of a single item to assess loneliness.

Связь установок гендерного неравенства у партнеров и эмоциональных состояний женщин в близких отношениях

Background. Negative attitudes towards members of the opposite sex, traditionally defined as sexism, include such a cognitive aspect as attitudes to gender inequality. Close relationships between men and women represent an understudied though significant context for the actualization of both hostile and benevolent gender stereotypes, as well as for the emotional states they cause. Objective. The study focuses on the relationship between gender inequality attitudes of men and women in close relationships and the emotional states of women as the main objects of traditional gender stereotypes. Sample. The sample consisted of 45 couples (n = 90): 45 men 20–38 years old (M = 28; SD = 4.9) and 45 women 20–38 years old (M = 26; SD = 5.16) who are in close relationships from 1 year to 15 years. Methods. An empirical study was carried out with the following methods and techniques: questionnaire “Scale of ambivalent sexism towards women” (adapted by E.R. Agadullina); questionnaire “Hostile and friendly attitudes towards men” (adapted by V.S. Krivoshchekov and others), short version; questionnaire “Scale for assessing relationships” (adapted by O.A. Sychev), the author's questionnaire of emotional states, interviews on the qualitative characteristics of close relationships. Results. The gender attitudes of women themselves and their male partners are related in different ways to the emotional states of women. The emergence in women of contempt, guilt, fear, disgust in relationships is associated with the presence of hostile attitudes in men. At the same time, women’s hostile sexism towards their gender is associated with their experience of loneliness in relationships, while benevolent sexism, on the contrary, turned out to be associated with positive emotions. Hostile paternalism attitudes in both women and their partners are associated with higher sexual satisfaction of women in dyads. Conclusion. The emotional states of women in close relationships are related to the gender attitudes of both partners. The results obtained make it possible to clarify the ambivalent specifics of the relationship between the cognitive component of sexism in the couple and emotional states of women.

Adölesanlarda Sosyal Medya Kullanımı, Siber Zorbalık, Yalnızlık İlişkisi ve Hemşirelik

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin çeşitliliği 2000’li yıllarda giderek artmıştır. Bu yeni teknolojiler adölesanların akranlarıyla olan iletişimlerinde vazgeçilmez bir parça haline gelmiştir. Sosyal medya¸ kişiler arası ilişkiler kurmaya ve sosyalleşmeye izin vermekte, çoklu kullanıma açık olmakta, etkileşim yapılabilmekte, fikir tartışmalarına olanak vermekte, farklı insanlara kolay ulaşılabilme imkanı sağlamaktadır. Dolaysıyla adölesanlar için sosyal medyanın cazibesi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. İnternet erişiminin kolaylaşması ve akıllı telefon gibi araçlarla internete her an ulaşılabilmesi; sosyal medya kullanımının artırmaktadır ve bu durum adölesanlar için internet teknolojisi ve sosyal medya kullanımını gündelik yaşamın önemli bir parçasını haline getirmektedir. Yaygın ve bilinçsiz sosyal medya kullanımı beraberinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı, siber zorbalık, yalnızlık gibi riskleri de getirmektedir. Adölesanların sosyal medya kullanımlarının oldukça yüksek olduğu, sosyal medya kullanımı ile depresyon, yalnızlık gibi psikolojik problemler arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu bilinmektedir. Sosyal ağlarda kişisel bilgi ve profillerin açık olarak paylaşılabilmesi, bu paylaşımlarla etkileşim yapılabilmesinin adölesanların siber zorbalık ve mağduriyet oranlarını arttırdığı ve yalnızlık ile sonuçlanabildiği belirtilmektedir.Okul sağlığı hemşirelerinin okuldaki diğer çalışanlarla birlikte adölesanların sosyal medyanın kullanımı, siber zorbalık/mağduriyet ve yalnızlık durumlarına yönelik eğitimlerin planlanması ve uygulanmasında aktif görev ve sorumlulukları vardır. Bu derleme yazısında adölesanlarda sosyal medya kullanımı, siber zorbalık, yalnızlık ilişkisi ele alınmış, hemşirelerin konuya ilişkin yaklaşımlarına yönelik öneriler ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.

Association of Loneliness With 10-Year Dementia Risk and Early Markers of Vulnerability for Neurocognitive Decline.

Background and ObjectivesLoneliness is common, and its prevalence is rising. The relationship of loneliness with subsequent dementia and the early preclinical course of Alzheimer disease and related dementia (ADRD) remains unclear. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to determine the association of loneliness with 10-year all-cause dementia risk and early cognitive and neuroanatomic imaging markers of ADRD vulnerability.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the population-based Framingham Study cohorts (September 9, 1948–December 31, 2018). Eligible participants had loneliness assessed and were dementia-free at baseline. Loneliness was recorded with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, defined conservatively as feeling lonely ≥3 days in the past week. The main outcomes were incident dementia over a 10-year period, cognition, and MRI brain volumes and white matter injury.ResultsOf 2,308 participants (mean age 73 [SD 9] years, 56% women) who met eligibility in the dementia sample, 14% (329 of 2,308) developed dementia and 6% (144 of 2,308) were lonely. Lonely (versus not lonely) adults had higher 10-year dementia risk (age-, sex-, and education-adjusted hazard ratio 1.54, 95% CI 1.06–2.24). Lonely participants <80 years of age without APOE ε4 alleles had a 3-fold greater risk (adjusted hazard ratio 3.03, 95% CI, 1.63–5.62). Among 1,875 persons without dementia who met eligibility in the cognition sample (mean age 62 [SD 9] years, 54% women), loneliness associated with poorer executive function, lower total cerebral volume, and greater white matter injury.DiscussionOver 10 years of close clinical dementia surveillance in this cohort study, loneliness was associated with increased dementia risk; this tripled in adults whose baseline risk would otherwise be relatively low on the basis of age and genetic risk, representing a majority of the US population. Loneliness was also associated with worse neurocognitive markers of ADRD vulnerability, suggesting an early pathogenic role. These findings may have important clinical and public health implications given observed loneliness trends.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that loneliness increases the 10-year risk of developing dementia.

The Relationship of Loneliness and Internet Addiction To Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents

This study aims to see the relationship between loneliness and internet addiction with the psychological well-being of adolescents in the Greater Jakarta area who actively use the internet. The sampling technique used accidental sampling technique and the sample in the study consisted of 232 adolescents aged 13-21 years. The measuring instrument used is the UCLA Scale Version 3 (University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale Version 3) compiled by Rusell (1996), the IAT Scale (Internet Addiction Test) compiled by Young (1998) and the PWB Scale (Psychological Well Being Scale) compiled by Ryff (1995). The results of this study showed that there was no significant relationship between loneliness and psychological well-being and there was no relationship between internet addiction and psychological well-being. However, there is a relationship between loneliness and internet addiction among adolescents.

Polygenic contribution to the relationship of loneliness and social isolation with schizophrenia

Previous research suggests an association of loneliness and social isolation (LNL-ISO) with schizophrenia. Here, we demonstrate a LNL-ISO polygenic score contribution to schizophrenia risk in an independent case-control sample (N = 3,488). We then subset schizophrenia predisposing variation based on its effect on LNL-ISO. We find that genetic variation with concordant effects in both phenotypes shows significant SNP-based heritability enrichment, higher polygenic contribution in females, and positive covariance with mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, alcohol dependence, and autism. Conversely, genetic variation with discordant effects only contributes to schizophrenia risk in males and is negatively correlated with those disorders. Mendelian randomization analyses demonstrate a plausible bi-directional causal relationship between LNL-ISO and schizophrenia, with a greater effect of LNL-ISO liability on schizophrenia than vice versa. These results illustrate the genetic footprint of LNL-ISO on schizophrenia.

Attachment Theory as a Lens to Explain Accommodation, Nonaccommodation, and Loneliness in Relationships between Middle-Aged Parents and Young Adult Children

ABSTRACT The role of individual differences in shaping family members’ experiences has only been sporadically examined in research on communication accommodation theory. This dyadic study (N = 126 middle-aged parents and 126 young adult children) investigated the relationship between parents’ and children’s attachment anxiety and avoidance and self-reported loneliness, and the roles of accommodation and nonaccommodation within that. Among other findings, parents’ attachment anxiety and avoidance positively predicted parents’ perceptions of receiving overaccommodation and underaccommodation, as well as children’s perceptions of receiving underaccommodation. Both parties’ perceptions of receiving underaccommodation positively predicted children’s loneliness. Post-hoc indirect associations suggested that children’s attachment anxiety and avoidance indirectly predicted both parties’ perceptions of receiving underaccommodation, via children’s loneliness. Findings are discussed in terms of the implications of attachment and loneliness for communication accommodation theory.

Effects of Coronavirus-19 Induced Loneliness on Mental Health: Sleep Quality and Intolerance for Uncertainty as Mediators.

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate effects of loneliness on individual's mental health and the mediating effects of intolerance of uncertainty and sleep quality in the post Coronavirus-19 period, especially for the young people.Methods: The questionnaires used in this study include UCLA loneliness scale (UCLA-3), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), intolerance for uncertainty (IU) and the Chinese version of DASS-21. A total number of 289 subjects were recruited in the study, which includes 209 females (72.3%), 80 males (27.7%); and 212 students (73.4%), 77 working staffs (26.6%).Results: The results showed that: (1) people have high levels of loneliness, anxiety, depression and stress, and poor sleep quality; (2) the mediating effect of intolerance for uncertainty in the relationship of loneliness and mental health is significant (effect size = 0.178, 95% CI confidence interval: [0.115, 0.241]), and the mediating effects of sleep quality in the relationship between loneliness and mental health is significant (effect size = 0.127, 95% CI confidence interval: [0.017, 0.239]).Conclusion: Loneliness invokes a stronger self-concerned inadaptability to threat response and may lead to more mental diseases through more serious intolerance for uncertainty and insomnia.

Problematic Internet Use digunakan Ketika Kesepian pada Remaja

This study aims to determine the relationship of loneliness with problematic internet use on boarding students on Silaberanti street in Siantan jaya Opposite Ulu 1 Palembang city. Research subjects numbered 220 people using random sampling methods. Data was collected using a 60 item problematic internet use scale and a 60 item loneliness. Realibility is generated on scale of problematic internet use of 0,955 and loneliness of 0,946.Hypothesis testing uses product moment correlation analysis techniques. Hypothesis test results showed a positive relationshif between loneliness with problematic internet use on boarding students on Silaberanti street in Siantan jaya Opposite Ulu 1 Palembang city r= 0,684 with a significance level of 0,000 (p&lt;0,01). Loneliness in this study made an effective contribution of 46,8% to problematic internet use which can be seen from the coefficient of determination (r²) that is equel to 0,468.

Mental Health in Elderly Spanish People in Times of COVID-19 Outbreak

We aim to assess COVID-19 outbreak-related emotional symptoms, identify gender differences, and study the relationship between the emotional state and environmental features in the elderly. We conducted a cross-sectional study starting on March 29 to April 5, 2020 based on a national online survey using snowball sampling techniques. Symptoms of anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and acute stress (Acute Stress Disorder Inventory) were compared between people over and under 60 years old. Gender differences and the relationship of loneliness, regular exercise, economic losses and use of anxiolytics on the mental state were evaluated. One thousand six hundred thirty-nine (150 [9.2%] aged ≥60) participants completed the survey. The greater than or equal to 60 group showed lower mean (SD) BDI levels than the less than 60 group (3.02 [3.28] versus 4.30 [4.93]); and lower mean (SD) acute stress disorder inventory scores than the less than 60 group (3.68 [3.20] versus 4.45 [3.06]). There were no gender differences in any of the clinical measures. The presence of economic losses as well as the increase in the use of anxiolytics was significantly associated with higher emotional distress in the elderly compared to the younger group. Older people have shown less emotional distress, with no differences between men and women. Economic loss and substance use should be monitored to guarantee the emotional well-being of the elderly.

Relationship of loneliness and subjective chewing discomfort in the elderly

Relationship of loneliness and subjective chewing discomfort in the elderly

Social, Emotional, and Existential Loneliness: A Test of the Multidimensional Concept.

Background and ObjectivesSince the 1980s, most researchers have agreed on the concept of social and emotional loneliness as an unacceptable and negatively experienced discrepancy between realized and desired interpersonal relationships. For other researchers, existential loneliness stems from the realization that a human being is fundamentally alone, with the accompanying emptiness, sadness, and longing. This article examines whether instruments to measure these conceptualizations indicate a multidimensional concept.Research Design and MethodsThe 2019 observation of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (N = 1,316; aged 61–101 years; 52% women) included five direct questions about loneliness, the 11-item de Jong Gierveld social and emotional loneliness scale, and 14 items from the translated Existential Loneliness Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in Mplus.ResultsFive factors were observed: direct questions, social and emotional loneliness, and loneliness in relationships and meaninglessness in life. The intercorrelations among all five factors were positive. Emotional loneliness correlated most strongly with direct questions.Discussion and ImplicationsLoneliness is multifaceted and means that one is not embedded in a personal network, misses closeness and intimacy, and lacks meaning in life. The emotional loneliness items most closely represent what people mean when they report loneliness.

Usporedba odnosa usamljenosti i preferirane samoce s nekim sociodemografskim varijablama i aspektima subjektivne i psiholoske dobrobiti odraslih

Usporedba odnosa usamljenosti i preferirane samoce s nekim sociodemografskim varijablama i aspektima subjektivne i psiholoske dobrobiti odraslih

Взаимосвязь одиночества с эмоциональным интеллектом в периоде поздней зрелости

Взаимосвязь одиночества с эмоциональным интеллектом в периоде поздней зрелости

Linking loneliness to depression: a dynamic perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of change in loneliness on the experience of depression among the students in a business school in India. Building on the literature, the authors argued the dynamic nature of loneliness and depression and subsequently explored the linkage between change in loneliness and associated change in the experience of depression. Further, the purpose is also to explore whether such linkage depends on individual personality factors.Design/methodology/approachThe present study is part of a bigger study that employed a longitudinal survey design. Data were collected in two phases with a six-month time lag between the phases. Data were initially collected in July 2014, and again with all measures repeated in January, 2015. Data were collected from two sections from the undergraduate program participants at one of the reputed institutions in India. Demographic variables such as gender, number of siblings, and family type (nuclear family or joint family) were collected. The authors controlled for age and qualification as all the students have the same qualification and almost all of them were in the same age group. All these variables were controlled due to their probable interference with the proposed theoretical model.FindingsThe findings reveal a significant role of loneliness on experience of depression and a moderating role of personality on the relationship. The linkage between change in loneliness and change in depression was found to be higher among those people who were high on extraversion. The findings clearly indicate that the impact of loneliness will be more as the need for attachment is high for individuals having higher extraversion.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research may explore the role of neuroticism in the link between loneliness and depression.Practical implicationsThe findings of this longitudinal study are very relevant for all the professional groups in the college/university setting. It is important for students as well as college authorities to understand the dynamic nature and relationship of loneliness and depression, as well as the role of personality factors. Routine monitoring as well as various educational programs may be included as regular components of campus culture. Even curriculum can also be fine-tuned. Various programs can be designed to improve interpersonal skills, cognitive understanding, and resolution of aversive emotions, as these college going students or buddying managers are more receptive to intervention programs.Originality/valueThe paper clearly reflects its originality. It adds value in the form of contribution to theoretical development as well as to various college authorities to handle students emotions effectively.

Loneliness Makes Consumers Avoid Unsafe Food

Sustainable food consumption is an essential component of sustainable development. Previous literature mainly focused on consumers’ environmentally friendly consumption, and paid less attention to their avoidance of unsafe consumption. This article investigated the effect of loneliness—an important psychological and social trend—on consumers’ avoidance of unsafe food and the associated mechanisms. Based on a survey with 120 student participants and an experimental study with 315 non-student participants, we found that loneliness made consumers avoid unsafe food, but not safe food. We further verified that consumers’ perceived immune status and concern for negative impression worked as two mechanisms between the relationship of loneliness and food avoidance. Moreover, we revealed a moderating mediation effect of food safety risk, where the indirect effect of loneliness on food avoidance via both perceived immune status and concern for negative impression only existed for unsafe food. This article extended the research setting of sustainable consumption from increasing positive consumptions to decreasing negative ones, and identified the influential factors from the interaction of consumer characteristics and food features.

Relationship of loneliness and social connectedness with depression in elderly: A multicentric study under the aegis of Indian Association for Geriatric Mental Health

Aim of the Study: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of loneliness and its relationship with social connectedness and depression in elderly. Additional aims were to evaluate the demographic and clinical factors associated with loneliness and social connectedness in elderly patients with depression. Methodology: The study sample comprised 488 elderly patients (age ≥60 years) with depression recruited across 8 centers. These patients were evaluated on Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) Scale, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale (LS), and Revised Social Connectedness Scale. Results: About three-fourth (77.3%) of the entire sample reported the presence of loneliness. With respect to specific loneliness symptom, 62.5% reported lack of companionship, 58.7% reported being left out in life, and 56.5% of the individuals reported felt isolated from others. No gender differences were noted in the prevalence of any loneliness symptom. Higher loneliness scores had significant positive correlation with severity of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms as assessed by GDS-30, PHQ-15, and GAD-7, respectively, in individuals of both the genders. Higher social connectedness was associated with higher level of anxiety and lower loneliness in females only. Being currently single, older age, longer duration of illness, presence of family history of mental illness, presence of comorbid physical illness, and absence of substance abuse were associated with higher loneliness. With regard to suicidality, higher loneliness was associated with nonspecific active suicidal thoughts, active suicidal ideations with and without intent, nonsuicidal behavior, and higher intensity of suicidal ideations. Conclusions: About three-fourth of the elderly patients with depression also have associated loneliness. Loneliness is associated with higher severity of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. Severity of depression is associated with loneliness but not with social connectedness. Lower social connectedness among elderly females with depression is associated with higher loneliness, but this is not true for elderly males with depression.