Logical Volume Research Articles

Data Persistence Storage in VMs Cloud-Based Software

The virtual machine data persistence storage method in a cloud environment addresses the challenge of persistent storage for user data in cloud computing systems. This paper proposes a system and method that enables the creation and expansion of block devices for virtual machines. The method involves a major node receiving user requests, determining whether it is a block device creation or expansion request, and executing the appropriate steps. The major node interacts with storage nodes to create logical volumes and register them as block device services. By implementing this method, the issue of non-persistent storage for user data after virtual machine shutdown is effectively resolved. This paper presents a detailed description of the method, its background, research objectives, and a conclusion highlighting the significance and benefits of the proposed virtual machine data persistence storage system.

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The article discusses some philosophical and methodological topical aspects of the principles of determinism and causality in theoretical and clinical medicine. The problem of determinism is of great methodological importance in the doctrine of etiology and pathogenesis. The article substantiates the idea that the categories “determinism” and “causality” are not identical in their content, since in terms of logical volume, determinism is a broader concept than causality. The article analyzes the evolution of ontological and gnoseological concepts of understanding the problem of determinism and causality in medicine, in particular, some topical issues of therapy, diagnosis and prevention of diseases in the context of this problem. Causal relationships are considered as a specific type of deterministic relationships, and any condition and factor as a specific determinant. The article pays special attention to the meaningful analysis of such concepts as “factorial etymology”, “causal etiology” and also provides a comparative analysis of these concepts. Gneseologically one of the most difficult debatable and underexplored problems of the theory of determinism is the concept of polyetiology, mono-etiology in the context of casual relations.

Performance Evaluations of Distributed File Systems for Scientific Big Data in FUSE Environment

Data are important and ever growing in data-intensive scientific environments. Such research data growth requires data storage systems that play pivotal roles in data management and analysis for scientific discoveries. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID), a well-known storage technology combining multiple disks into a single large logical volume, has been widely used for the purpose of data redundancy and performance improvement. However, this requires RAID-capable hardware or software to build up a RAID-enabled disk array. In addition, it is difficult to scale up the RAID-based storage. In order to mitigate such a problem, many distributed file systems have been developed and are being actively used in various environments, especially in data-intensive computing facilities, where a tremendous amount of data have to be handled. In this study, we investigated and benchmarked various distributed file systems, such as Ceph, GlusterFS, Lustre and EOS for data-intensive environments. In our experiment, we configured the distributed file systems under a Reliable Array of Independent Nodes (RAIN) structure and a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) environment. Our results identify the characteristics of each file system that affect the read and write performance depending on the features of data, which have to be considered in data-intensive computing environments.

First experience of autonomous, un-supervised treatment planning integrated in adaptive MR-guided radiotherapy and delivered to a patient with prostate cancer

Background and purposeCurrently clinical radiotherapy (RT) planning consists of a multi-step routine procedure requiring human interaction which often results in a time-consuming and fragmented process with limited robustness. Here we present an autonomous un-supervised treatment planning approach, integrated as basis for online adaptive magnetic resonance guided RT (MRgRT), which was delivered to a prostate cancer patient as a first-in-human experience. Materials and methodsFor an intermediate risk prostate cancer patient OARs and targets were automatically segmented using a deep learning-based software and logical volume operators. A baseline plan for the 1.5 T MR-Linac (20x3 Gy) was automatically generated using particle swarm optimization (PSO) without any human interaction. Plan quality was evaluated by predefined dosimetric criteria including appropriate tolerances. Online plan adaptation during clinical MRgRT was defined as first checkpoint for human interaction. ResultsOARs and targets were successfully segmented (3 min) and used for automatic plan optimization (300 min). The autonomous generated plan satisfied 12/16 dosimetric criteria, however all remained within tolerance. Without prior human validation, this baseline plan was successfully used during online MRgRT plan adaptation, where 14/16 criteria were fulfilled. As postulated, human interaction was necessary only during plan adaptation. ConclusionAutonomous, un-supervised data preparation and treatment planning was first-in-human shown to be feasible for adaptive MRgRT and successfully applied. The checkpoint for first human intervention was at the time of online MRgRT plan adaptation. Autonomous planning reduced the time delay between simulation and start of RT and may thus allow for real-time MRgRT applications in the future.

Antitrust in the Internet Era: The Legacy of United States v. A&P

Critics from both the right and the left claim that modern antitrust doctrine, rooted in consumer welfare, is inadequate to handle the challenges of the twenty-first century economy. They express nostalgia for 1960s antitrust, when the field had no clear objectives and cases were decided on impressionistic notions of “fairness” and good corporate citizenship. This article exposes the intellectual void at the heart of this new populist movement and begins by following Justice Holmes’ tenet that “a page of history is worth a volume of logic.” More than 80 years ago, the AP then “big box” brick-and-mortar stores; and now online retailers—have challenged traditional retail models by offering consumers lower prices and greater convenience. For decades, critics across the political spectrum have reacted to such disruption by urging Congress, the courts, and the enforcement agencies to stop these American success stories by revising antitrust doctrine to protect small businesses rather than the interests of consumers. Using antitrust law to punish pro-competitive behavior makes no more sense today than it did when the government attacked A&P for offering consumers too good a deal on groceries. In addition, antitrust doctrine does not need an overhaul. It is shaped by many economic perspectives, follows no one “School,” and is flexible enough to address any monopoly abuses in today’s economy. It is also well-calibrated to serve its central function: promoting consumer welfare. It does so not only by prohibiting conduct that harms consumers in the long run, but also by avoiding interference with conduct that might appear problematic to non-economists but that demonstrably benefits consumers over time. Antitrust remains a work in progress, but it is far superior to any alternative that the critics propose.

Cache replication for information-centric networks through programmable networks

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new approach that decouples control from the data transfer function and can be directly programmable by the programming language. At the same time, Information-Centric Networks (ICNs) influence the search for information through network caching and multipart communication. Moreover, these projects are developed to solve traffic problems and have content transfer through a scalable network structure with simple management. The SDN covers ICNs, besides decoupling the control to allow flexibility of network settings to reduce overhead of segments. Based on this information, an architecture was designed to provide reliable content that can be replicated in the network. The ICN architecture proposed stores information through a logical volume to the next access, enabling connection with remote controllers for reliable storage in cloud environments. The cache efficiency achieved almost 50% reduction of time response, in addition, there was improvement around 10% when the number of parallel requests was increased.

APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FOR INTENSIFYING OIL FLOW IN WELLS

Today, most of the oil and gas reserves are difficult to recover, due to the fact that they are located in deposits of low-permeability and low-drained reservoirs. One of the enhanced recovery method for making oil extrac- tion from such deposits profitable, is hydraulic fracturing (HF). The method was discovered in the middle of the last century, but its rel- evance nowadays only increases. In the United States of America, the use of hydraulic fracturing is associated with the start of exploitation of shale deposits, and in Russia with an increase in the proportion of hard-to- recover oil. The technology of hydraulic fracturing consists in injecting a fracturing fluid into the production well under pressure exceeding the fracturing pressure. As a result, cracks are formed in the bottomhole zone, which are additional channels for filtering hydrocarbons and increase the overall permeability of the formation. In order to avoid the closure of cracks under the action of rock pressure, a proppant is added to the fracturing fluid - a granular material fixing the cracks. Various chemical reagents can also be added to increase the efficiency of the operation. The article presents tables with indication of various fracturing fluids and chemical reagents used during hydraulic fracturing, their compositions and areas of application. The differences between high- and low-permeable reservoirs in determining the flow rate and cumulative production are considered. An important criterion for the success of hydraulic fracturing is the selec- tion of a well. The best layers for this operation contain significant geo- logical volumes of oil and gas, but require an increase in the well produc- tivity coefficient.

Antitrust in the Internet Era: The Legacy of United States v. A&P

Critics from both the right and the left claim that modern antitrust doctrine, rooted in consumer welfare, is inadequate to handle the challenges of the twenty-first century economy. They express nostalgia for 1960s antitrust, when the field had no clear objectives and cases were decided on impressionistic notions of “fairness” and good corporate citizenship. This paper exposes the intellectual void at the heart of this new populist movement and begins by following Justice Holmes’ tenet that “a page of history is worth a volume of logic.” More than 80 years ago, the A&P grocery chain was a vertically integrated retailer that made use of unprecedented scale and innovation to offer consumers a wider range of products than the competition and at lower prices. Yet A&P’s very success, which came at the expense of smaller and less efficient competitors, triggered a backlash: first from Congress, in the form of the Robinson-Patman Act, and then from the Justice Department, in the form of successful prosecution under the Sherman Act. These attacks on A&P bear an eerie resemblance to attacks today on leading online innovators. Increasingly integrated and efficient retailers—first A&P, then “big box” brick-and-mortar stores, and now online retailers—have challenged traditional retail models by offering consumers lower prices and greater convenience. For decades, critics across the political spectrum have reacted to such disruption by urging Congress, the courts, and the enforcement agencies to stop these American success stories by revising antitrust doctrine to protect small businesses rather than the interests of consumers. Using antitrust law to punish pro-competitive behavior makes no more sense today than it did when the government attacked A&P for cutting consumers too good a deal on groceries. In addition, antitrust doctrine does not need an overhaul. It is shaped by many economic perspectives, follows no one “School,” and is flexible enough to address any monopoly abuses in today’s economy. It is also well-calibrated to serve its central function: promoting consumer welfare. It does so not only by prohibiting conduct that harms consumers in the long run, but also by avoiding interference with conduct that might appear problematic to non-economists but that demonstrably benefits consumers over time. Antitrust remains a work in progress, but it is far superior to any alternative the critics propose.

Fenomén Jeffrey C. Alexander – od obhajoby T. Parsonse k neofunkcionalismu

The American sociologist J. Alexander represents a new generation of sociologists. His focus is on the questions of general sociology and sociological theory. At the late 1970s, he published the study on Formal and Substantial Voluntarism in the framework of Parson’s work. He aimed at the new evaluation of the Parson’s work in the opposition to his many critics in the USA, England and Germany. He finds the important influences of Kant’s philosophy and the issue of the human freedom in the first Parson’s work The Structure of Social Action. At the beginning of 1980’s he published the first volume of the Theoretical Logic in Sociology. The following 3 volumes contain the evaluation of Marx and Durkheim, M. Weber and T. Parsons. J. Alexander defends Parsons against his strict critics, and he himself expresses lots of critic remarks on some weaknesses Parsons influenced many sociologists in the USA by his work, he also got supporters in Germany (R. Muench partially also N. Luhmann). Alexander’s work contributed to the formation of neo-functionalism in the USA. Under the title Neo-functionalistic Sociology, the work was published in 1960, inspired also by the cooperation with P. Colomy. Neo-functionalism has been criticized by sociologists and philosophers grouped around Prof. H. Joas. Since WWII Alexander’s lectures on sociology and sociological theory express the development of his opinions. Alexander emphasizes the great importance of the classics for the development of the human sciences. He criticises scientism and positivism in a convincing way, but also criticises the one-sidedeness of subjectivistic attitudes in the social sciences. Alexander can be considered an important and attractive sociological personality. His work is both inspiring and controversial. His return to the classics is an example of his knowledge of these works as well as of their inaccuracy and simplification. He uses some terms in other senses than the critised classic – do, and he doesn’t always take into account their development. He attributes to Marx the opinions and explanations of his allies and critics. Parts of his works are hurriedly written. Surprisingly, Alexander devotes little attention to American pragmatic philosophy, and underestimates the contribution of G. H. Mead. However, he follows the development of J. Habermas’s works very systematically. He praises him because of his acceptance of some aspects of Parsons’s action theory, but he also points out a „cultural weaknesses“ in his work. He critices Habermas for not going far enough, so that strong residua of the Frankfurt School’s world view remain. In contrast to Alexander, H. Joas criticises Habermas for his compromises and claims that the acceptance of some basic elements of Parsons’s work is „an unhappy marriage of hermeneutics and functionalism“.

THE ESSENCE OF CRIMINALISTIC TECHNICS

Complicated nature of describing reality «criminalistic technics» is based on the situation that this reality is situated in two dimensions - dimension of technical reality and dimension of humanitarian reality. There isn’t any universal, not-historic understanding of technics. Starting pointfor contemporary understanding of technics is work as a process between a human being and the nature during which a human being with his activity mediates, regulates and controls exchanging of substances between him and nature. The base for technics is making use of nature laws. After ascertaining nature laws, human being applies and uses them by means of technics. Technics - it’s, first of all, tools of labor, complex of things which a human being puts between himself and the item of work. Contemporary notion about technics is complex, id est, technics is presented in the form of technical system, the main functions of which are compensatory function or reflection function, or transforming function, or transmission function, or different combinations of these functions. Technical systems let to overcome natural shortages, limitations (bodily, sensetive or intellectual) ofa human being. Technics is created by people knowingly taking into account peculiarities of the field of activity where it’s intended to use this technics. Necessity to create technics for using in concrete field ofactivity is determined by the social necessity. The logical volume of the criminalistic technics notion is defined by social necessity to get when investigating criminal offence, objective information about circumstances linked with its commitment. The content of the criminalistic technics notion is defined by the content of «technical» realization of three special methods during criminalistic cognition: criminalistic identification, criminalistic diagnostics and criminalistic classification. Criminalistic technics (as a system of knowledge) is a branch of the special part of criminalistic theory describing and explaining regularities of emergence of materially fixed traces during investigation of criminal offences. It’s for finding and examining concrete technical means, knowledge and skills are already worked out and recommended.

Design of a Fault Tolerant Architecture for Private Cloud Computing Infrastructure

Objectives: Cloud computing has emerged as a cost-effective technology providing services to business-enterprise and IT industry. In this paper, we discuss a novel fault-tolerant scheme from an administration point of view that corresponds to implementation of Redundant Array of Independent Nodes (RAIN) model based architecture for ensuring fault-tolerance in a private cloud infrastructure setup. Methods: After exploring various combinations of Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) and Logical Volume Manager (LVM) techniques, we propose a novel idea of having a fault-tolerant architecture for cloud infrastructure. Findings: As an alternative to the existing cloud fault-tolerant techniques which use expensive and specialized shared storage system, local server disk pool will be used for storing VM images. This architecture provides a robust infrastructure built over Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) targets and software RAID. Application: This RAIN based model can be deployed over the existing cloud infrastructure. This storage model can be used by cloud toolkits to provide fault tolerant backend for storage.

Saveme: client-side aggregation of cloud storage

Nowadays, there are many cloud storage service providers and many of them provide significant amounts of free storage. It is desirable for users to be able to manage the storage space available to them as a single unified space. Otherwise, user files will be scattered over many different providers, negating the advantage of using cloud storage. Another important concern of users is that their data is at the disposal of the service providers. Lastly, in contrast to the hype of extremely high availability, accidents tend to happen and even the most available cloud services are not accessible many times per year or even per month. SaveMe is designed to solve all of these issues, providing aggregation, security, and higher availability purely from the client side. It is the first approach to address all three issues without any additional server component. To achieve these goals, SaveMe is building a single virtual volume by combining public and private cloud storage. In SaveMe, every file is fully encrypted, erasure coded, and distributed. For better security and privacy, all data processes are performed on the client side, unlike the case of conventional cloud storage services. The logical volume of SaveMe is extensible due to a flexible data and volume model. The authors also tested the performance of SaveMe in comparison with those of existing services. SaveMe showed above average performance in terms of the speeds of uploading or downloading files. Furthermore, data availability evaluation clearly demonstrates that the availability of SaveMe is an order of magnitude higher than those of other commercial cloud storage services.

AAn assessment and analysis of indices and factors of sustainable rural housing (Case study: Rural areas in Central District of Ravansar County)

1-Introduction Rural sustainable housing can be one of important indexes in development of rural. Compiling a program in rural sustainable housing district needs identify and analysis of the dimensions and various components of that and this indexes as a plan and essential tool for expression and sustainable of the different dimensions of social, economic and physical housing sustainable have a special place in rural house planning. The quantitative and qualitative status indexes show rural housing and improvement of house planning for a long term horizon. Therefore, identify the most important indexes and the viewing of specify and assessment of indexes and its viewing in rural different centers is an issue this study has raised to answer in its. Housing is something more than an alone physical shelter and all services and necessary public facilities, including for human welfare and must prepared a lien somewhat long and confident for its users. Housing is like physical facilities unit or similar an economic commodity and high durability that also has social role or group and in addition to these, including to resolving of financial needs as status views and also is socio - economic condition of individuals. One of the issues that the attention had shifted to its housing and sustainable development and consistent with its human development. In such the strategy for use of resources and facilities, without destruction are considering. The important that has been consider in the documents of second of meeting human settlements, importance of sustainable settlements and providing adequate housing is for people in the development process. Sustainable housing is housing that is economical appropriate, socially acceptable, Possible in terms of technical and physical and strong and consistent is with environment. The type of housing that the biological needs of current generations based on natural resources, energy efficiency meet and condition attractive neigh borhoods and safe for attention to ecological issues, cultural and economic to require is sustainable housing. 2-Methodology The research method in the study is descriptive –analytical and also measurable .The goal of this research is an application research that has been compound. For data collection two methods of library and documentary and also was used the field method and direct observation. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire which its content validity finally has been approved and reform by the university professor and experts of foundation housing. The statistical society of the research is the heads of households housing units in Ravansar township Central district rural area (2351 people) , thus access to the logical volume of the sample of the Cochran,s formula was used that volume of statiscal society in Ravansar township Central district rural area, it was determined 200 the head of households to answer the questions of questionnaire .In the research for sampling in rurals were used class randomly method. 3-Discussion Complex issues of sustainable development, requires an integrated set and together of recommender (indexes) is in the form of indexes. The indexes should be integrated in the set are made of recommender. The indexes are designed with the global experiences, internal experiences, and proportional to area conditions (localization indexes). After determining indicators and the primary indicators of rural sustainable housing in the study area, to identify the primary the factors infrastructure of the primary indicators of the research was used factorial model. After determining the nature of the factors, for the sustainability of rural housing for the study area is determined; the primary indicators in each factor were combined and each factor as separate in one sample T test were analyzed . 4-Conclusion The results from factorial model show that five factors of economic, welfare, the strength of foundation, compatible with the environment and utilization of effective factors are in sustainability of rural housing. The study of five factors show that economic factor, welfare and the strength of foundation are in somewhat stable condition while the compatible with environment and utilization factors are in unstable condition. 5- Suggestions - More attentions to economic dimension of housing by facilitating qualifications for housing loans, reducing missionary payments for all of the villagers and paying grants to needy villagers. - Education and promotion of rural subsistence actualities such as carpet weaving, dairy productions and etc to increase revenue and enhancing inscription of housing in rural livelihoods. - Use of suitable endemic materials for reducing the cost of housing. - Providing conductor design for villages to building new constructions in the framework of this project and causing no destruction in natural resources (jungles, grasslands and …). - Trash placed in proper locations in studied villages as for unstable index of sensation of residential units in not producing waste materials and application of garbage collection machineries.

Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue LOFT Sevilla

Journal of Philosophical Logic Volume 42 Number 6 December 2013 Special Issue on LOFT Sevilla Guest Editors: Giacomo Bonanno, Hans van Ditmarsch and Wiebe van der Hoek Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue LOFT Sevilla G. Bonanno I H. van Ditmarsch I W. van der Hoek 795 Computing Strong and Weak Permissions in Defeasible Logic G. Governatori I F. Olivieri I A. Rotolo I S. Scannapieco 799 Foundations of Everyday Practical Reasoning H. Lin 831 On the Epistemic Foundation for Iterated Weak Dominance: An Analysis in a Logic of Individual and Collective attitudes E. Lorini 863 Action Emulation between Canonical Models F. Sietsma I J. van Eijck 905

An improved Marching Cube algorithm for 3D data segmentation

The marching cube algorithm is one of the most popular algorithms for isosurface triangulation. It is based on a division of the data volume into elementary cubes, followed by a standard triangulation inside each cube. In the original formulation, the marching cube algorithm is based on 15 basic triangulations and a total of 256 elementary triangulations are obtained from the basic ones by rotation, reflection, conjugation, and combinations of these operations.The original formulation of the algorithm suffers from well-known problems of connectivity among triangles of adjacent cubes, which has been solved in various ways. We developed a variant of the marching cube algorithm that makes use of 21 basic triangulations. Triangles of adjacent cubes are always well connected in this approach. The output of the code is a triangulated model of the isosurface in raw format or in VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) format. Program summaryProgram title: TRIANGOLATECatalogue identifier: AENS_v1_0Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AENS_v1_0.htmlProgram obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. IrelandLicensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.htmlNo. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 147558No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 26084066Distribution format: tar.gzProgramming language: C.Computer: Pentium 4, CPU 3.2 GHz and 3.24 GB of RAM (2.77 GHz).Operating system: Tested on several Linux distribution, but generally works in all Linux-like platforms.RAM: Approximately 2 MBClassification: 6.5.Nature of problem: Given a scalar field μ(x,y,z) sampled on a 3D regular grid, build a discrete model of the isosurface associated to the isovalue μIso, which is defined as the set of points that satisfy the equation μ(x,y,z)=μIso.Solution method: The proposed solution is an improvement of the Marching Cube algorithm, which approximates the isosurface using a set of triangular facets. The data volume is divided into logical volumes where the topology of the triangulation is selected through a look-up table, while the metric is computed by linear interpolation.Running time: It is dependent on the input data, but the test provided takes 8 seconds.

Asymmetric flash volume management

Logical volume management over an SLC (Single-Level Cell) / MLC (Multi-Level Cell) combined flash storage can provide improved performance and reliability. This paper proposes an asymmetric flash volume management (AFVM) scheme, which exploits the asymmetry of SLC and MLC flash memory in their service time characteristics. By hot data identification and periodic data migration, AFVM tries to maximize the overall read/write performance of the logical volume. Through extensive simulations with measured data on a real smartphone, we evaluate the performance of AFVM in comparison with other placement policies. Our experiments derive the best trade-off between the performance and overheads for various values of tunable parameters such as migration unit size, migration traffic limit, and migration period. The results show that AFVM could give better solutions, significantly reducing the execution time of a trace-driven workload at the expense of a negligible decrease in flash lifetime.

FuSnap: Fuzzy Control of Logical Volume Snapshot Replication for Disk Arrays

This paper presents FuSnap, a fuzzy-logic-based controller that monitors and controls the snapshot process of a logical storage volume in a disk array. As disks do not linearly respond to the arrival rate of user accesses, FuSnap makes use of fuzzy logic as the means to achieve better control of their response time. The goal of the FuSnap controller is to reduce the response time caused by the copy-on-writes (CoWs) that occur during the snapping of a storage logical volume. The FuSnap controller, based on the response time of user accesses, makes the decision on whether to proceed with a CoW or a redirect-on-write when a source logical volume is being copied to a snapshot logical volume. The benefits of FuSnap approach are twofold. First, significant reductions in response time of user requests are obtained with the FuSnap approach over the traditional CoW snap approach. Second, these reductions in response time make the point-in-time copy of data a process less disruptive for database users. FuSnap was verified with two setups using Hewlett-Packard UniX workstations, one setup with eight and the other with 32 disks.

ATTEST: ATTributes-based Extendable STorage

The total amount of stored information on disks has increased tremendously in recent years. With storage devices getting cheaper and government agencies requiring strict data retention policies, it is clear that this trend will continue for several years to come. This progression creates a challenge for system administrators who must determine several aspects of storage policy with respect to provisioning, backups, retention, redundancy, security, performance, etc. These decisions are made for an entire file system, logical volume, or storage pool. However, this granularity is too large and can sacrifice storage efficiency and performance – particularly since different files have different requirements. In this paper, we advocate that storage policy decisions be made on a finer granularity. We describe ATTEST, an extendable stackable storage architecture, that allows storage policy decisions to be made at a file granularity and at all levels of the storage stack through the use of attributes that enable plugin policy modules and application aware storage functionality. We present an implementation of ATTEST that shows minimal impact on overall performance.

Book Review: Jody Azzouni. Tracking Reason: Proof, Consequence, and Truth.

Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic Volume 50, Number 1, 2009 Book Review Jody Azzouni. Tracking Reason: Proof, Consequence, and Truth. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006. vi + 248 pages. 1 Introduction Jodi Azzouni’s Tracking Reason offers an interconnected view of truth, mathematical proof, and logical consequence. The overall view is intricate, stimulating, provoca- tive, and insightful, and the writing style is conversational and accessible. In this extended review I will engage Azzouni on two issues: (i) his deflationist approach to truth, and (ii) his syntactic approach to logical consequence. First, however, I will present a short summary of the book; describe what, in my understanding, Azzouni is trying to accomplish in it; and point out a few attractive features of Azzouni’s approach, some of which are a bit surprising, given Azzouni’s preference for defla- tionist and empirical philosophy. 2 Azzouni on Truth, Mathematical Proof, and Logical Consequence 2.1 Truth Azzouni distinguishes two targets of the theory of truth: “true” and truth. He advocates deflationism with respect to both. Deflationism with respect to truth he regards as a metaphysical position; deflationism with respect to “true”—a linguistic position. The metaphysical claim is that there are no substantive common- alities of truths: there is nothing in common to all truths. The linguistic claim is that the only rule of “true” in discourse is to express “blind endorsement.” Thus, if you don’t know exactly what Godel’s incompleteness theorem says or what New- ton’s theory of gravitation says or what Einstein’s special relativity says, you cannot assert them directly, but you can still assert them indirectly, or do something that has the same assertoric force as asserting them directly, namely, “blindly endors- ing” them. This you accomplish by saying something like “Godel’s incompleteness theorem / Newton’s gravitation theory / Einstein’s special-relativity theory is true.” These complementary claims, namely, that the truth-predicate is no more than a de- vice of blind endorsement and that there is no substantive commonality of truths, Received October 6, 2008; printed December 18, 2008 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary, 03-02; Secondary, 00A30, 03A05 Keywords: truth, mathematical proof, logical consequence, deflationism, nominalism, logical constants, Tarski c 2008 by University of Notre Dame 10.1215/00294527-2008-030

Design and Implementation of an Out-of-Band Virtualization System for Large SANs

Out-of-band virtualization intrinsically has the potential to provide high performance and good scalability. Unfortunately, existing out-of-band virtualization systems have some limitations, such as restrictions to specific platforms and/or hardware. In this paper, we present a new out-of-band virtualization system, MagicStore, which is not limited to any specific hardware and supports three widely used host platforms: Windows, Solaris, and Linux. First, MagicStore uses the SLAS2 approach to scale round-robin striped volumes efficiently. Second, it survives panics and power failures robustly through a combination of lazy synchronizations, ordered writes, and REDO logging. Third, it also incorporates typical legacy storage quickly by analyzing partition tables and reconstructing logical volumes. Our evaluation results from representative experiments demonstrated that MagicStore has the ability to provide high performance, to introduce low processor overhead, and to have good scalability.