Log-normal Method Research Articles

Effect of a two-only-meals-a-day and exercise lifestyle on HbA1c and anti-diabetic medication in a follow-up study of subjects with type 2 diabetes attending a free clinic in a north Maharashtra city.

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a global challenge with rising prevalence, inadequate compliance, and poor outcomes. Assess the effect of a 2-only-daily-meals with exercise lifestyle (2-OMEX) on (a) HbA1c, (b) anti-diabetic medication count (ADMC), (c) Kcal intakes, body weight, fasting insulin, and subjective well-being. This is a single-arm follow-up study conducted in a free 2-OMEX clinic in 2019-2020. Information for two meals and exercise compliance was obtained during the clinic visit. HbA1c was tested by HPLC and fasting insulin by the CLIA/CMIA method in private laboratories. Eligible subjects (f = 49, m = 116) completing two or more visits and 60 days of follow-up had a mean age of 55.92 (10.43) years, a T2D duration of 8.20 (6.28) years, and a median observation period of 140 days. Statistically significant changes included HbA1c decline from 7.69 (1.70) to 7.00 (1.20) gm% (equivalent by the LogNormal method to 1.088 gm%), average weight loss at 5%(m), and 2%(f). ADMC declined from 2.32 to 2.14, the difference being significant with the WSR test (z = 2.0087, P = 0.0223). Subjects attaining anti-diabetic medication-free and normoglycemic status (HbA1c < 6.5 gm%) were 20 (12%). The number attaining HbA1c ≤ 7 gm%) significantly rose from 73 (44%) to 101 (61%) with an ADMC of 1.9 (chi-square = 9.531, df1, P = 0.0020203). Participants reported 'feeling energetic' (79%), feeling lighter (50%), and better sleep (35%). Average energy intakes dropped by 120 Kcal to 1580/day. Fasting insulin remained unchanged, from 12.61 (11.06) to 12.34 (11.78) mlU/L. The dropout rate was 35%. The 2-OMEX lifestyle showed a sizeable, favorable, and significant change in HbA1c, body weight, ADMC use in five months, and subjective benefits. Studies are necessary for remission impact and pathways.

STUDI SISTEM JARINGAN DRAINASE DI RUAS JALAN CIHANJUANG KOTA CIMAHI

The drainage system on the Cihanjuang road in Cimahi City experiences flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. Flooding factors are caused by sedimentation, clogged garbage, and rainwater runoff from each settlement that cannot be accommodated. Based on these problems, research was carried out as an effort to overcome the problems that occurred. The method in this research uses a descriptive evaluative method, namely a research method that evaluates conditions objectively/as is. Primary data in this research was obtained by surveying the condition of the drainage channel at the location to determine the dimensions and existing conditions of the channel. Secondary data in this research was obtained via the NASA website in the form of rainfall data for the last 20 years. The rainfall calculation method used in this research is the Log Normal method with a rainfall intensity value of 74.316 mm with a return period of 2 years. This research uses EPA SWMM 5.2.3 computer software as a tool to carry out hydraulic analysis. The research results showed that there were four channel locations with existing drainage channel capacity that could not accommodate water runoff, namely J_10, J_17, J_21, J_48. So that Low Impact Development (LID) planning is carried out in each water catchment area to reduce water runoff. The results obtained show that the application of LID can overcome flooding problems. Apart from that, cost calculations were also carried out in making the four types of LID used, namely Bioretention-cell, Rain Garden, Permeable Pavement and Rain Barrel.

Simulation of noble metal particle growth and removal in the molten salt fast reactor

In the Molten Salt Fast Reactor (MSFR), fuel is dissolved in a liquid salt, causing the formation and decay of fission products, such as noble metals, to be inside the salt. Noble metals have very low solubility and do not dissolve in the salt. They are known to agglomorate into particles which, in turn, diffuse, drift or sediment to interfaces such as walls, free surfaces and bubbles, where they deposit. Leveraging this in the MSFR, online or offline helium bubbling is foreseen to act as a means to extract noble metal particles from the salt. This can potentially limit strong deposition of particles onto walls (i.e., plating), preventing dangerous decay heat hotspots in the heat exchangers or other primary circuit components. In this paper, we investigate the efficiency of particle removal by helium bubbles in the MSFR using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Theoretical estimates of equilibrium particle size distributions are used as initial condition, based on previous work. CFD calculations are performed in a simplified MSFR geometry. Bubble expansion, turbulent bubble coalescence and turbulent break-up are accounted for using the poly-disperse Log-normal Method of Moments (LogMoM) model, embedded in the two-fluid framework in OpenFOAM. The CFD analyses presented in this paper, in conjunction with the developed theory of noble metal particle formation, growth and capture, will help in the understanding and optimization of the fuel cycle in the MSFR or any other molten salt reactor design. The precise knowledge of how noble metal particle populations in the salt can be controlled, and how plating of noble metal particles onto primary circuit reactor components can be reduced, contributes to safe molten salt reactor operation.

Multivariate Approach to Peak-Period Models for Crash Types and Severities in Variable Speed Systems on Freeways

According to current research, safety performance functions (SPFs) based on traditional annual average daily traffic are less suitable for addressing crash risk in traffic-management strategies that typically operate for short time intervals (e.g., peak period). Variable speed limit (VSL)/variable advisory speed (VAS) is a traffic-management strategy which is deployed to achieve speed harmonization typically during the peak hours of weekdays. However, peak-period SPFs for VSL/VAS-implemented freeways considering different crash types and severity levels are still unexplored. Therefore, in this study the multivariate Poisson lognormal (MVPLN) method was applied to estimate the different crash-type and severity-level models. The results showed that by addressing correlations among different crash types and severity levels, MVPLN models outperformed individual univariate Poisson lognormal crash-type and -severity models. From the developed models, several traffic- and roadway-related attributes—such as volume, average speed, standard deviation of speed, segment type (merge, diverge, and weaving), higher number of lanes, and so forth—could be identified as the potential crash-risk factors. Also, the proposed models were successful in capturing the spatial effects of segments (differences between segments downstream and upstream of the location of interest) on crash frequency. Further, the implementation of VSL/VAS strategy was found to be effective in reducing rear-end crashes in the crash-type model as well as property-damage-only (PDO) and C (non-incapacitating) crash severity levels in the crash-severity model. Policymakers and practitioners could benefit from this study in incorporating safety aspects into developing VSL/VAS algorithms.

Astrobiology: resolution of the statistical Drake equation by Maccone's lognormal method in 50 steps

AbstractThe authors use the mathematical tool of Maccone's lognormal distribution to further factor the Drake equation, which calculates the number of advanced civilizations in the galaxy, from the seven original levels of the Drake equation to 49 levels of overall analysis. The Maccone approach, in fact, supported by the central limit theorem, becomes more reliable the more levels are introduced. The resulting study necessarily draws upon an array of disciplines ranging from astronomy, chemistry and geology to biology, palaeontology and futurology. The final result calculates the number of planetary systems suitable for life in its various stages of development: those which have probably hosted life in the past and those which still host it at its various evolutionary levels. The final evolutionary level is the so-called galactic civilization (often called ETC, or extraterrestrial civilizations). The number of resulting galactic civilizations is divided between static civilizations, which do not move around the galaxy and whose Kardašëv rating is still low (&lt;1.4), of which we find three examples (we ourselves plus, perhaps, two others), and potentially dynamic civilizations, which move around the galaxy and have a sufficiently high Kardašëv rating (≥1.4), of which we find 2000.

PERENCANAAN BENDUNG TETAP UNTUK JARINGAN IRIGASI BANDA MUSAJIK D.I GUMARANG KECAMATAN PELEMBAYAN KABUPATEN AGAM

Banda Musajik, which is located in Jorong Alahan Anggang, Nagari Tigo Koto Silungkang, Agam Regency, West Sumatra Province, is one of the irrigation networks in D.I Gumarang, under the authority of the UPTD Balai SDA and BK North Sumatra Province. The service area is 30 ha, the water source comes from Batang alahan anggang. Weir planning is based on the design flood discharge with a return period of 100 years. The discharge plan uses 10 years of rainfall data. Rainfall stations that affect the Alahan Anggang watershed are Gumarang Station and Kampuang IV Station. The area's average rainfall was determined by the Thiessen Polygon method, the planned rain by the log normal method and the frequency analysis test using the chi square test. Maximum flood discharge (Q100) 13.54 m3/s. The effective width of the dam is 11.42 m, one flush door is 0.80 m wide, one pillar is 0.50 m thick. The type of lighthouse is round with a radius of 0.80 m and a height of 1.52 m. The stilling pool is planned for the Vlugter type with the height of the weir, the length of the pool floor and the radius of the weir of 3.74 m. The length of the flood embankment from the weir to the upstream is 19 m with a height of 0.50 m from the flood water level. From the analysis of the forces acting on the body of the weir, the number of vertical forces (ΣRV) is 5,916 T, the number of horizontal forces (ΣRH) is 8,397 T, the number of holding moments (ΣMT) is 352,678 T.m, the number of overturning moments (ΣMG) is 344,87 T.m. stability of the weir body against overturning 1.31 1.3 , against shear 1.42 1.3, Eccentricity ( e ) 5.05 78.74 Maximum stress 1.90 78.74, minimum stress -0.36 78.7, the design of the weir body is safe against shearing, overturning, and the bearing capacity of the ground.Key words : Hydrological analysis, Hydraulic design of weir, Weir stability.

Modeling of bubble coalescence and break-up using the Log-normal Method of Moments

This work focuses on sub-grid modeling of bubbly flows using the two-fluid model, coupled with the Log-normal Method of Moments (LogMoM) as a population balance model in order to efficiently capture bubble poly-dispersity. In this work, LogMoM is extended to account for bubble coalescence and break-up by formulating source terms for the Moment Transport Equations (MTEs). Gauss-Hermite and Gauss–Legendre quadrature are used to accurately evaluate the integrals in these source terms. The model is implemented into OpenFOAM, and is verified against analytical solutions for simple polynomial coalescence and break-up kernels in a zero-dimensional setting. Subsequently, LogMoM is successfully validated against a discrete class method already available in OpenFOAM as well as reference measurements from the TOPFLOW and METERO experiments using well established physical kernels for coalescence and break-up. Good agreement is found between LogMoM and the reference class method calculations, with a reduction in computational time of 31% to 62%.

Efficient Moment-Independent Sensitivity Analysis of Uncertainties in Seismic Demand of Bridges Based on a Novel Four-Point-Estimate Method

Moment-independent importance (MII) analysis is known as a global sensitivity measurement in qualifying the influence of uncertainties, which is taken as a crucial step towards seismic performance analysis. Most MII analysis is based on Monte Carlo simulation, which leads to a high computational cost since a large number of nonlinear time history analyses are required to obtain the probability density function. To address this limitation, this study presents a computational efficient MII analysis to investigate the uncertain parameters in the seismic demands of bridges. A modified four-point-estimate method is derived from Rosenblueth’s two-point-estimate method. Thus, the statistical moments of a bridge’s seismic demands can be obtained by several sampling points and their weights. Then, the shifted generalized lognormal distribution method is adopted to estimate the unconditional and conditional probability density functions of seismic demands, which are used for the MII analysis. The analysis of seismic demands based on piers and bearings in a finite element model of a continuous girder bridge is taken as a validation example. The MII measures of the uncertain parameters are estimated by just several nonlinear time history analyses at the point-estimate sampling points, and the results by the proposed method are compared with those found by Monte Carlo simulation.

Analysing Outage Probability and Diversity for Matrix Based Shadowed Attenuation in Multipath Fading Environment

In this research outage probability is analysed for a proposed matrix based method using selection combining diversity under shadowed attenuation in a typical macrocell environment. The conventional Lognormal shadowing model approximates the gamma probability density function which is used in proposed matrix based method. The closed form expressions are developed for evaluating the probability of outage in multipath fading environment with the help of shadow matrix, shape, and scale factors. The graphical results using proposed method are validated by comparing them with the Lognormal method. The presented results have been investigated by varying threshold in terms of shadow based attenuation. The results obtained using proposed method is compared with the Lognormal model where shadowing spread is varied. It is clear from the plots that the outage probability using proposed model shows better results the outage probability as compared to Lognormal shadowed model.

Characteristic time for the scavenging of fine particles due to coagulation with coarse particles

This article suggests an approximate analytical solution for the characteristic time for the mass removal of fine particles due to coagulation scavenging by coarse particles. The characteristic scavenging time is expressed as a function of the mass concentration of coarse particles as well as the mass median diameters (MMDs) and geometric standard deviations of fine and coarse particles. The log-normal method of moments was used to take into account the polydispersity effects. The particle number concentration of coarse particles was found to be the most important factor determining the coagulation-scavenging rate. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to quantify the effects of the particle size distribution parameters. The characteristic scavenging times for three specific cases, urban aerosols, Asian dust particles, and indoor aerosols, are discussed based on the derived solution.

Stochastic master equation for early protein aggregation in the transthyretin amyloid disease

It is significant to understand the earliest molecular events occurring in the nucleation of the amyloid aggregation cascade for the prevention of amyloid related diseases such as transthyretin amyloid disease. We develop chemical master equation for the aggregation of monomers into oligomers using reaction rate law in chemical kinetics. For this stochastic model, lognormal moment closure method is applied to track the evolution of relevant statistical moments and its high accuracy is confirmed by the results obtained from Gillespie’s stochastic simulation algorithm. Our results show that the formation of oligomers is highly dependent on the number of monomers. Furthermore, the misfolding rate also has an important impact on the process of oligomers formation. The quantitative investigation should be helpful for shedding more light on the mechanism of amyloid fibril nucleation.

Conversion of soil particle size distribution and texture classification from ISSS system to FAO/USDA system in Japanese paddy soils

ABSTRACT The conversion between the two different systems, ISSS and FAO/USDA, of particle size distribution and soil texture classification is useful to characterize soil physical properties and usage of each published. The objective of this study is to test some functions that have been published for conversion from ISSS to FAO/USDA system for Japanese paddy soils and to select the best method. We tested the topsoils of 267 Japanese paddy fields using the log-linear method, log-normal method, multiple regression method, Skaggs et al.’s method, and Minasny and McBratney’s method. The least AIC was obtained using multiple regression method, and the equation derived was given as follows: siFAO/USDA = 1.305siISSS + 0.396fsISSS−0.100csISSS − 12.323 where si, fs, and cs are the percentage of silt, fine sand, and coarse sand respectively; ISSS and FAO/USDA is the fractionation system; and its RMSE was 3.1%. For the case that only the total sand content (s) is available instead of fine sand and coarse sand, the following equation was obtained: siFAO/USDA = 1.533siISSS + 0.314sISSS − 20.903 (RMSE = 3.7%) Among the non-empirical methods, the best estimation method was Skaggs et al.’s method, and its RMSE was 3.3%. The soil texture classification by FAO/USDA system using estimated particle size fractions by the above equation can be classified to correct categories. The accuracy ratio of the classification was 93-97%.

An analytical solution of the population balance equation for simultaneous Brownian and shear coagulation in the continuum regime

Brownian coagulation of aerosol particles can take place in both laminar and turbulent flows. Thus, the simultaneous Brownian and shear coagulation will always occur in practical applications. This study presents an analytical solution to describe the size evolution of polydisperse particles undergoing simultaneous Brownian and shear coagulation. The analytical solution is derived using the log-normal method of moments (LNMOM) with some approximations. Then, the analytical solution is validated by comparing with previous analytical solutions derived for limiting cases. The results show that the present analytical solution is consistent with previous analytical solutions for these limiting cases. Further, the time trajectories of the total particle number concentration, the geometric standard deviation and the geometric number mean particle volume predicted by the present analytical solution are compared with those of a numerical LNMOM model. The results show that the present analytical solution gives good predictions of the total particle number concentration but less accurate predictions of the geometric standard deviation and the geometric number mean particle volume. A dimensionless analysis shows that the coagulation rate ratio and the initial polydispersity are two important factors for characterizing the size evolution of simultaneous Brownian and shear coagulation.

Normal Information Diffusion Distribution and Its Application in Inferring the Optimal Probability Density Functions of the Event Coordinates From the Microseismic or Acoustic Emission Sources

To obtain optimal probability density functions (PDFs) or cumulative density functions (CDFs) of the event coordinates from the microseismic or acoustic emission sources, the normal information diffusion (NID) method based on the “ $3\sigma $ ” truncated interval is introduced. Six sets of different data of the event coordinates from the locating sources are used to illustrate the goodness-of-fit of the NID method, log-logistic (3P) method, lognormal method, and normal method. The results show that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and chi-square test values of the NID distributions (NIDDs) are always less than those of the log-logistic (3P) distributions (LLD3s), lognormal distributions (LNDs), and normal distributions (NDs); the cumulative probability values of the NIDDs are equal to 1, while those of the LLD3s, LNDs, and NDs are less than 1; the curves of the NIDDs have multimodal feature and can reflect the fluctuation of the event coordinates’ data. The conclusion can be drawn that the NIDDs are the optimal PDFs or CDFs of the event coordinates from the microseismic or acoustic emission sources. In the locating methods of the microseismic or acoustic emission sources, it is suggested that the NID method can be further used to improve the locating accuracy.

General analytical solution to coagulation problem with homogeneous collision kernel

Since the pioneering work of Lee was published, the log-normal moment method (LNMM) has been applied in order to obtain approximate analytical solutions to the coagulation problem with several different types of collision kernels. In this study, the coagulation problem with an arbitrary homogeneous collision kernel is solved using LNMM. The new analytical solution is used to analyze the ways in which the error of the log-normal analytical solution varies depending on the functional form of the collision kernels, which could not be discussed in detail with the previous individual analytical solutions for specific collision kernels. The log-normal analytical solution tends to underestimate the particle size distribution width due to the symmetric assumption, leading to the underestimation of the polydispersity effect. This increases the error of the analytical solution as the particle size dependency of the collision kernel increases.

Magneto-Thermal Effect in Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG Nanoparticles and Their Potential as Hyperthermia Therapy

Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG nanoparticles based on local iron sand were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The characterization of sample was conducted using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) instrument, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), and Magneto-thermal each has a purpose to find out the formed phase structure, the adsorption pattern of sample functional group, nanoparticle distribution, and thermal effect of the sample. The results of characterization using XRD showing that the formed sample phase was in the form of the magnetite spinel structure. Through Rietica analysis and calculation using Debye-Scherrer, the sizes of nanoparticle samples were 7.9, 6.4, and 5.3 nm respectively with the addition of PEG concentration of 1000, 2000, and 4000. The adsorption of nanoparticle functional group was confirmed well with the appearance of Fe-O and Mn-O bound adsorption, at the wavenumbers of 430 cm-1 and 482 cm-1 respectively which were the representations of Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 material. Furthermore, the SAXS data analysis using the two lognormal method showed that the primary size of the particle sample was around 3 nm. Meanwhile, the secondary sizes of the sample were 8.5, 7.1, and 5.9 nm with the addition of PEG concentration of 1000, 2000, and 4000. Interestingly, Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG nanoparticles of 1000, 2000, and 4000 characterized using the Magneto thermal instrument have the value of 1.079, 1.082, and 1.105 W/g respectively and was able to improve the temperature of 37 °C up to 38°C. These characteristics showed that the Mn0.25Fe2.75O4-PEG nanoparticles have potentials to become a unique material which can function as the material for hyperthermia therapy.

Extended log-normal method of moments for solving the population balance equation for Brownian coagulation

An extended log-normal method of moments (ELNMOM) is presented in this study for solving the population balance equation (PBE) for Brownian coagulation. The method is an extension of the log-normal...

A new approximation approach for analytically solving the population balance equation due to thermophoretic coagulation

The analytical solution of the population balance equation (PBE) for coagulation by differential settling velocities remains a challenging issue due to the absolute value in the collision kernel. A geometric mean approximation approach is first proposed in this study to handle the integration of the absolute value and convert the moment equation into an integrable form. Using this approach along with the log-normal method of moments, the PBE is first analytically solved for thermophoretic coagulation in the low Knudsen number limit. The present analytical solution is validated by comparing the size distribution parameters with the sectional method. The maximum relative errors in this study are quite acceptable as compared with previous analytical solutions for Brownian coagulation. Moreover, the self-preserving size distribution predicted by the present analytical solution compares well with the sectional method and previous numerical studies on thermophoretic coagulation. Based on the analytical solution, the characteristics of the size distribution evolution during thermophoretic coagulation are investigated theoretically. The results show that the coagulation process is faster with a larger initial geometric standard deviation and the time required to reach the self-preserving distribution increases with the difference between the initial and asymptotic geometric standard deviations.

Highly Accelerated Life Testing of Ceramic Capacitors Using Capacitor Test Board by Lognormal Method and Integrated with PLM Solutions

Compare to previous decay, now days consumer expectation is very high about the electronic product what they are going to purchase. The consumer analyzes the quality of the product with the product competitors. The electronic component manufacturer is under immersive pressure to show their reliability of their product and maintain their place in the market. Reliability engineering helps to announce the guaranty period of the electronic product. Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) is the latest technology in the reliability field for testing the electronic components. The highly accelerated life testing is conducted at accelerated stress level to generate more failure data in a short span of time. The Capacitor test board is used to test the most commonly used X5R Ceramic Capacitor to identify the time to failure data (TTF). The time to failure data follows a statistical distribution to find out the mean time to failure data (MTTF) at accelerated conditions. The time to failure data of capacitor at accelerated condition is converted to actual conditions and integrated with PLM solution using SQL Query, Java and HTML. The integration helps to reduce product time to market and increase the profitability of the manufacturer.

Macrofauna abundance, species diversity and turnover at three sites in the Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone

The fauna of three sites in the Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone Region of the North Pacific Ocean were evaluated as part of multiple programs supported by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. These localities (Site A in the west and Site C and a prospective reserve area 2893–2561 km to the east) cover the range of depths and productivity observed for the region. Macrofauna densities varied with productivity, with Site A with the lowest densities and the reserve area with the highest densities. Species diversities of Polychaeta, Isopoda and Tanaidacea showed differing trends compared to export productivity, using a bootstrapped lognormal method to estimate total species. Polychaeta had the highest estimated species at the high-productivity reserve site and the lowest values at the low-productivity site A. Tanaidacea had a similar trend to that of the polychaetes. Isopoda showed an opposite species–productivity trend, with highest estimated species at the low-productivity site A and lowest values at the high-productivity reserve site. Polychaetes were most similar between sites, while isopod similarities were low. Tanaid similarities between sites A and C resembled the polychaetes value. Species turnover for isopods was high, but much less so for polychaetes and tanaids, and may be related to the dispersal potential for each taxocene. Beta diversity predicts that the average isopod species in the CCFZ has a range of approximately 2200 km2 while a polychaete species range might exceed 10,000 km2. Data from a single taxocene cannot be used as a proxy for the entire deep-sea fauna because each group has its own ecological and evolutionary responses, as well as its own history.