Logical Requirements Research Articles

On Several Issues Concerning the Moderate Codification of Education Law in China

The compilation of the education code is a key task for many countries to promote the revitalization of education, and it is also an inevitable trend of education development. Determining the path, choosing the compilation model, designing the structural framework, and technical positioning are the key issues in realizing the compilation of the education code. In terms of the path, it is recommended to adopt the "two-step" approach of drafting the general provisions first and then compiling the specific provisions. In terms of the selection of the compilation model, it is recommended to adopt the idea of "moderate compilation" to balance the characteristics of my country's existing legal system in the field of education. Under the framework of "general provisions + specific provisions", the general provisions should be structurally arranged around the right to education, and the specific provisions should be logically arranged according to the type of education. In terms of structural framework and reconstruction, a system that meets the unique system logic requirements should be considered to achieve the scientific nature of the education code. The "common element extraction method" should be selectively used to summarize and generalize legal norms.

Is the Library a Leisure Centre or a “Humanistic Stronghold of the Nation”?

The Russian Library Association (RLA) Manifesto “Library — a Humanistic Stronghold of the Nation” was adopted at the 24th RLA Annual Conference in Tula (2019). It was planned that the main ideas of this document would be included in the “Concept of the Development of Librarianship in Russia”, becoming the basis for analyzing the ways of development and transformation of the country’s libraries. Of all official documents on librarianship, the clause that “humanism is the world outlook basis of the library profession” is present only in the Code of Ethics of the Russian librarian. This is not enough. The idea of humanism as the basis of the library profession should be concretized in all documents of the branch and included in library textbooks.In Russia, the printed book firmly holds its position, and readers expect from libraries full-fledged collections. The issue of improving bibliographic literacy of users is acute.At the same time, librarian V.K. Stepanov has been trying to replace the essence of the library for the second decade. He proposes to consider it a social institution, deprived of the fund and readers, and to put unrelated tasks before librarians and material and technical base. He sees the purpose of the library in providing the cognitive and creative activity of the community served through the organization of intellectual interaction, the implementation of educational and leisure programmes, the provision of public use of the necessary space, hardware and software tools and access to information sources. From the scientific point of view, this postulate is far from the requirements of logic to the distinctive features of a scientific definition. In numerous articles V.K. Stepanov uses the same arguments, refers to the same facts, far from clarifying the actual situation of the country’s libraries. All of V.K. Stepanov’s theses have long been rejected by the library community.

Quantum computation of stopping power for inertial fusion target design

Stopping power is the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle passing through it-one of many properties needed over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions in modeling inertial fusion implosions. First-principles stopping calculations are classically challenging because they involve the dynamics of large electronic systems far from equilibrium, with accuracies that are particularly difficult to constrain and assess in the warm-dense conditions preceding ignition. Here, we describe a protocol for using a fault-tolerant quantum computer to calculate stopping power from a first-quantized representation of the electrons and projectile. Our approach builds upon the electronic structure block encodings of Su et al. [PRX Quant. 2, 040332 (2021)], adapting and optimizing those algorithms to estimate observables of interest from the non-Born-Oppenheimer dynamics of multiple particle species at finite temperature. We also work out the constant factors associated with an implementation of a high-order Trotter approach to simulating a grid representation of these systems. Ultimately, we report logical qubit requirements and leading-order Toffoli costs for computing the stopping power of various projectile/target combinations relevant to interpreting and designing inertial fusion experiments. We estimate that scientifically interesting and classically intractable stopping power calculations can be quantum simulated with roughly the same number of logical qubits and about one hundred times more Toffoli gates than is required for state-of-the-art quantum simulations of industrially relevant molecules such as FeMoco or P450.

Does architectural design require single-objective or multi-objective optimisation? A critical choice with a comparative study between model-based algorithms and genetic algorithms

Efficiency and accuracy have been challenging in the design optimisation process driven by building simulation. The literature review identified the limitations of previous studies, prompting this study to explore the performance of single-objective versus multi-objective efficiency and accuracy on equivalent problems based on control variables and to consider more algorithmic options for a broader range of designs. This study constructed a comparative energy-related experiment whose results are in the same unit, either as a single-objective optimisation or split into two objectives. The project aims to reduce annual energy consumption and increase solar utilisation potential. Our approach focuses on the use of a surrogate modelling algorithm, Radial Basis Function Optimisation Algorithm (RBFOpt), with its multi-objective version RBFMOpt, to optimise the energy performance while quickly identifying new energy requirements for an iterative office building design logic, contrast to traditional genetic-algorithm-driven. In addition, the research also conducted a comparative study between RBFOpt and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategies (CMAES) in a single-objective comparison and between RBFMOpt and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) in a multi-objective optimisation process. The comparison of these sets of Opt algorithms with evolutionary algorithms helps to provide data-driven evidence to support early design decisions.

Coordination, Convention and the Constitution of Physical Objects

AbstractIn this paper, I address the significance of the key notions of coordination, constitution and convention. My aim in so doing is to provide a better understanding of their relation to conventionalism and to evaluate the prospects for a version of the relativized a priori based on a refinement of the notion of coordination. I stress the Kantian roots of all three concepts. Moreover, I argue that the link between the early logical positivist requirement for the uniqueness of coordination and the Kantian account of empirical objectivity provides an interpretive key that sheds light on the alleged incompatibility between constitutive principles and conventionalism.

Model checking programs in process-oriented IEC 61131-3 Structured Text

The process-oriented programming is a paradigm based on the process concept where each process is a concurrent finite state machine inside. The paradigm is intended for PLC (programmable logic controllers) developers to write Industry 4.0-enabled software. The poST language is a promising process-oriented extension of the IEC 61131-3 Structured Text (ST) language designed to provide a conceptual consistency of the PLC source code with technological description of the process under control. This language combines the advantages of FSM-based programming with the standard syntax of the ST language. We propose transformational semantics of poST providing rules for translation of poST language statements to Promela — the input language of the SPIN model checker. Following these semantic rules, our Xtext-based translator outputs a Promela model for the poST program. Our contribution is the poST transformational semantics and the method for automatic generation of the Promela code from poST control programs. The resulting Promela program is ready to be verified with SPIN model checker against linear temporal logic requirements to the source poST program. In the paper we provide an overview of related work, as well as a brief description of the poST and Promela languages. Further, the Promela poST translation rules cover control flow statements, process creation and state management constructs, and timeout management. Then we define service processes for modeling the external environment and managing high-level LTL specifications. Then we present the main ideas of implementing the translator poST to Promela. We also illustrate our approach using the example of a system for managing electricity consumption and production, including renewable sources.

Data-Driven Abstractions via Binary-Tree Gaussian Processes for Formal Verification

To advance formal verification of stochastic systems against temporal logic requirements for handling unknown dynamics, researchers have been designing data-driven approaches inspired by breakthroughs in the underlying machine learning techniques. As one promising research direction, abstraction-based solutions based on Gaussian process (GP) regression have become popular for their ability to learn a representation of the latent system from data with a quantified error. Results obtained based on this model are then translated to the true system via various methods. In a recent publication, GPs using a so-called binary-tree kernel have demonstrated a polynomial speedup w.r.t. the size of the data compared to their vanilla version, outcompeting all existing sparse GP approximations. Incidentally, the resulting binary-tree Gaussian process (BTGP) is characteristic for its piecewise-constant posterior mean and covariance functions, naturally abstracting the input space into discrete partitions. In this paper, we leverage this natural abstraction of the BTGP for formal verification, eliminating the need for cumbersome abstraction and error quantification procedures. We show that the BTGP allows us to construct an interval Markov chain model of the unknown system with a speedup that is polynomial w.r.t. the size of the abstraction compared to alternative approaches. We provide a delocalized error quantification via a unified formula even when the true dynamics do not live in the function space of the BTGP. This allows us to compute upper and lower bounds on the probability of satisfying reachability specifications that are robust to both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties.

CCN+: A neuro-symbolic framework for deep learning with requirements

For their outstanding ability of finding hidden patterns in data, deep learning models have been extensively applied in many different domains. However, recent works have shown that, if a set of requirements expressing inherent knowledge about the problem at hand is given, then neural networks often fail to comply with them. This represents a major drawback for deep learning models, as requirements compliance is normally considered a necessary condition for standard software deployment. In this paper, we propose a novel neuro-symbolic framework able to make any neural network compliant by design to a given set of requirements over the output space expressed in full propositional logic. This framework, called CCN+, integrates the requirements into the output layer of the neural network by applying multiple inference rules that ensure compliance with the requirements and adapts the standard binary cross-entropy loss function to the requirement output layer. As a result, not only the outputted predictions are guaranteed to be compliant with the requirements, but the neural network itself learns how to exploit the domain knowledge expressed by the requirements to get better performance. We conduct an extensive experimental evaluation of CCN+ on 19 real-world multi-label classification datasets with propositional logic requirements, including a challenging dataset for autonomous driving. Our experimental analysis confirms that CCN+ is able to outperform both its neural counterparts and the state-of-the-art models.

Опыт построения эпистемологического пространства сообщительности концепций философии науки

The article presents the experience of building an epistemological space of communication of the concepts of the philosophy of science. Based on his experience of teaching philosophy of science at three universities, the author raises the question of the conditions for building such a space. One condition is the analysis of different approaches to constructing the concepts of science. The second is the correction of one’s own approach and understanding of science, which would take into account other approaches to the study of science and the results obtained in them. The concepts of K. Popper, T. Kuhn, S. Toulmin, I. Lakatos are chosen for correction. In addition, the author’s concept of science is presented, carried out within the framework of the cultural-historical approach and general methodology. The author distinguishes two start-ups of science - the ancient one, where the ‘genome of science’ is formed, and the new European one, in which science and its genome function as an ‘institution of modernity’ are presented. He shows that in the construction of the theory of science, an important role is played by problems arising in culture, their resolution with the help of schemes, the construction of ideal objects based on schemes and logic requirements, which allow building a theoretical discourse, solving problems within its framework, comprehending empirical material. The methodological analysis made it possible to state that the development of science is not only a law-like process, due to the change of cultures, personality traits of scientists and forms of understanding science (“conceptualization” of science), but also a singular process in which each historical step in the development of science brings unique features with it. (they can be described, but cannot be subsumed under the concepts of ‘law’ or ‘regularity’). These provisions correspond to the ideas about science by Popper, Kuhn, Toulmin and Lakatos. At the same time, the author shows that they set themselves the task of explaining scientific revolutions or the historical development of science, but they took modern natural science as the ideal of science, often referred to the situation of the formation of modern science to illustrate these processes, and replaced the historical study of science by constructing it as a constant mechanism.

Himmelsbeobachtungen und deren Messung, von der Regierungszeit des Gudea von Lagash bis zum Almagest des Claudius Ptolemäus

The present article gives an overview on the development of the measurement and practical acquisition of circle section dimensions since the late 3rd millennium BC. In key points, the prerequisites and practical implementation for celestial observations over approx. 1500 years up to the 8th century BC are collected and analyzed, in terms of their logical requirements and connected archaeological findings. A comprehensible and unambiguous calculation is made for the celestial dimensions in cubits used from the 8th to the 2nd century BC, for which estimated values between 2.5 and 2.1 angular degrees have been determined since Kugler 1900 until to recently researchers. Therefore, for the first time, the exact transformation value is presented here. Not only the connections and the further development of this celestial measurement system are presented, but also its coherent adaptation up to the first definition and use of the angular unit measurement, which is still used today, around 200 BC. In addition, some data and their previous interpretation from various sources are put up for discussion, which even include the table of Chords, presented by Ptolemy in his Almagest and their use.

Extension of value stream mapping 4.0 for comprehensive identification of data and information flows within the manufacturing domain

The main driver of industry 4.0 is data and information for realizing resilient manufacturing systems through data-based decision-making. This requires the data flow from different machinery and its processing. Therefore, a methodical survey on the logical and technical requirements for enabling an efficient data flow can be beneficial since it fastens the process of establishing the data flow and gives production and software engineers a common understanding of the data’s meaning. Hence, data, related metadata like the unit or the frequency of recordings, and technical information, e.g., the machine’s interface or the communication protocol, are necessary. Based on the classical value stream mapping (VSM) as a lean management tool, the first approach for a methodical gathering of data, value stream mapping 4.0, was established in 2016. Since VSM 4.0 provides technical properties for specifying the data flow, some shortcomings were identified, particularly related to technical information. This contribution introduces the VSM 4.0 plus that solved the identified shortcomings by adding new properties. Compared to VSM 4.0, VSM 4.0 plus offers detailed specifications of data points, includes technical information, e.g., used communication protocols, adds information regarding data processing, and enhances the storage and usage dimension by providing more details. Through the added properties, VSM 4.0 plus allows domain and software engineers more efficient collaboration since all required information for establishing the data flow and its processing are united in one methodology. To verify the practicability, the VSM 4.0 plus was applied within several manufacturing-related use cases.

Connexive Logic, Probabilistic Default Reasoning, and Compound Conditionals

We present two approaches to investigate the validity of connexive principles and related formulas and properties within coherence-based probability logic. Connexive logic emerged from the intuition that conditionals of the form if not-A, thenA, should not hold, since the conditional’s antecedent not-A contradicts its consequent A. Our approaches cover this intuition by observing that the only coherent probability assessment on the conditional event A|A¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${A| \\overline{A}}$$\\end{document} is p(A|A¯)=0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${p(A| \\overline{A})=0}$$\\end{document}. In the first approach we investigate connexive principles within coherence-based probabilistic default reasoning, by interpreting defaults and negated defaults in terms of suitable probabilistic constraints on conditional events. In the second approach we study connexivity within the coherence framework of compound conditionals, by interpreting connexive principles in terms of suitable conditional random quantities. After developing notions of validity in each approach, we analyze the following connexive principles: Aristotle’s theses, Aristotle’s Second Thesis, Abelard’s First Principle, and Boethius’ theses. We also deepen and generalize some principles and investigate further properties related to connexive logic (like non-symmetry). Both approaches satisfy minimal requirements for a connexive logic. Finally, we compare both approaches conceptually.

ROAD-R: the autonomous driving dataset with logical requirements

Neural networks have proven to be very powerful at computer vision tasks. However, they often exhibit unexpected behaviors, acting against background knowledge about the problem at hand. This calls for models (i) able to learn from requirements expressing such background knowledge, and (ii) guaranteed to be compliant with the requirements themselves. Unfortunately, the development of such models is hampered by the lack of real-world datasets equipped with formally specified requirements. In this paper, we introduce the ROad event Awareness Dataset with logical Requirements (ROAD-R), the first publicly available dataset for autonomous driving with requirements expressed as logical constraints. Given ROAD-R, we show that current state-of-the-art models often violate its logical constraints, and that it is possible to exploit them to create models that (i) have a better performance, and (ii) are guaranteed to be compliant with the requirements themselves.

Abnormal Event Detection of Workshop Logistics Production Management Based on RFID Technology

RFID, as one of the most important key technologies in the next generation of advanced manufacturing system, has increasingly significant advantages in the application of data collection in the manufacturing workshop, real-time tracking of the manufacturing process and product quality backtracking, etc., and is considered to be the most potential and play a huge role in the technological innovation of manufacturing informatization. In order to better study the abnormal event detection technology of workshop logistics production management based on RFID technology, this paper firstly studies the abnormal event detection method of workshop production based on RFID technology based on the analysis of RFID technology principle, data characteristics and workshop production process. Then, a formalized complex event representation method is constructed to meet the complex and changeable business logic requirements in the actual workshop production application. Then, the solution idea of extracting complex RFID events from massive RFID data using Rete algorithm based on MapReduce framework is discussed. The results show that the accuracy of detecting abnormal events increases by 18.21%, which proves the validity of the model.

RSETP: A Reliable Security Education and Training Platform Based on the Alliance Blockchain

Improving the training quality of education and training institutions is one of the important reasons for the sustainable development of training institutions. However, traditional education and training institutions lack supervision, and the process system is not standardized, resulting in a lack of authenticity and reliability of information in the training process. Because most of the traditional education and training systems are centralized, it is difficult to share training data between institutions and relevant departments. Therefore, in view of the problems of data tampering and resource sharing in the field of education and training, combined with the node complexity of education and training scenarios, we propose an education and training blockchain platform suitable for multi-node scenarios to ensure the authenticity of the training data and traceability. In this consortium chain, we design specific ledger structures and corresponding smart contracts to meet different business logic requirements. According to different business data types, we optimize the ledger storage method. To improve chaincode utilization and system transaction throughput, we explore different system configuration rules and provide useful insights. Finally, several experiments are performed to evaluate the security and efficiency of the proposed system.

Research on Low-carbon Environmental Resources Law of China

Low-carbon economy has become an important trend of global development. As a developing country, China's legal system of low-carbon economy is not perfect, and there is a big gap compared with developed countries. Based on the fact that China's low-carbon environmental resources law system is still in the initial stage of formation, the improvement of the system structure will be an extremely complicated and huge project. In a short time, the concept of low-carbon should be covered in all aspects of the legal system, organically integrated at all levels, and meet the scientific, logical and systematic requirements. The author thinks that the low-carbon environmental resources law system consists of three parts, one is the comprehensive adjustment law of environment and natural resources, the other is the natural resources law, and the third is the environmental protection law, and puts forward corresponding legislative suggestions.

Legal Review of Corporate Crime Against Sanctions as Substitute for Fines (District Court of Serang, Banten, Indonesia)

This study aims to examine, analyze and understand the concept of corporate criminal responsibility and the reformulation of alternative criminal penalties against corporations for unpaid fines. Several criminal cases that have been resolved at the Serang District Court until 2020 have not found a single corporation that has been tried and convicted for committing a corporate crime. The judge is only passive, the judge's authority is only to examine, hear and decide cases based on the indictment made by the public prosecutor. Return of court case files to the prosecutor's office only if the indictment does not meet material requirements. PERMA Number 13 of 2016 does not regulate if the criminal fine cannot be paid by the corporation due to insufficient or non-existent corporate assets. This research was conducted in a normative juridical manner so that the disclosure was bound by a method based on the requirements of deductive logic, prioritizing literature studies with secondary data bases, namely primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. In terms of evidence in court, if the fact is found that the corporation should also be a legal subject who can be held criminally responsible, the public prosecutor should have made a separate indictment for the legal subject of the corporation so that the corporation does not escape its responsibility. The provisions in PERMA No. 13 of the Year should regulate corporate assets if they do not pay the fines enough or even do not have the assets to pay the fines. Law enforcement officials should investigate the assets of the corporation first.

An Integration of Open-Source Resources in Distance Teaching for Real-Time Embedded System Using Arduino Microcontroller and Freertos

Distance learning has become a crucial alternativein education system worldwide since the Covid-19 pandemic happened. An affordable and accessible solution is essentialto enable a quality remote teaching and learning experience for each student. Real-Time Embedded System (RTES) is about applying real-time system in an embedded system (e.g., microcontroller) in ways that both logical and temporal requirements are fulfilled. A special attention shall be on the temporal response analysis so that students can have a clear distinction between microcontrollers with and without real-time system.Since there is a lack of accessible traceable studies about how to utilize the open-source platform inintroducing the key RTES concepts, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of an integration of open-source resources (i.e., SimSo simulator, Arduino platform and FreeRTOSAPI) in teaching RTES remotely and to provide real-time learning experience about RTES concepts without additional components or wiring out of school. First, each student was introduced to the ways to integrate existing open-source resources so that each of them could develop RTES in their placesusing a FreeRTOS compatible microcontroller.RTES concepts of task, hyperperiod, task scheduling, pre-emption,static-priority scheduling algorithms, and mutual exclusion in resource sharing were delivered using the proposed infrastructure. Results show that an obvious context switch could be observed when pre-emption happened. Finding indicates that the proposed integration was useful for students to understand the complex RTES concepts e.g., task scheduling, pre-emption, and mutuallyexclusion.Since positive responses were received from students in two consecutive semesters, the proposed infrastructure is an affordable and accessible distance learning alternative in assisting students to understand RTES concepts.

Logic Requirement Model of Web Based e-learning in Learning Management System for Features Selection

Requirement engineering phase is logically known to check the compliance of application such in web-based e-learning development. This research indicates that basic aspects of web-based e-learning can be used to identify or elicit the early requirement and classify it into the functional and non-functional approach. The research found that even in learning management system (LMS) Based, some of the web-based e-learning are using for different goals. It is challenging to develop a system of web-based e-learning to get the requirement focus at the early phase and select the feature that can fill the requirement. This study goal is developing a requirement model to describe the web requirement focus and decompose every web requirement aspects through logical modeling. Analysis due to the interaction and coverage of web-based e-learning is combined with web modeling aspects including content, interaction, functional, navigation and configuration to show the relation among detail requirements. Requirements are found in a systematic way by modeling its logic to determine the basic needs in the using of learning management system. The result from this requirement model proves that web-based e-learning requirements are sustain-ably identified to complement each requirements and can be implemented to classify the specific requirement to select the appropriate web-based e-learning features from early phase development.

Do hiatal expansion and levator avulsion have a role in causation of pelvic organ prolapse?

AimTo examine whether hiatal expansion and levator avulsion have a role in the causation of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). MethodsData from studies which showed a strong association of hiatal expansion and levator avulsion were analysed for causation against an alternative view, POPcausation by ligament/connective tissue damage. ResultsSome studies potentially fitted the “Regularity Theory of Causality”; i.e., an apparent cause, occurred with such regularity as to be considered a cause. However, these studies failed the logical requirement of “unconditional”: all levator avulsions were to be followed directly by occurrence of POP, if the association were to be considered valid.Two studies which placed a large mesh behind the rectum and around puborectalis muscle greatly diminished levator expansion, but POP recurred in 78% of the women by 12 months. These results invalidated hypotheses of cause (levator expansion) and effect (prolapse). ConclusionsLevator avulsion/hiatal expansion co-occurs with POP. The cause for both is likely inability of the birth canal to plasticize” sufficiently to prevent simultaneous damage to the hiatal muscles and surrounding fascias and ligaments, which explains the co-occurrence. Greater than 90% cure of POP by site-specific repair of up to 4 pelvic ligaments supported the alternative hypothesis of simultaneous damage to pelvic ligaments to cause prolapse.