Logit Response Research Articles

Community-aware empathetic social choice for social network group decision making

To study how interdependent and self-interested decision makers collectively make a choice in highly complex social environments, this paper presents a novel and powerful Community-Aware Empathetic Social Choice (CAESC) model, which considers decision makers in social networks as autonomy-oriented agents, who derive utility based on both their own intrinsic preferences, and empathetic preferences determined by the satisfaction of their intra-community neighbors. We devise optimization approaches for identifying community structures with local (global) social welfare maximizing under two varieties of CAESC models: The local CAESC model first identifies the non-cooperative behaviors by calculating the structure-preference coordination coefficients between pairwise decision makers, then employs the Logit response like dynamics process in a carefully defined potential game to find the optimal community structure that maximizes the local social welfare. To find the optimal community structure that maximizes the global social welfare, the global CAESC model is composed of three coupled phases during each stage: (i) opinion evolution within each community using the classic Jacobi method; (ii) structure-preference coordination matrix updating based on the current opinion vector; and (iii) local optimal community structure updating based on the local CAESC model. Extensive experiments on both randomly generated and real-world social networks with synthetic and real-world preferences confirm that neglecting the empathetic effect and community structure usually yields sub-optimal group decisions which degrade the social welfare of network members. Our experiments also show that, the higher societal empathy, the rougher preference distribution and the denser network structure will facilitate the maximal social welfare reaching in both local and global CAESC models; meanwhile, by comparing with the typical empathetic decision making models and some recent proposed consensus reaching methods, our proposed approaches show relatively significant advantages in terms of candidate ranking and decision efficiency.

Modeling, analysis, and dynamics of Bayesian games via matrix-based method

A matrix-based framework for the modeling, analysis and dynamics of Bayesian games are presented using the semi-tensor product of matrices. Static Bayesian games are considered first. A new conversion of Bayesian games is proposed, which is called an action-type conversion. Matrix expressions are obtained for Harsanyi, Selten, and action-type conversions, respectively. Certain properties are obtained, including two kinds of Bayesian Nash equilibria. Then the verification of Bayesian potential games is considered, which is proved to test the solvability of corresponding linear equations equivalently. Finally, the dynamics of evolutionary Bayesian games are considered. Two learning rules for Bayesian potential games are proposed, which are type-based myopic best response adjustment and logit response rule, respectively. Markovian dynamic equations are obtained for the proposed strategy updating rules and convergence is proved.

Dynamic system optimal traffic assignment with atomic users: Convergence and stability

In this study, we analyse the convergence and stability of dynamic system optimal (DSO) traffic assignment with fixed departure times. We first formulate the DSO traffic assignment problem as a strategic game wherein atomic users select routes that minimise their marginal social costs, called a ‘DSO game’. By utilising the fact that the DSO game is a potential game, we prove that a globally optimal state is a stochastically stable state under the logit response dynamics, and the better/best response dynamics converges to a locally optimal state. Furthermore, as an application of DSO assignment, we examine characteristics of the evolutionary implementation scheme of marginal cost pricing. Through theoretical comparison with a fixed pricing scheme, we found the following properties of the evolutionary implementation scheme: (i) the total travel time decreases smoother to an efficient traffic state as congestion externalities are perfectly internalised; (ii) a traffic state would reach a more efficient state as the globally optimal state is stabilised. Numerical experiments also suggest that these properties make the evolutionary scheme robust in the sense that they prevent a traffic state from going to worse traffic states with high total travel times.

The exact solution of spatial logit response games

This paper proposes a logit response game with a spatial social structure and solves it exactly. We derive closed-form solutions for the strategy choice probabilities, the spatial correlation function of strategies of distant players, and the expected utility. We study how the probability of adopting a cooperative strategy in a prisoner’s dilemma game and the probability of adopting Pareto efficient strategies in a cooperation game are affected by changes in the parameter that expresses payoff-responsiveness.

Road traffic noise and children\u2019s inattention

BackgroundAn increasing number of children are exposed to road traffic noise levels that may lead to adverse effects on health and daily functioning. Childhood is a period of intense growth and brain maturation, and children may therefore be especially vulnerable to road traffic noise. The objective of the present study was to examine whether road traffic noise was associated with reported inattention symptoms in children, and whether this association was mediated by sleep duration.MethodsThis study was based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Parental reports of children’s inattention at age 8 were linked to modelled levels of residential road traffic noise. We investigated the association between inattention and noise exposure during pregnancy (n = 1934), noise exposure averaged over 5 years (age 3 to 8 years; n = 1384) and noise exposure at age 8 years (n = 1384), using fractional logit response models. The participants were children from Oslo, Norway.ResultsAn association with inattention at age 8 years was found for road traffic noise exposure at age 8 years (coef = .0083, CI = [.0012, .0154]; 1.2% point increase in inattention score per 10 dB increase in noise level), road traffic noise exposure average for the last 5 years (coef = .0090, CI = [.0016, .0164]; 1.3% point increase/10 dB), and for pregnancy road traffic noise exposure for boys (coef = .0091, CI = [.0010, .0171]), but not girls (coef = −.0021, CI = [−.0094, .0053]). Criteria for doing mediation analyses were not fulfilled.ConclusionResults indicate that road traffic noise has a negative impact on children’s inattention. We found no mediation by sleep duration.

Pharmacokinetic and exposure\u2013response analyses of pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel during neoadjuvant treatment of HER2+\xa0early breast cancer

PurposeThe NeoSphere trial evaluated pertuzumab in the neoadjuvant setting [early breast cancer (EBC)] with pathological complete response (pCR) as the primary efficacy end point. This analysis of pertuzumab aimed to (1) compare its pharmacokinetics (PK) in patients with EBC versus advanced cancers, (2) to further evaluate PK drug–drug interactions (DDIs) when given in combination with trastuzumab, and (3) to assess the relationship between exposure and efficacy to assess the clinical dosing regimen in the EBC patients.MethodsPertuzumab serum concentration data from 180 patients in NeoSphere were compared to historical observations and potential DDI was assessed, by applying simulation techniques using a population PK model. The impact of pertuzumab exposure on pCR rate was evaluated using a logit response model (n = 88).ResultsThe observed PK matched the population PK model simulations, confirming that the PK in neoadjuvant EBC appear to be in agreement with the historical observations. No evidence of a DDI effect of trastuzumab or docetaxel on pertuzumab was observed supporting the doses when given in combination. In NeoSphere >90% of EBC patients achieved the non-clinical target serum concentration. There was no association between the pertuzumab serum concentration and pCR within the range observed in this study (20–100 μg/mL) supporting no dose adjustments needed for patients with lower exposure.ConclusionsThis analysis further supports the lack of DDI between the two therapeutic proteins and the appropriateness of the approved fixed non-body-weight-adjusted pertuzumab dose in the treatment of neoadjuvant EBC with pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel.

Fit Adequacy of Dichotomous Logit Response Models of the Regressor Bernoulli and Binomial Probability Distributions

Logit models belong to the class of probability models that determine discrete probabilities over a limited number of possible outcomes. They are often called ‘Quantal Variables’ or ‘Stimulus and Response Models’ in Biological Literature. The conventional R2 measure of goodness-of-fit is problematic in logit models. This has therefore led to the proposal of several alternative goodness-of-fit measures. But researchers in this area have identified the base rate problem in using these several alternative goodness-of-fit measures. This research is an extension of work done by people in this area. Specifically, this research is aimed at investigating the goodness-of-fit performances of eight statistics using the Bernoulli and Binomial distributions as explanatory variables under various scenarios. The study will draw conclusions on the “best” fit. The data for the study was generated through simulation and analysed using the multiple correlation analysis. The findings clearly show that for the Bernoulli Distribution, the goodness-of-fit statistics to use are: RO2, RC2, RM2 and λp; and for the Binomial Distribution, the goodness-of-fit statistics to use are: and RN2 and λp. RO2 stood out as the “best” goodness-of-fit statistics.

Adult Sex Identification Using Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography (3D-CT) of the Pelvis: A Study Among a Sample of the Egyptian Population

Sex identification of unknown human skeletal remains is of great importance in establishing identity and individuality. In adults, the hip bone is the most reliable sex indicator because of its sexual dimorphism. Each population should have its own specific standards of identification. The objective of this study is to develop a logistic regression formula for adult sex identification using threedimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) of the pelvis and to perform an assessment of its validity in sex determination among a sample of the Egyptian population in the Suez Canal region. 141 pelvic-abdominal CT images (free of any pelvic orthopaedic disorder) were included; they were reconstructed to produce 3D-CT pelvic images which were divided into a calibration group (47 male and 47 female) and a test group (47 CT images the sex of which was unknown to the observers). Twenty radiometric variables were measured for the calibration group. A logit response formula for sex prediction was developed and applied on the test group for sex prediction. The logit response formula for the test sample showed sensitivity, specificity, and an overall accuracy of 100%. The proposed method represents a quick and reliable metric method in establishing sex from a CT image of the pelvis bone.

DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY IN SPANISH FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. COMPARING AIDED AND NON-AIDED ENTITIES

The last financial crisis has led to the greatest contribution of public funds ever made to Spanish banks. This paper studies why the need for support has been asymmetric, with not all of the institutions requiring aid. Based on profitability of assets (ROA), we determine using panel data econometric and logit response models the components of profit and loss accounts that generated profitability as well as the factors leading to some entities to ask for aid. The analyses show that before the beginning of the crisis there were significant differences between entities that needed aid and those that did not. The most profitable banks grounded their success in the traditional revenue components of financial institutions (such as margin on interest rates and commissions), as well as in revenues obtained from participated companies and extraordinary results. The model offers a tool to detect entities in difficulties in advance, reducing the financial and social costs of public interventions. The factors more impacting on profitability of Spanish institutions are also identified.

Attitude towards the incorporation of the selective collection of biowaste in a municipal solid waste management system. A case study

European waste legislation has been encouraging for years the incorporation of selective collection systems for the biowaste fraction. European countries are therefore incorporating it into their current municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems. However, this incorporation involves changes in the current waste management habits of households. In this paper, the attitude of the public towards the incorporation of selective collection of biowaste into an existing MSWM system in a Spanish municipality is analysed. A semi-structured telephone interview was used to obtain information regarding aspects such as: level of participation in current waste collection systems, willingness to participate in selective collection of biowaste, reasons and barriers that affect participation, willingness to pay for the incorporation of the selective collection of biowaste and the socioeconomic characteristics of citizens who are willing to participate and pay for selective collection of biowaste. The results showed that approximately 81% of the respondents were willing to participate in selective collection of biowaste. This percentage would increase until 89% if the Town Council provided specific waste bins and bags, since the main barrier to participate in the new selective collection system is the need to use specific waste bin and bags for the separation of biowaste. A logit response model was applied to estimate the average willingness to pay, obtaining an estimated mean of 7.5% on top of the current waste management annual tax. The relationship of willingness to participate and willingness to pay for the implementation of this new selective collection with the socioeconomic variables (age, gender, size of the household, work, education and income) was analysed. Chi-square independence tests and binary logistic regression was used for willingness to participate, not being obtained any significant relationship. Chi-square independence tests, ordinal logistic regression and ordinary linear regression was applied for willingness to pay, obtaining statistically significant relationship for most of the socioeconomic variables.

Dynamics in near-potential games

We consider discrete-time learning dynamics in finite strategic form games, and show that games that are close to a potential game inherit many of the dynamical properties of potential games. We first study the evolution of the sequence of pure strategy profiles under better/best response dynamics. We show that this sequence converges to a (pure) approximate equilibrium set whose size is a function of the “distance” to a given nearby potential game. We then focus on logit response dynamics, and provide a characterization of the limiting outcome in terms of the distance of the game to a given potential game and the corresponding potential function. Finally, we turn attention to fictitious play, and establish that in near-potential games the sequence of empirical frequencies of player actions converges to a neighborhood of (mixed) equilibria, where the size of the neighborhood increases according to the distance to the set of potential games.

Homogeneity bias in models of discrete choice with bounded rationality

Quantal response equilibrium captures bounded rationality in a strategic game by adopting a stochastic model of discrete choice along with the traditional rational expectation framework. We examine the use of a single-agent, homogeneous parametric quantal response model (e.g., logit response) to describe the aggregate behavior of heterogeneous agents sharing the same parametric form for their quantal response functions, but having individual rationality parameters, in a symmetric population game. For any parametric quantal response function arising from a unimodal distribution of exchangeable payoff disturbances, we find that a mis-specified homogeneous rationality parameter will have downward bias. Logit response is one such specification. This result implies that empirical work that disregards heterogeneity underestimates subjects’ rationality.

The Exact Solution of Spatial Logit Response Games

Logit response games with spatial structures are exactly solved. We exactly derive the probability that a player choose a strategy, the correlation function of strategies of distant players, and the expected utility.

A multinomial logit approach to exchange rate policy classification with an application to growth

We model a country's de jure exchange rate policy as the choice from a multinomial logit response conditioned on the volatility of its bilateral exchange rate, the volatility of its international reserves, and the volatility of its effective exchange rate. The category with the highest predictive probability implied by the logit regressions serves as our de facto exchange rate policy. An empirical investigation into the relationship between the de facto classifications and GDP growth finds that growth is higher under stable currency-value policies. For non-industrialized countries, a more nuanced characterization of exchange rate policy finds that those who exhibit ‘fear of floating’ experience significantly higher growth.

Heterogeneous quantal response equilibrium and cognitive hierarchies

We explore an equilibrium model of games where behavior is given by logit response functions, but payoff responsiveness and beliefs about others' responsiveness are heterogeneous. We study two substantively different ways of extending quantal response equilibrium (QRE) to this setting: (1) Heterogeneus QRE, where players share identical correct beliefs about the distribution of payoff responsiveness; and (2) Truncated QRE, where players have downward looking beliefs, systematically underestimating others' responsiveness. We show that the cognitive hierarchy model is a special case of Truncated QRE. We conduct experiments designed to differentiate these approaches. We find significant evidence of payoff responsive stochastic choice, and of heterogeneity and downward looking beliefs in some games.

Neural networks and contagion

We analyze local as well as global interaction and contagion in population games, using the formalism of neural networks. In contrast to much of the literature, a state encodes not only the frequency of play, but also the spatial pattern of play. Stochastic best response dynamics with logistic noise gives rise to a log-linear or logit response model. The stationary distribution is of the Gibbs-Boltzmann type. The long-run equilibria are the maxima of a potential function.

The Use of Homologous Antigen in the Serological Diagnosis of Brucellosis Caused by Brucella melitensis

In the European Union the serological diagnosis of brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is performed using the heterologous antigen of B. abortus S99. The possible higher sensitivity or ability of an early detection of antibodies by a homologous antigen may prove very useful in the final phases of an eradication programme. Results obtained in sheep experimentally infected by B. melitensis biovar 3 were compared using B. abortus S99, B. melitensis M1, M2 and M3 antigens in the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), the complement fixation test (CFT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Forty-six sheep from an officially brucellosis-free flock were experimentally infected intraconjunctivally with B. melitensis biovar 3. Prior to infection, all animals were tested first against Brucella antibodies, weekly for 2 months post-infection (PI) and then monthly for a further 7 months. All sera were tested against the antigens listed above using RBPT, CFT and ELISA. Using a Bayesian approach, test sensitivities were estimated and compared. Their ability for the early detection of antibodies was evaluated through a regression model based on a logit response model, using the number of days PI as the independent variable and the logit of the fraction of positive animals as the dependent variable. No significant differences were detected among the various antigens used, either in terms of sensitivity or in terms of antibody kinetics; however, the CFT was significantly less sensitive than the RBPT and ELISA and it also showed a lower rate of increase of percentage positive animals (beta-coefficient of regression analysis).

Population exposure response analysis of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Purpose To describe the exposure-response relationship of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods A subject-specific random effects model was derived using patient Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) rating scale data from six placebo controlled GAD studies and maximum likelihood estimation methods, to characterize the individual pregabalin exposure-response relationship Treatment was up to 8 weeks ranging from 150 to 600mg/day. Covariates were screened using Wald's approximation method. Results Scores were modeled as a continuous response using the logit transformation with additive baseline, placebo and drug effects. Drug effect was described by an Emax model with exposure proportional to average concentration and creatinine clearance, and the placebo effect by a study-specific monoexponetial function of time with onset characterized by a constant k. Inter-subject random effects for Emax, k, and the placebo effect (PLA) were multiplicative and an additive residual error model described intra-subject variability in the logit response. Covariances were estimated for PLA and k. The ED50 estimate was 100mg. Conclusions A decrease in HAMA score was correlated with drug exposure and the time course of the response was attributable to the placebo effect Treating the logit transformed HAMA as a continuous response was a unique application of the logit transform, ensuring simulated outcomes were within the range of the HAMA scale (0–56). Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P90–P90; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.345

Dose response in prostate cancer with 8-12 years follow-up

Purpose: Long-term evaluation of the advantage of dose escalation in prostate cancer is important. Our dose escalation study was conducted between 1989 and 1992 allowing 8-12 years follow up in surviving patients. This affords an opportunity to better understand dose response, morbidity, and the long-term effects dose escalation, such as reducing metastasis rates. 332 consecutive patients received increasing doses between 68 and 79 Gy. The prostate alone was treated for PSA <10 ng/ml, T1C/2A, Gleason 2-6 cancer while a small pelvis field was treated before the prostate boost in all others. A four-field technique was used in all patients. Materials and Methods: All patients have been followed, 2 are lost to follow-up. Dose response for bNED control at 5 years is reported using logit response models. Multivariate analysis is based on the Cox proportional hazards model with bNED failure defined in accordance with the ASTRO consensus definition. Failure is according to the ASTRO consensus. Results: Follow-up is available in all patients, 78 are alive without cancer, 61 alive with PSA failure, 12 alive with metastasis; 15 dead of cancer and 64 dead of intercurrent diseases. Figure 1 illustrates dose response functions for the unfavorable PSA ≤10 ng/ml subgroup (T2B/3 and/or Gleason 7-10 and/or PNI), all PSA 10-19.9 ng/ml and all PSA ≥20 ng/ml groups. MVA indicates that dose response is significant on whole curve evaluation of the unfavorable <10 ng/ml PSA group (p=.04) and the intermediate PSA group (p=.0003). Multivariate analysis of factors associated with bNED by prognostic group are: PSA<10 favorable-none, PSA <10 unfavorable-dose (p=0.04), PSA 10-19.9 favorable-dose (p=0.002), PSA 10-19.9 unfavorable-dose (p=0.05), PSA ≥20-none. Distant metastases are significantly impacted by dose for the PSA 10-19.9 ng/ml group, with 5 year FDM rates: dose <7150 cGy--84%, dose 7150-7574--90%, dose >7575--100% (p=0.05). Conclusion: This long-term report of one of the earliest dose escalation series shows dose is critical for the unfavorable low PSA group and the intermediate PSA grouping with up to 40% improvement in bNED rates. Distant metastases may come from spread from local recurrence. This report is consistent with that process in the PSA 10-19.9 group where bNED is improved by approximately 40% and distant metastases are reduced significantly (p=0.05). With enough patients and time, the latter observation must translate into better survival. Previously observed dose response in the high PSA group has diminished as more have failed and the data is now skewed to the low end of the functions. Raising treatment dose to 75-80 Gy remains one of the most important goals for the national practice.

Quantal response equilibria for extensive form games

This article investigates the use of standard econometric models for quantal choice to study equilibria of extensive form games. Players make choices based on a quantal-choice model and assume other players do so as well. We define an agent quantal response equilibrium (AQRE), which applies QRE to the agent normal form of an extensive form game and imposes a statistical version of sequential rationality. We also define a parametric specification, called logit-AQRE, in which quantal-choice probabilities are given by logit response functions. AQRE makes predictions that contradict the invariance principle in systematic ways. We show that these predictions match up with some experimental findings by Schotter et al. (1994) about the play of games that differ only with respect to inessential transformations of the extensive form. The logit-AQRE also implies a unique selection from the set of sequential equilibria in generic extensive form games. We examine data from signaling game experiments by Banks et al. (1994) and Brandts and Holt (1993). We find that the logit-AQRE selection applied to these games succeeds in predicting patterns of behavior observed in these experiments, even when our prediction conflicts with more standard equilibrium refinements, such as the intuitive criterion. We also reexamine data from the McKelvey and Palfrey (1992) centipede experiment and find that the AQRE model can account for behavior that had previously been explained in terms of altruistic behavior.