Logical Syllogisms Research Articles

Logical syllogisms with “Almost all, Most, Many, A few” and “Several”

This paper delves into logical syllogisms featuring intermediate quantifiers. In our previous works, we established the validity of logical syllogisms involving fundamental intermediate quantifiers “Almost all”, “Most”, and “Many”. In this paper, we focus on syllogisms incorporating also the quantifiers “Several” and “A few (A little)”.

Простое предложение как средство репрезентации логического умозаключения (на материале английского языка)

The research aims to identify patterns in the use of English simple sentences as a means of logical inference representation. The work is novel in that it is the first to carry out a logical-grammatical analysis of simple sentences involving the material of the English language in terms of their ability to represent a logical inference; the first to identify the structural and semantic features of the syntactic constructions under consideration. As a result, the comparison and analysis of two levels of the text (logical and linguistic) made it possible to identify and describe specific manifestations of the invariant (logical form) and the variant (various ways of linguistic expression) in the meanings of the studied linguistic units. It was revealed that certain types of English simple sentences the parts of which are linked by semantic cause-effect relations serve as a means of logical inference expression in the form of enthymemes of varying degrees of clarity. It was proved that markers of algorithms for constructing logical syllogisms are traced in the natural (English) language in the form of corresponding linguistic means, while “pure” logical inferences acquire various semantic layers in the language.

The Enthymeme in Luke 19:9 and the Salvation of Zacchaeus

Studies on salvation in the Luke 19:1-10 Zacchaean story generally tend to exhibit an underdeveloped analysis of its rhetoric as part of the controversy genre. This paucity reduces salvation to an individual event and ignores the social effect of Lukan salvation in the story. To remedy this, it is here argued that the weight of the controversy genre is felt specifically in the rhetorical use of enthymeme in verse 9, and that Jesus’s enthymemic pronouncement of salvation reveals a social aspect to Zacchaeus’s salvation. The enthymeme supports Zacchaeus’s refutation of the crowd’s position; it insinuates and infers from contrariety and obligates the crowd to distribute honour to Zacchaeus. This function of enthymeme is based on the evidence of first-century rhetors, whose position differs from modern scholarship’s view of the enthymeme as a truncated logical syllogism. Salvation has a social effect. Jesus’s enthymemic pronouncement crowns Zacchaeus’s refutation by calling the crowd to reinterpret Zacchaeus’s social-religious status on the basis of legal precedent.

Grammatical Features of Translating Bilateral International Treaties

The article focuses on the study of some grammatical and structural aspects of international treaties discussing the problems of their equivalent conveyance from English into Armenian. In particular, the article is aimed at studying the use of certain syntactic structures, passive constructions, modal verbs and other grammatical features of international treaties which frequently undergo transformations in the process of translation due to substantial differences between the English and Armenian language systems. To this end, the following methods have been applied: comparative and contrastive methods to study similarities and differences in the scope of the discussed linguistic phenomena, the method of deductive research for studying various types of transformations and testing them from practical perspective, and the method of logical syllogism to work out conclusions to finalize the research. The significance of this study consists in the fact that there is a lack of research on the translation of this type of legal documents in Armenia, and the article will contribute to raising the awareness of Armenian researchers about the problems of translating international treaties. The corpus used in this paper comprises the official translation of authentic bilateral international treaties concluded between the Republic of Armenia and a number of other states and published in the RA Official Bulletins of International Treaties of 2007 and 2009.

A Formal Analysis of Generalized Peterson’s Syllogisms Related to Graded Peterson’s Cube

This publication builds on previous publications in which we constructed syntactic proofs of fuzzy Peterson’s syllogisms related to the graded square of opposition. The aim of the publication is to be formally able to find syntactic proofs of fuzzy Peterson’s logical syllogisms with forms of fuzzy intermediate quantifiers that design the graded Peterson’s cube of opposition.

Hypothesis in the development of professional literary criticismand commonality of literary fact: (Based on the scientific interpretation of Bakhtiyor Nazarov)

The article summarizes the criteria of scientific evaluation of the current literary process, the relationship between erudition and intellect in the analysis of fact and theoretical information, and the perspectives of professional literary criticism on the example of critic B. Nazarov's work. It examines the relationship between subtle observation and live observation, problem scope and logical syllogism, research method, and aesthetic value interpretation. In fact, directing the volume of information to the level of scientific readiness requires a certain level of verification of hypotheses and skills.

Persuasive Features of Scientific Explanations: Explanatory Schemata of Physical and Psychosocial Phenomena.

Explanations are central to understanding the causal relationships between entities within the environment. Instead of examining basic heuristics and schemata that inform the acceptance or rejection of scientific explanations, recent studies have predominantly examined complex explanatory models. In the present study, we examined which essential features of explanatory schemata can account for phenomena that are attributed to domain-specific knowledge. In two experiments, participants judged the validity of logical syllogisms and reported confidence in their response. In addition to validity of the explanations, we manipulated whether scientists or people explained an animate or inanimate phenomenon using mechanistic (e.g., force, cause) or intentional explanatory terms (e.g., believes, wants). Results indicate that intentional explanations were generally considered to be less valid than mechanistic explanations and that ‘scientists’ were relatively more reliable sources of information of inanimate phenomena whereas ‘people’ were relatively more reliable sources of information of animate phenomena. Moreover, after controlling for participants’ performance, we found that they expressed greater overconfidence for valid intentional and invalid mechanistic explanations suggesting that the effect of belief-bias is greater in these conditions.

(R)evolution of the Axiology of Human Rights, Political Freedom and Security as a Determinant of UN Pragmatism

The state, under the Westphalian order, was both the creator and product of international law which determined its position as the central actor of this system. The norms of international law defined the normative content of the internal security regime, where state security was identical with security as such in international relations. The reality that laid the foundation for this logical syllogism has been subject to gradual transformation that had its climax in the early decades of the 21st century. The states, previously holding monopoly of using force in international relations, which allowed for prevention of wars by means of intergovernmental agreements or maintenance of peace through institutionalized intergovernmental cooperation, lost their exclusive authority to use force. Stipulating ‘non-war’ by means of an (intergovernmental) international treaty became impossible since the non-state actors who apply force pursue counter-systemic goals and reject the international (and internal) order based on the rule of law. The state sovereignty, whose significant albeit not exclusive referent was autocracy and total power, has been transformed from the title of claim to cease the violation by the state into the personal right to protection (vested in an individual or minority/people/mankind in general). International law, which did not constitute a system until as late as the second half of the 20th century, not only obtained such character relatively quickly, but also has been subject to constitutionalization. The inherent unity of the international law as the common legal system of the international community is subject, along with this community, to fundamental divergence: into the law governing (internal) relationships between members of the, transatlantic, security community, which form a normatively and institutionally interrelated selfcontained regime on the one hand, and the international law that governs the relations between the countries of the Western Hemisphere and other subjects of the international law on the other hand. These factors determine the shift of the security paradigm: new actors, new normative content, different binding effect of the norms and, above all, new rules. The new paradigm of security in the international law dimension correlates with the shift in metaphors that build concepts significant to the international law such as state, sovereignty, security, and international treaty. These transformations set the stage for the legitimization of actions taken by the subjects of legal protection in the international law dimension.

A Novel Framework Utilizing Bayesian Networks Structured as Logical Syllogisms to Determine Sufficiency of Early Stage Ship Design Knowledge Queries

A Novel Framework Utilizing Bayesian Networks Structured as Logical Syllogisms to Determine Sufficiency of Early Stage Ship Design Knowledge Queries

Not all who ponder count costs: Arithmetic reflection predicts utilitarian tendencies, but logical reflection predicts both deontological and utilitarian tendencies

Conventional sacrificial moral dilemmas propose directly causing some harm to prevent greater harm. Theory suggests that accepting such actions (consistent with utilitarian philosophy) involves more reflective reasoning than rejecting such actions (consistent with deontological philosophy). However, past findings do not always replicate, confound different kinds of reflection, and employ conventional sacrificial dilemmas that treat utilitarian and deontological considerations as opposite. In two studies, we examined whether past findings would replicate when employing process dissociation to assess deontological and utilitarian inclinations independently. Findings suggested two categorically different impacts of reflection: measures of arithmetic reflection, such as the Cognitive Reflection Test, predicted only utilitarian, not deontological, response tendencies. However, measures of logical reflection, such as performance on logical syllogisms, positively predicted both utilitarian and deontological tendencies. These studies replicate some findings, clarify others, and reveal opportunity for additional nuance in dual process theorist’s claims about the link between reflection and dilemma judgments.

(Ideo)Logical Reasoning: Ideology Impairs Sound Reasoning

Beliefs shape how people interpret information and may impair how people engage in logical reasoning. In three studies, we show how ideological beliefs impair people’s ability to (1) recognize logical validity in arguments that oppose their political beliefs and (2) recognize the lack of logical validity in arguments that support their political beliefs. We observed belief bias effects among liberals and conservatives who evaluated the logical soundness of classically structured logical syllogisms supporting liberal or conservative beliefs. Both liberals and conservatives frequently evaluated the logical structure of entire arguments based on the believability of arguments’ conclusions, leading to predictable patterns of logical errors. As a result, liberals were better at identifying flawed arguments supporting conservative beliefs and conservatives were better at identifying flawed arguments supporting liberal beliefs. These findings illuminate one key mechanism for how political beliefs distort people’s abilities to reason about political topics soundly.

The shared benefit approach to competitiveness

The purpose of this article is to show a new approach to measure competitiveness in organizations by introducing a measurement of processes capabilities index concerning meeting needs and expectation of essential stakeholders. The argument initiates of considering a logical syllogism that relates identifying and fulfilling stakeholders needs and expectations with organization competitiveness, second compare two-way investments and benefits received among stakeholders and organizations and then proposes the use of process capability index to measure the competitiveness regarding stakeholder’s management. An example of any given company is used to explain a quantitative approach and the use of a calculated cpk index to measure organizations capabilities regarding shared interest. The proposition shows a proposed general model of equilibrium in the shared benefit that can explain a quantitative approach of the capacity of the organization to manage stakeholders.

My point is valid, yours is not: myside bias in reasoning about abortion

ABSTRACTThe study explores whether people are more inclined to accept a conclusion that confirms their prior beliefs and reject one they personally object to even when both follow the same logic. Most of the prior research in this area has relied on the informal reasoning paradigm; in this study, however, we applied a formal reasoning paradigm to distinguish between cognitive and motivational mechanisms leading to myside bias in reasoning on value-laden topics (in this case abortions). Slovak and Polish (N = 387) participants indicated their attitudes toward abortion and then evaluated logical syllogisms with neutral, pro-choice, or pro-life content. We analysed whether participants’ prior attitudes influenced their ability to solve these logically identical reasoning tasks and found that prior attitudes were the strongest predictor of myside bias in evaluating both valid and invalid syllogisms, even after controlling for logical validity (the ability to solve neutral syllogisms) and previous experience of logic.

JUDICIALIZAÇÃO DA SAÚDE E PRAGMATISMO

O artigo trata da chamada judicialização dos cuidados com a saúde, focalizando a tendência atual dos tribunais de resolver os casos aplicando um silogismo lógico simples, no qual a premissa maior é o direito à assistência médica e a premissa menor é a necessidade dos demandantes. O artigo argumenta que, como resultado dessa metodologia, as soluções apresentadas vão contra o princípio da isonomia e causam externalidades negativas à própria política pública. Em seguida, propõe-se uma visão pragmática que não torne o sistema inviável e atenda ao princípio de que todos devem ser tratados de forma igual.

How logical reasoning mediates the relation between lexical quality and reading comprehension.

The present study aimed to examine the role of logical reasoning in the relation between lexical quality and reading comprehension in 146 fourth grade Dutch children. We assessed their standardized reading comprehension measure, along with their decoding efficiency and vocabulary as measures of lexical quality, syllogistic reasoning as measure of (verbal) logical reasoning, and nonverbal reasoning as a control measure. Syllogistic reasoning was divided into a measure tapping basic, coherence inferencing skill using logical syllogisms, and a measure tapping elaborative inferencing skill using indeterminate syllogisms. Results showed that both types of syllogisms partly mediated the relation between lexical quality and reading comprehension, but also had a unique additional effect on reading comprehension. The indirect effect of lexical quality on reading comprehension via syllogisms was driven by vocabulary knowledge. It is concluded that measures of syllogistic reasoning account for higher-order thinking processes that are needed to make inferences in reading comprehension. The role of lexical quality appears to be pivotal in explaining the variation in reading comprehension both directly and indirectly via syllogistic reasoning.

Integrating Programmatic Optimization and Learning Through Art

The orthodox view of the computer as a medium or medium of media (ie. “new media”) is perfectly justified in colloquial discussions, but is hardly evident as an objective fact. This does not imply that computers are employed in the making of art, rather we are investigating a means of initiating the occurrence of an artistic experience for the audience, with whatever tools are convenient, in this case computers. We leverage the feature that logical syllogisms can be articulated such as to create systems that act as catalysts for Constructivist learning to take place within the individual minds of audience members. These concrete, but unobservable synaptic adjustments are subsequently displayed via unpredicted idiosyncratic behaviours. In short, whether or not a computer can choreograph a dance, we describe how automated machines can coerce humans to dance. In doing so, we uncover mysteries as to the ubiquity and influence of art on our species.

The Logic of/in Tragedy: Hanoch Levin’s DramaThe Torments of Job

ABSTRACT:Hanoch Levin’s 1981 The Torments of Job refigures the biblical story of Job as nihilistic and abject tragedy. This article examines tragedy, generally, and Levin’s play, specifically, in the context of classical logical syllogism. The first half examines the interrelation of the Book of Job, Greek tragedy, and classical logic, giving an overview of Aristotle’s construction of syllogisms. The second half looks at how tragedy can subvert logical structures, examining The Torments of Job’s inversion of the universal–particular structure in its deployment of the particular case of Job’s meaningless suffering, demonstrating how all humanity is susceptible to similar misery. The article concludes with the suggestion that tragedy’s breakdown of logic is indicative of the human condition.

Syllogisms and Tears in Timon of Athens

This essay focuses upon a single dramatic scene in order to address a general problem: what is the relationship between theoretical abstraction and emotional display? William Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton's collaborative play Timon of Athens seemingly insists upon the isometric correlation between affective service and the capacity to pay. Against this backdrop, there stands the ethical counterexample of Flavius, the “one good man” who, with tears in his eyes, remains loyal to his destitute master. Flavius’ affect prompts Timon to deploy a peculiar and symptomatic form: the logical syllogism. In what sense do Timon's syllogisms constitute a response to Flavius’ tears? In pursuit of answers to this question, this essay contextualizes the ambient tension between rhetoric and logic within early modern England, and considers the intersection of this dramatic scene with Hegel's account of the dynamic interdependence of lord and bondsman, and with Hegel's account of the relationship between logic and sexual difference. If weeping is shown to be a gendered act that sunders the capacity of logic to denote a singular human “all”, what does that suggest about the limited purchase of philosophical generality?

Erhard Weigel's Contributions to the Formation of Symbolic Logic

The aspects of Erhard Weigel's Analysis Aristotelica ex Euclide restituta (1658) that foreshadowed and helped form some characteristics of symbolic logic are highlighted: first, the idea of a pure form of a logical syllogism or of a mathematical proof and, second, a tentative arithmetisation of some aspects of logic. Also, Weigel's emphasis on the role of symbols and figures in the process of mathematical proof is discussed.

Francesco’s Dream

Francesco Landini composed a dream-vision in Latin verse, in which he evinces intimate knowledge of works by the logician William of Ockham. Exploring the logic aspect of the dream-vision, as opposed to its theological implications, this study renders Francesco’s music as an explicit exhibition of dialectical and logical principles. To that end, musical motion is represented through paradigms that employ the logical syllogism; the three-term syllogism gives rise to an analytical method that uncovers important features of fourteenth-century harmony. First, an entire class of harmonic progressions arises as the result of retaining one or more tones between sonorities; as the number of retained tones increases the music appears outwardly to exhibit triadic prolongation even though the principle does not truly operate in the music. Second, directed progressions, which have been discussed extensively by Sarah Fuller and David E. Cohen, are shown to function in tandem with tone-retaining progressions. Lastly, no single type of harmonic paradigm governs structural levels exclusively or recursively, a feature that distinguishes the 14th-century repertoire from functional tonality, as defined by Matthew Brown’s models of recursion and rule preservation. In the end, harmonic progressions in the ballate privilege multiplicity over unity in a manner equivalent to other art forms of the period.