Logical Implications Research Articles

‘Let me tell you a story’: the politics of macroeconomic models

ABSTRACT Various social science literatures suggest that the general character of macroeconomic models reflects their assumptive base. A more specialist literature in the Weintraub-Boumans-Morgan tradition shows how the mathematics of those models moulds together logical implications of particular starting assumptions, insights from generally accepted theoretical propositions, and professionalised common-sense about how the world works. I go one step further in arguing that a process of narrative moulding operates in tandem with this mathematical moulding. A naming strategy provides the mathematical properties of macroeconomic models with economic labels to create the feeling that they are something more than a merely mathematical structure. A storytelling strategy then informs policy-makers of where the solution to the system of equations positions the outer limits of both political desirability and political possibility. Future dedicated research programmes into the narrative dimensions of macroeconomic models can be expected to shed further light on how theory models can masquerade as policy models and substitute models as surrogate models.

Designing Unconventional Molecular Ternary INHIBIT Logic Gate and Crafting Multifunctional Molecular Logic Systems.

The paper describes an improved method for building flexible interswitchable logic gates such as rare-type molecular ternary INHIBIT and combinational logic circuits using a specially designed pyridine-end oligo-p-phenylenevinylene compound featuring alkyl substituents (-C16H33) in a THF medium. The probe molecule showed distinct opto-chemical signals upon interaction with Cu(II) and Hg(II) in THF medium. It is interesting to note that the presence of certain anions (S2-, I-, and CN-) could specifically mask the interaction of either of these metal ions or both. The most exciting thing is that we used a completely new gate design technique to construct a rare-type ternary INHIBIT logic gate using Cu(II), Hg(II), and CN- ions as three chemical inputs. With the identical set of chemical inputs, two more ternary combinational logic circuits were created out of these case-specific, independent reversible and irreversible spectroscopic studies. Finally, we were able to design adaptive molecular logic systems composed of several logic gates, including NOR, AND, IMPLICATION, INHIBIT, TRANSFER, and COMPLEMENT, that in this specific situation change the sort of logic sense by effortless optical toggling.

Fabrication of molecular-scale logic devices and implication of artificial neural networks for analysis of anion-responsive behaviors of luminescent ruthenium-terpyridine complex

Anion responsive spectral characteristics of a homoleptic luminescent Ru(II)-terpyridine complex derived from 4′-(p-triphenylphosphoniummethylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine bromide (tpy-PhCH2PPh3Br) ligand has been utilized here to mimic the operation of several advanced logic functions. The complex displays remarkable change in absorption and emission spectral profiles in presence of selected anions due to concerted hydrogen bonding followed by anion-induced proton abstraction. Importantly, deprotonation by specific anions followed by restoration to the initial form of the complex is feasible in presence of acid and the process could be recycled. The spectral responsiveness of the complex is employed to mimic various advanced Boolean logic functions, such as IMPLICATION, INHIBIT and combinational logic gates. Execution of exhaustive sensing investigations is often labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address the gap, we employed herein artificial neural network (ANN) models employing three different training algorithms, viz. Bayesian Regularization (BR), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG), and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) for comprehensive analysis and prediction of the experimental observations. We also compared the outcomes of these models with one another as well as with the experimental data to enable an accurate modeling of the complex’s anion-sensing behavior.

19F NMR Probes: Molecular Logic Material Implications for the Anion Discrimination and Chemodosimetric Approach for Selective Detection of H2O2.

Detection and discrimination of similar solvation energies of bioanalytes are vital in medical and practical applications. Currently, various advanced techniques are equipped to recognize these crucial bioanalytes. Each strategy has its own benefits and limitations. One-dimensional response, lack of discrimination power for anions, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generally limit the utilized fluorescent probe. Therefore, a cutting-edge, refined method is expected to conquer these limitations. The use of 19F NMR spectroscopy for detecting and discriminating essential analytes in practical applications is an emerging technique. As an alternative strategy, we report two fluorinated boronic acid-appended pyridinium salts 5-F-o-BBBpy (1) and 5-CF3-o-BBBpy (2). Probe (1) acts as a chemosensor for identifying and discriminating inorganic anions with similar solvation energies with strong bidirectional 19F shifts in the lower ppm range. Probe (2) turns as a chemo dosimeter for the selective detection and precise quantification of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) among other competing ROS. To demonstrate real-life applicability, we successfully quantified H2O2 via probe (2) in different pharmaceutical, dental, and cosmetic samples. We found that tuning the -F/-CF3 moiety to the arene boronic acid enables the π-conjugation, a crucial prerequisite for the discrimination of anions and H2O2. Characteristic 19F NMR fingerprints in the presence of anions revealed a complementary implication (IMP)/not implication (NIMP) logic function. Finally, the 16 distinct binary Boolean operations on two logic values are defined for "functional completeness" using the special property of the IMP gate. Boolean logic's ability to handle information by utilizing characteristic 19F NMR fingerprints has not been seen previously in a single chemical platform for detecting and differentiating such anions.

The Specificity of Fantasy and the “Affective Novum”: A Theory of a Core Subset of Fantasy Literature

This article proposes a new approach to the nature of a core set within fantasy fiction that regards it as a speculative literature of the exploration of subjectivity, one which at its limit conjectures fresh possibilities for the subjective world. To motivate acceptance of this proposed approach, I begin by surveying the existing state of debate in the critical field. I notice the emergence of widening agreement on the idea that fantasy is a literature of the impossible. I then develop the logical implications of this widening agreement in the critical field, arguing that it entails a representational definition of fantasy literature, which implies a modal approach to the core set that defines this literary order. I suggest that the marvellous mode, the kind of writing which represents the impossible, is a broad class that includes other speculative literatures, and that what differentiates these is the referential world within which the impossible happens. The aim here is to break up monolithic conceptions of the impossible, while pointing to a motivation for developing an understanding of the specificity of a core set of fantasy texts that proceeds by way of contrasts. After explaining why I am extremely skeptical about the definition of science fiction as a “literature of the possible”, I probe descriptions of the difference between fantasy and sci-fi. I propose that whereas some science fiction is a literature of conjectural objectivity, guided by the “cognitive novum”, a significant group of fantasy texts is a literature of speculative subjectivity, guided by an “affective novum”.

Algebraic Structures Formalizing the Logic of Quantum Mechanics Incorporating Time Dimension

AbstractAs Classical Propositional Logic finds its algebraic counterpart in Boolean algebras, the logic of Quantum Mechanics, as outlined within G. Birkhoff and J. von Neumann’s approach to Quantum Theory (Birkhoff and von Neumann in Ann Math 37:823–843, 1936) [see also (Husimi in I Proc Phys-Math Soc Japan 19:766–789, 1937)] finds its algebraic alter ego in orthomodular lattices. However, this logic does not incorporate time dimension although it is apparent that the propositions occurring in the logic of Quantum Mechanics are depending on time. The aim of the present paper is to show that tense operators can be introduced in every logic based on a complete lattice, in particular in the logic of quantum mechanics based on a complete orthomodular lattice. If the time set is given together with a preference relation, we introduce tense operators in a purely algebraic way. We derive several important properties of such operators, in particular we show that they form dynamic pairs and, altogether, a dynamic algebra. We investigate connections of these operators with logical connectives conjunction and implication derived from Sasaki projections in an orthomodular lattice. Then we solve the converse problem, namely to find for given time set and given tense operators a time preference relation in order that the resulting time frame induces the given operators. We show that the given operators can be obtained as restrictions of operators induced by a suitable extended time frame.

Localization relations

Localization Relations are symmetric and T-transitive fuzzy relations that are representable as suprema of conjunctions of fuzzy subsets. This paper shows that not all symmetric and T-transitive fuzzy relations may be obtained in such way, provides an easy condition for characterizing those that may, and states a representation theorem for this class of relations. The logical and geometric implications of such representation are analyzed. The paper also characterizes those (just) symmetric fuzzy relations that are representable as suprema of conjunctions of fuzzy subsets.

Probabilifying reflective equilibrium

This paper aims to flesh out the celebrated notion of reflective equilibrium within a probabilistic framework for epistemic rationality. On the account developed here, an agent’s attitudes are in reflective equilibrium when there is a certain sort of harmony between the agent’s credences, on the one hand, and what the agent accepts, on the other hand. Somewhat more precisely, reflective equilibrium is taken to consist in the agent accepting, or being prepared to accept, all and only claims that follow from a maximally comprehensive theory that is more probable than any other such theory. Drawing on previous work, the paper shows that when an agent is in reflective equilibrium in this sense, the set of claims they accept or are prepared to accept is bound to be logically consistent and closed under logical implication. The paper also argues that this account can explain various features of philosophical argumentation in which the notion of reflective equilibrium features centrally, such as the emphasis on evaluating philosophical theories holistically rather than in a piecemeal fashion.

Remote working and its facilitative nuances: visualizing the intellectual structure and setting future research agenda

PurposeIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, remote working (RW) has emerged as a viable alternative to working employees in general and knowledge workers in particular. However, previous researchers have worked on the concept, development and facilitation of RW since the 1970s. Therefore, this study aims to review the existing literature on RW to ascertain the evolution of the concept in the business and management domain and provide for requisite arguments to extend the settings for future research agendas.Design/methodology/approachThe authors based this study on a bibliometric analysis of articles (n = 349) retrieved from the Web of Science database published between January 1990 and October 2021. The authors have used a bibliometric toolbox comprising performance analysis, science mapping and network analysis in various software namely, VOSviewer, Gephi and Biblioshiny package in R.FindingsThe study’s results accentuated important themes like work–life balance, strengthening digital infrastructure, performance and productivity, hybrid work models and well-being and clustered them under four heads with proposed future research questions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on a single database; the authors have used an extensive but not exhaustive list of keywords to retrieve the articles. The analysis employs certain threshold limits while using the science mapping technique.Practical implicationsThis study would enable managers and academics to comprehensively understand remote work and offer logical implications to appreciate its nuances.Originality/valueThis study is unique as it recognizes the intellectual structure in the existing literature on RW and traces the advancements and exponential growth post-COVID-19. The authors recapitulated the literature as network analysis of the RW facilitation model comprising the antecedents, outcomes, mediators and moderators.

The Formation of the New Autonomous Region of Papua and Welfare Guarantees in the Decentralization Policy

The instrument for regional structuring, particularly regional expansion leading to new autonomous regions, can be seen as a rational and logical implication of decentralization implementation. Decentralization, in turn, played a pivotal role in shaping the grand design of regional planning (Desertada) up until the imposition of a regional expansion moratorium in late 2009. This research employs a qualitative methodology, a case study approach, chosen due to its adaptability and effectiveness in addressing dynamic and unpredictable social contexts. The focal point of this study revolved around the narratives underlying the formation of new autonomous regions (DOB) in Papua, particularly emphasizing the discourse on welfare. The government has actively promoted narratives of welfare motives and national strategic interests. The government has actively promoted narratives of welfare motives and national strategic interests. Despite the expansion of the Papua region and the implementation of special autonomy, it is observed that these initiatives have not significantly contributed to development. Notably, the expansion process in Papua, marred by alleged procedural and material deficiencies, took place without indigenous Papuans' meaningful participation and consultation.

Rethinking the Essentiality of Homo Islamicus: Exploring the Fundamental Critiques

This paper examines the necessity of homo islamicus perspective in Islamic economics. As such, it is a conceptual paper that emphasizes a critical approach to identify new concepts and critiques regarding homo islamicus. The conceptual approach focuses on theoretical analysis, in which the study aims to investigate the concept of homo islamicus and explain its logical implications. This approach enables the researcher to critique and identify a research gap regarding the concept of homo islamicus. The study highlighted several reasons, which identify that homo islamicus is not essential. Firstly, it was marked that the development of Islamic economics does not rely on the obedience and righteousness of economic actors. Secondly, as homo islamicus holds significant status, it should not be prioritized over other foundational concepts. Lastly, the study foregrounded that although homo islamicus is significant in its current form, it is not necessary to establish the basis for transforming the Islamic economy. Furthermore, it was also observed that it is still required in Islamic economics; thus, homo islamicus should not be the sole concept, excluding other relevant concepts for comparison. Additionally, this study underscores that homo islamicus loses its significance when it is seen as final and absolute; however, it may contradict the ongoing quest for the identity of Islamic economics.

Covid-19 pandemic and scientific knowledge: logical implications for dealing with truth

Covid-19 pandemic and scientific knowledge: logical implications for dealing with truth

Algebraic structures formalizing the logic with unsharp implication and negation

Abstract It is well-known that intuitionistic logics can be formalized by means of Heyting algebras, i.e. relatively pseudocomplemented semilattices. Within such algebras the logical connectives implication and conjunction are formalized as the relative pseudocomplement and the semilattice operation meet, respectively. If the Heyting algebra has a bottom element $0$, then the relative pseudocomplement with respect to $0$ is called the pseudocomplement and it is considered as the connective negation in this logic. Our idea is to consider an arbitrary meet-semilattice with $0$ satisfying only the Ascending Chain Condition (these assumptions are trivially satisfied in finite meet-semilattices) and introduce the operators formalizing the connectives negation $x^{0}$ and implication $x\rightarrow y$ as the set of all maximal elements $z$ satisfying $x\wedge z=0$ and as the set of all maximal elements $z$ satisfying $x\wedge z\leq y$, respectively. Such a negation and implication is ‘unsharp’ since it assigns to one entry $x$ or to two entries $x$ and $y$ belonging to the semilattice, respectively, a subset instead of an element of the semilattice. Surprisingly, this kind of negation and implication still shares a number of properties of these connectives in intuitionistic logic, in particular the derivation rule Modus Ponens. Moreover, unsharp negation and unsharp implication can be characterized by means of five, respectively seven simple axioms. We present several examples. The concepts of a deductive system and of a filter are introduced as well as the congruence determined by such a filter. We finally describe certain relationships between these concepts.

Meaning and Replicability of Social Psychological Experiments: A Personal Account

In this paper I describe the gradual evolution of experimental social psychology from a so called “science of discovery”, with invariant findings over time and space, to an art of theatrical reflection with self-made reproductions of social life to so engage in more thoughtful action. I do this by means of a narrative account of my sixty year long personal experience with the various changes in the discipline, from the many cases of non-replicability early in my career, to the splendid discovery by vigilant students at my department of the probably most impressive case of fraud in the history of the social sciences, to the persistent denial of a need for a new logic by orthodox positivists in the discipline, even after more than half of the carefully designed replications of important experiments in the discipline failed. I look at this evolution through the lens of gradual objectification in science as a whole, from the most distant objects, such as stars, to the closer and closer reality of our own existence, namely the production and processing of meaning, and the inevitable recursivity (historicity) and incompleteness (one cannot include one’s own discourse in the discourse one has at that moment) of that endeavour. I also describe moments of institutional evolution, its political besides scientific interest, and encounters with the most influential protagonists in the development of the new logic. I also reflect a moment on the theoretical and methodological implications of that new logic, and end with showing how the theme of social engagement and the move toward cultivated action, rather than by freezing history in the so called truth of invariance, was actually the core idea in the work of Kurt Lewin, and has been used inadvertently in the subsequent use of experiments in the discipline, even by those who pretended to be the astronomers of the mind. But with the clear note that reflection on social life in the form of self-made reproductions of that life, is probably the most human thing we can do, and enables us to create culture, rather than blind evolution in merely physical or biological terms. So, making experimental social psychology a valuable tool of humanization as well, but only when properly used.

Reclaiming Media: Answering Surveillance Capitalists with Care-Based Democracy

ABSTRACT This project explores the political economy, logic, strategies, agents, values, and ethical implications of this latest iteration of modern capitalism, and it seeks to delineate what surveillance capitalism is and what its consequences are for human dignity and worth. Using technologies of which they are ignorant, surveillance capitalists interfere with our ability to become ourselves individually and collectively. Without consent, they invade privacy, impede moral autonomy, harm democracy, and muddle care. Surveillance capitalists also violate a number of foundational ethical principles, failing the standards of Kant, Mill, and Aristotle. I sketch out a broad alternative to surveillance capitalism, one where our media systems are built on decentered understandings of a care-based democracy. Reinvigorating both the press and collective self-government, the caring digital citizen has less need for surveillance, requiring good faith understanding and the moral autonomy to pursue excellence.

Women-Based Welfare (WBW): Strengthening Women Based on Government Expenditure Formulations in Gunungkidul Regency, DI Yogyakarta

Women have played an important role in welfare development through government spending. There is a tendency for areas with a low level of welfare to be synonymous with development that does not provide space and opportunities for women. Whereas in reality women are part of the welfare element itself. This research uses a qualitative approach with the method of literature study. The author collects data through various relevant literature, either in online media, official media, and other literature. Meanwhile, researchers in carrying out this research stage used the Creswell concept. The stages of this research consisted of problem identification, literature search, research aims and objectives, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and research reporting. The results of the study show that the low level of welfare in Gunungkidul is in line with the weak condition of women in the development budget. This can be traced with the logical implications of the development indicators that have been implemented in Gunungkidul. For example, if you see a high poverty rate, a weak human development index, a weak gender development index, and a low gender empowerment index, this shows how fragile well-being is from within. This is also relevant to the revenue budget, especially from tax collections which are also weak, reinforcing how welfare issues are still a problem today. Therefore, the main key in advancing welfare development in Gunungkidul is placing women not only as objects but also as subjects in building welfare that is inclusive and fair.

Double-Constrained Consensus Clustering with Application to Online Anti-Counterfeiting

Semi-supervised consensus clustering is a promising strategy to compensate for the subjectivity of clustering and its sensitivity to design factors, with various techniques being recently proposed to integrate domain knowledge and multiple clustering partitions. In this article, we present a new approach that makes double use of domain knowledge, namely to build the initial partitions, as well as to combine them. In particular, we show how to model and integrate must-link and cannot-link constraints into the objective function of a generic consensus clustering (CC) framework that maximizes the similarity between the consensus partition and the input partitions, which have, in turn, been enriched with the same constraints. In addition, borrowing from the theory of functional dependencies, the integrated framework exploits the notions of deductive closure and minimal cover to take full advantage of the logical implication between constraints. Using standard UCI benchmarks, we found that the resulting algorithm, termed CCC double-constrained consensus clustering), was more effective than plain CC at combining base-constrained partitions, with an average performance improvement of 5.54%. We then argue that CCC is especially well-suited for profiling counterfeit e-commerce websites, as constraints can be acquired by leveraging specific domain features, and demonstrate its potential for detecting affiliate marketing programs. Taken together, our experiments suggest that CCC makes the process of clustering more robust and able to withstand changes in clustering algorithms, datasets, and features, with a remarkable improvement in average performance.

Strain-enabled defect migration and defect activation in monolayer MoS2

Two-dimensional (2D) materials possess remarkable strain tolerance and exhibit strain-tunable properties, making them highly promising for flexible device applications. Defects within these materials significantly impact their optoelectronic response to strain. In this study, we investigate the influence of strain on the electrical properties of monolayer MoS2, emphasizing the pivotal role played by intrinsic defects in shaping the material’s electrical and optoelectronic response under strain. We observed an enhancement in photocurrent and persistent photoconductivity at specific strains, indicating the activation of defects at these strain values, thus enhancing the photoresponse. Moreover, our device exhibits diodic behavior at specific strain values after prolonged measurements under a static field, suggesting a reduction in the migration energy of defects caused by the applied strain. This finding holds significant implications for memory, logic, and flexible devices. Additionally, we observe an increase in electron mobility under tensile strain, with our flexible field-effect transistor exhibiting higher mobility (∼38 cm2 (V·s)−1) at 0.4% strain. Our study provides insight into the role of strain in the activation and migration of defects in monolayer MoS2 and opens up new avenues for the development of multifunctional ultra-thin flexible devices and memory applications.

Proportionality in Approval-Based Participatory Budgeting

The ability to measure the satisfaction of (groups of) voters is a crucial prerequisite for formulating proportionality axioms in approval-based participatory budgeting elections. Two common -- but very different -- ways to measure the satisfaction of a voter consider (i) the number of approved projects and (ii) the total cost of approved projects, respectively. In general, it is difficult to decide which measure of satisfaction best reflects the voters' true utilities. In this paper, we study proportionality axioms with respect to large classes of approval-based satisfaction functions. We establish logical implications among our axioms and related notions from the literature, and we ask whether outcomes can be achieved that are proportional with respect to more than one satisfaction function. We show that this is impossible for the two commonly used satisfaction functions when considering proportionality notions based on extended justified representation, but achievable for a notion based on proportional justified representation. For the latter result, we introduce a strengthening of priceability and show that it is satisfied by several polynomial-time computable rules, including the Method of Equal Shares and Phragmén's sequential rule.

Entrepreneurship Education and Student Intention to Launch a Business: Does Entrepreneurial Knowledge and Skills Acquisition Act as a Mediator?

This paperexamined the mediating roleof entrepreneurship knowledge and skill acquisition (EKSA) in the interaction between entrepreneurship education (EE) and students' intention to launch a business (SILB), in the case of Nigeria. A quantitative correlational design was adopted for the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire for data collection was validated once by three experts, two from the field of business education and one from the field of measurement and assessment. Pearson's correlation statistic, linear regression statistic and bias-corrected bootstrapping technique were performed to analyse the data collected from a randomly selected sample of 412 university students. The results of the Pearson’s correlation analysis showed asignificant correlation among EE, EKSA and SILB. The results of the linear regression analysis also indicated asignificant association among EE, EKSA and SILB. The results of the bias corrected bootstrapping technique also showed that EKSA mediates the association between EE and SILB. The results showed the extent of association between EE and SILB and offer some logical implications for curriculum designers, university students anduniversity administrators. This study contributed significantly to EE, EKSA and SILB literature.