Concept Of Logic Research Articles

ChatGPT affordance for logic learning strategies and its usefulness for developing knowledge and quality of logic in English argumentative writing

Logic learning is essential for developing knowledge and quality of logic in English argumentative writing. Its main strategies include gathering logic instructions (Gathering), understanding logical concepts (Understanding), exercising knowledge of logic (Exercising), analysing logic in authentic writings (Analysing), and revising and creating logical links under guidance (Crafting) – which ChatGPT may afford. However, there has been limited exploration of ChatGPT-based logic learning. To address this gap, we developed a GPT-4-based logic learning bot and engaged 40 EFL university students, exploring ChatGPT's affordance for logic learning strategies and its usefulness for developing logical knowledge and quality of logic in English argumentative writing. We measured ChatGPT affordance by analysing learner-bot conversations and evaluated the usefulness of ChatGPT affordance through pre-post knowledge tests and essay writing tasks. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. Our findings revealed that ChatGPT afforded 12 sub-strategies of logic learning, with Gathering and Exercising strategies being the most frequently used. ChatGPT-based logic learning strategies, especially Gathering and Exercising strategies, significantly developed knowledge and quality of logic in English argumentative writing. Through analysing the results, we identified ChatGPT features influencing the frequency and effectiveness of logical learning strategies and offered implications for implementing ChatGPT-based logic learning.

Fuzzy Computation Tree Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints and Its Model Checking

Abstract: The encapsulation of particular quality functions and predicates within temporal logic formulas markedly enhances the representation of detailed temporal characteristics within a system. During our preliminary investigations, we innovatively combined quality constraint functions and predicates with Possibility Linear Temporal Logic (PoLTL), yielding the conception of Fuzzy Linear Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints (QFLTL). This amalgamation results in a significant elevation of QFLTL’s expressivity relative to PoLTL, ensuring the preservation of informational integrity whilst achieving a synchronized, yet selectively inclined, and exact consolidation of path reachability specifics alongside property satisfaction evaluations. This treatise represents a significant contribution to the field by integrating quality constraint functions and predicates into Possibility Computation Tree Temporal Logic (PoCTL), thus giving rise to Fuzzy Computation Tree Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints (QFCTL). We provide a comprehensive definition of QFCTL’s syntax, conduct an in-depth analysis of its logical characteristics, outline a precise model checking algorithm for QFCTL, and perform a meticulous complexity assessment of said algorithm. It is illustrated by examples that PoCTL is a proper subset of QFCTL, and QFCTL has stronger expressive power than PoCTL and can characterize more refined temporal properties of the system. An in-depth exploration of the logical characteristics of QFCTL was carried out, showing its unique logical characteristics that are distinct from other temporal logic systems under the influence of quality constraints. In particular, the introduction of characteristic predicates effectively classifies the satisfaction of temporal formulas, making the logical framework of QFCTL more complete compared to the existing probabilistic temporal logic. Moreover, by enriching QFCTL with a quantitative characteristic predicate operator, we innovate, culminating in the development of an enhanced Fuzzy Computation Tree Temporal Logic with Quality Constraints (QFCTL*). The logical characteristics of QFCTL* are explored in detail. It is shown that with the support of quantitative feature predicates, QFCTL* can divide the satisfaction of temporal formulas more delicately than QFCTL. The decision theorems for the semantics of QFCTL* formulas containing quantitative feature predicates are given, and the decidability of QFCTL* is strictly proved. Through the bounded-depth search of GPKS, a model-checking algorithm of QFCTL* on GPKS is presented. The correctness of the algorithm is proved, and the complexity of the algorithm is analyzed. In order to prove the practical applications and strong expressive capabilities of QFCTL and QFCTL*, we present a model-checking example as empirical evidence for the effectiveness of the proposed model-checking algorithms. Through this example, we verify that, compared with the existing PoCTL, QFCTL and QFCTL* can avoid the loss of system path reachability information or system property satisfaction information, ensure the synchronization of the two types of information, and fuse these two types of information according to weight preferences. QFCTL and QFCTL* can also synthesize temporal formulas that characterize the subproperties of the system according to weight preferences. These application examples also verify that the QFCTL and QFCTL* model-checking algorithms proposed in this article are automatic and effective.

Analisis Fuzzy Servqual Dalam Mengukur Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien BPJS Kesehatan Terhadap Kualitas Layanan Pada UPTD Puskesmas

The fuzzy servqual method is a development method of the servqual method that uses the concept of fuzzy logic. The concept of fuzzy logic is used to help respondents give more objective values. Meanwhile, the servqual method is used as a tool to measure patient satisfaction to evaluate service quality based on the gap between perception and expectations. The purpose of this study is to describe the procedure for applying the servqual method to analyze the level of service quality for BPJS Kesehatan patients at the UPTD Kemantren-Jabung Health Center. This method has five dimensions, namely tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and emphaty. The results of this study show that the gap value of the five dimensions has a negative value. Which means that the expected quality of service is not in accordance with what is expected by BPJS Kesehatan Puskesmas Kemantren-Jabung. The highest gap value is the assurance dimension with a gap value of -0.85 and the lowest gap value is the reliability dimension with a gap value of -0.44. Thus, it can be seen that this assurance dimension is the top priority to be able to improve service quality.

Neural-Symbolic Methods for Knowledge Graph Reasoning: A Survey

Neural symbolic knowledge graph (KG) reasoning offers a promising approach that combines the expressive power of symbolic reasoning with the learning capabilities inherent in neural networks. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of advancements, techniques, and challenges in the field of neural symbolic KG reasoning. The survey introduces the fundamental concepts of KGs and symbolic logic, followed by an exploration of three significant KG reasoning tasks: KG completion, complex query answering, and logical rule learning. For each task, we thoroughly discuss three distinct categories of methods: pure symbolic methods, pure neural approaches, and the integration of neural networks and symbolic reasoning methods known as neural-symbolic. We carefully analyze and compare the strengths and limitations of each category of methods to provide a comprehensive understanding. By synthesizing recent research contributions and identifying open research directions, this survey aims to equip researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the state-of-the-art in neural symbolic KG reasoning, fostering future advancements in this interdisciplinary domain.

Intelligent Control of an Experimental Small-Scale Wind Turbine

Nowadays, wind turbines are one of the most popular devices for producing clean and renewable electric energy. The rotor blades catch the wind’s kinetic energy to produce rotational energy from the turbine and electric energy from the generator. In small-scale wind turbines, there are several methods to operate the blades to obtain the desired speed of rotation and power outputs. These methods include passive stall, active stall, and pitch control. Pitch control sets the angular position of the blades to face the wind to achieve a predefined relationship between turbine speed or power and wind velocity. Typically, conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are used to set the angular position of the rotor blades or pitch angle. Nevertheless, the quality of speed or power regulation may vary substantially. This study introduces a rotor speed controller for a pitch-controlled small-scale wind turbine prototype based on fuzzy logic concepts. The basics of fuzzy systems required to implement this kind of controller are presented in detail to counteract the lack of such material in the technical literature. The knowledge base of the fuzzy speed controller is composed of Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy inference rules that implement a dedicated PI controller for any desired interval of wind velocities. Each wind velocity interval is defined with a fuzzy set. Simulation experiments show that the TSK fuzzy PI speed controller can outperform the conventional PI controller in the speed and accuracy of response, stability, and robustness over the whole range of operation of the wind turbine prototype.

Rethinking logical disagreements: a critique of verbalism and a normative constraints approach

Logical pluralism posits that various conceptions of logic can coexist, suggesting that all acceptable judgments about the validity of an argument are valid without rivalry. This view implies that disagreements between logical theories are merely verbal. Contrary to Kouri Kissel’s proposal of metalinguistic negotiation as an explanation for logical disagreements, this article challenges the notion that such disputes are purely verbal. Employing inference to the best explanation, the author argues in favor of normative restrictions on belief in premises and conclusions as a more compelling explanation for logical disagreements.

On Nelson’s conception of consistency

Abstract This paper scrutinizes Everett Nelson's conception of consistency by comparing it with the “standard” account of C. I. Lewis. This conflict surprisingly resembles a related controversy between the ancient logicians Chrysippus and Diodorus. Nelson's intuitions behind his peculiar conception of consistency are analysed and certain features of his logical system are critically examined. In particular, his objections against the law of the transitivity of implication and against the laws of conjunction and disjunction have to be discussed. Although Nelson's considerations contain interesting ideas in favour of a relevantist conception of logic, they fail to convincingly support the hardcore connexive thesis that even a selfcontradictory proposition doesn't entail its own negation.

Fuzzy logic-supported building design for low-energy consumption in urban environments

Climate, building materials, occupancy patterns, and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems all interact in complex ways, making it difficult to design low-energy buildings. Thus, innovative architectural and engineering design strategies are required to meet the worldwide need to decrease building energy usage. To improve the calculation of energy consumption of buildings, this work introduces the FCR-BCS (fuzzy clustering rule-based building control systems), which integrates fuzzy logic concepts into computational simulations. FCR-BCS can contemplate real-world uncertainties and fluctuations using linguistic factors and approximate reasoning for more precise and trustworthy results in energy-efficient building design. This method's significance rests in its potential to significantly reduce energy use, advance sustainability, and improve urban residents' quality of life; architects and engineers can thus employ FCR-BCS to enhance the efficiency of HVAC systems and insulation. The outcomes of FCR-BCS simulation assessments show that it is capable of making buildings more energy efficient. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the suggested model increases the sensitivity analysis by 99.4 %, energy efficiency analysis by 99.8 %, occupancy patterns analysis by 97.5 %, temperature profile analysis by 98.8 %, and energy consumption analysis by 99.6 % compared to other existing models.

Fuzzy Logic Concepts, Developments and Implementation

Over the past few decades, the field of fuzzy logic has evolved significantly, leading to the development of diverse techniques and applications. Fuzzy logic has been successfully combined with other artificial intelligence techniques such as artificial neural networks, deep learning, robotics, and genetic algorithms, creating powerful tools for complex problem-solving applications. This article provides an informative description of some of the main concepts in the field of fuzzy logic. These include the types and roles of membership functions, fuzzy inference system (FIS), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and fuzzy c-means clustering. The processes of fuzzification, defuzzification, implication, and determining fuzzy rules’ firing strengths are described. The article outlines some recent developments in the field of fuzzy logic, including its applications for decision support, industrial processes and control, data and telecommunication, and image and signal processing. Approaches to implementing fuzzy logic models are explained and, as an illustration, Matlab (version R2024b) is used to demonstrate implementation of a FIS. The prospects for future fuzzy logic developments are explored and example applications of hybrid fuzzy logic systems are provided. There remain extensive opportunities in further developing fuzzy logic-based techniques, including their further integration with various machine learning algorithms, and their adaptation into consumer products and industrial processes.

Advancing psychiatric nosology through philosophical inquiry.

Here, we have utilised the concept of fuzzy logic and Karl Popper's notion of verisimilitude to advocate navigating the complexity of psychiatric nosology, emphasising that psychiatric disorders defy Boolean logic. We underscore the importance of embracing imprecision and collecting extensive data for a more nuanced understanding of psychiatric disorders, asserting that falsifiability is crucial for scientific progress. We encourage the advancement of personalised psychiatric taxonomy, urging the continual accumulation of data to inform emerging advancements like artificial intelligence in reshaping current psychiatric nosology.

Mobility–Multihoming Duality

In modern Internet-based communication, especially mobile systems, a mobile node (MN) will commonly have more than one possibility for Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity. For example, an MN such as a smartphone may be associated with an IEEE 802.11 network at a site while also connected to a cellular base station for 5G. In such a scenario, the smartphone might only be able to utilise the IEEE 802.11 network, not making use of the cellular connectivity simultaneously. Currently, IP does not allow applications and devices to easily utilise multiple IP connectivity opportunities—multihoming for the MN—without implementing special mechanisms to manage them. We demonstrate how the use of the Identifier Locator Network Protocol (ILNP), realised as an extension to IPv6, can enable mobility with multihoming using a duality mechanism that treats mobility and multihoming as the same logical concept. We present a network layer solution that does not require any modification to transport protocols, can be implemented using existing application programming interfaces (APIs), and can work for any application. We have evaluated our approach using an implementation in Linux and a testbed. The testbed consisted of commercial equipment to demonstrate that our approach can be used over existing network infrastructure requiring only normal unicast routing for IPv6.

Multi-criteria site selection for wastewater treatment plant in Bent Saidane, Tunisia

Optimal site selection for the establishment of a municipal waste-water-treatment plant (WWTP) is an amazingly complex task that involves several factors such as regulations, as well as environmental, economic and social considerations. This paper presents the criteria and applied methods (geographic information system (GIS)/fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP)) used in the screening of potential sites for the WWTP of the Bent Saidane rural locality (northern Tunisia). For this reason, nine factors accompanied by three sets of site selection criteria were used. GIS-based multi-criteria analysis techniques based on the standardised fuzzy logic concept and weighted overlay were applied for generation of all maps in the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. Multiscale evaluations based on the weighted linear combination method were also assessed. The study indicated that 0.14 and 0.11% of the total area of the Bent Saidane locality were found to be highly suitable and very highly suitable, respectively. According to these results, the GIS followed by the fuzzy AHP method could pinpoint the optimal sites selected as the most suitable, due to their minimum impact on the environment, as well as on public health, for the construction of a future WWTP in the Bent Saidane rural area.

What is special about the public service logic?

The article addresses the issues of the public service logic (PSL), one of the avenues of studying public and municipal administration. Developing this concept will contribute to the theory and practice of providing public services in the Russian system of state and municipal government. Methodologically, the paper rests on the provisions of public administration, as well as the concepts of service-dominant logic and public service-dominant logic. It follows the principles of methodological individualism and interdisciplinary approach that allows adding the findings of the existing economic studies to our analysis. Among the research methods applied are comparison, content analysis and systematization. We have identified the following theoretical gaps that need to be bridged to develop the PSL: first, the lack of a scientifically grounded definition of “public service value” as a form of service co-production involving the seller and the buyer, and, second, determining behavioural characteristics of employees of public (non-profit) organizations rendering credence goods-related services. Thus, the PSL outlines an important research area, namely studying value co-creation mechanisms in the public sector. The research findings can be utilized to refine public policy and produce strategic documents for the development of non-profit organizations providing public services.

교육적 이상향으로서 인문주의에 나타난 ‘안과 밖’의 모순 - 독일 교양시민계층의 사례와 정전(正典) 논쟁을 중심으로

This thesis focuses on two historical cases by comparing the contradiction between the ideal of humanistic education and its realization in the concept of dialectical logic to the inner and outer. The first inside and outside is the socio-political consequence of the Bildung concept, which is the German typical of modern humanist educational ideology, and the educated middle class, which has made it a group identity. The result of the neo-humanistic educational ideals and the instrumentalization of education understood by the German educated middle class shows the modern origin of class inequality in schooling, which is a drastic problem in modern capitalist society. The second contradiction is that between the inner logic of European tradition and values, and the outer logic of non-European perspectives. Humanism has regarded the power-guaranteed classics, called canon, as an absolute value transcending time and society. However, since the middle of the 20th century, the discourse of diversity driven by multiculturalism, criticism of orientalism, feminism, and political correctness debate have raised questions about the canonization itself. Humanism tried to preserve its content value as a European heritage, but from the outside, charges of Eurocentrism were accused. The contradictory attributes of humanism are related to the aporia of discord between the ideology of education and reality.

Effectuation, Causation and Bricolage; Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Face of Crisis, a Perspective from Developing Countries

Abstract While previous studies on individual entrepreneurial orientation have evolved more from environmental, social and cultural features, far less attention has been dedicated to personal agency factors, especially during the crisis period of post COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on personal agency theory and the entrepreneurial cognitive logic concept, this study investigates how entrepreneur’s internal locus of control affect their individual entrepreneurial orientation, particularly during periods of crisis and scarcity-post COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 500 small and medium scale entrepreneurs via an online questionnaire and analyzed using partial least square (PLS-SEM) methodology. The findings show that causation, bricolage and effectuation’s affordable loss and flexibility, which are most responsive to internal locus of control, significantly impact individual entrepreneurial orientation. However, no evidence has been found on how gender, education level and education background impacts the internal locus of control to promote entrepreneurial orientation. Finally, the paper highlights the relevance of considering personal agency factors, namely internal locus of control, for policy makers, especially those involved in institutions of learning and government ministries, to boost citizens perceptions and entrepreneurial orientation and behaviour particularly in developing countries.

On properties and operations of complex neutrosophic soft groups

Complex neutrosophic soft groups represent a significant advancement in handling uncertainty by integrating the concepts of fuzzy logic, soft sets, and neutrosophic logic. These groups generalize complex fuzzy soft groups and introduce an additional dimension through neutrosophic membership functions, namely truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. This creates a richer framework for dealing with uncertainty and ambiguity, making it well-suited for managing complex data structures in real-world applications. We explore some important definitions and theoretical frameworks surrounding complex neutrosophic soft groups, highlighting the unique aspect of neutrosophic membership functions. Additionally, we present an overview of neutrosophic soft groups, exploring some of their key operations and fundamental properties. We then examine the basics of homogeneous complex neutrosophic soft sets and their roles in establishing complex neutrosophic soft groups.

Applying models of co-production in the context of health and well-being. A narrative review to guide future practice.

Recent years have seen a dramatic growth in interest in the nature and extent of co-production in the health and social care sectors. Due to the proliferation of work on co-production, there is variation in practice in how co-production is defined, understood, and used in practice. We conducted a narrative review to explore, and provide an overview of, which models of health and social care co-production have been developed, applied, and critiqued over recent decades. Seventy-three peer-reviewed articles met our inclusion criteria. In this set of articles, we identified three broad types of models: conceptual/theoretical, practice-oriented, and presenting a typology. We found that practice-oriented models, predominantly from the Health Services Research and Quality Improvement literature, had largely not drawn on conceptual/theoretical models from the disciplinary fields of Public Administration & Management and Sociology. In particular, they have largely neglected theoretical perspectives on relationships and power and agency in co-production work. The concepts of Service-Dominant Logic and Public Service-Dominant Logic as ways to think about the joint, collaborative process of producing new value, particularly in the context of the use of a service, have also been neglected. Our review has identified distinct literatures which have contributed a variety of models of health and social care co-production. Our findings highlight under-explored dimensions of co-production that merit greater attention in the health and social care contexts. The overview of models of co-production we provide aims to offer a useful platform for the integration of different perspectives on co-production in future research and practice in health and social care.

Judgments vs Propositions in Alexander of Aphrodisias' Conception of Logic

This paper stresses the importance of identifying the nature of an author's conception of logic when using terms from modern logic in order to avoid, as far as possible, injecting our own conception of logic in the author's texts. Sundholm (2012. “‘Inference versus consequence” revisited: Inference, conditional, implication’, Synthese, 187, 943–956) points out that inferences are staged at the epistemic level and are made out of judgments, not propositions. Since it is now standard to read Aristotelian sullogismoi as inferences, I have taken Alexander of Aphrodisias's commentaries to Aristotle's logical treatises as a basis for arguing that the premises and conclusions should be read as judgments rather than as propositions. Under this reading, when Alexander speaks of protaseis, we should not read the modern notion of proposition, but rather what we now call judgments. The point is not just a matter of terminology, it is about the conception of logic this terminology conveys. In this regard, insisting on judgments rather than on propositions helps bring to light Alexander's epistemic conception of logic.

The Logical Perspective in Pragma-dialectics

I argue that the logical perspective—the study of arguments as products—is not well integrated into pragma-dialectics. I show that the Validity Rule and the Argumentation Scheme Rule, despite being procedural rules, are, in a certain sense, “logical” rules. Subsequently, I distinguish and review three successive periods in the development of the logical dimension of pragma-dialectics: conventionalist, inferentialist and dualist, to reveal that none of them is completely satisfactory. I contend that, given the assumptions and conceptual apparatus of pragma-dialectics, the integration of the logical perspective, and especially of a suitable account of counterargumentation, requires the adoption of a conception of logic as a theory of reasons, as opposed to the traditional conception of logic as a theory of inferences. Understanding logic as a theory of the dialogical construction of reasons enables us to approach the study of the relationships between arguments and the weighing of opposing arguments.

“Give It Branches & Roots”: Virginia Woolf and the Vegetal Event of Literature

Abstract This article examines Virginia Woolf’s figurations of her writing process on the basis of her published diaries with particular attention to vegetal imagery and metaphor. Employing insights from critical plant studies, specifically the works of Michael Marder, and biosemiotics, specifically those of Wendy Wheeler, I investigate the image of fluid, open-ended, multiplicitous, and non-appropriative vegetal (non-)self as convergent with Woolf’s view of the writing subject. Further, I argue that writing, as presented by the modernist author, requires the suspension of conscious ideation and increased attention to the pre-conceptual and therefore bears the trace of what Marder terms “plant-thinking.” Referring to the biosemiotic concept of abductive logic, I propose that the image of writing emerging from Woolf’s diary possesses a necessary embodied, intuitive, and relational component, characteristic and continuous with semiosis that pervades the entirety of more-than-human biological life. Finally, drawing on Marder’s reconceptualisation of the event according to the specificity of the vegetal, I suggest that literature, for Woolf, constitutes just such a vegetal event – both rooted and proliferating, unfolding towards exteriority and predicated upon chance rather than the logic of finality.