Logical Plane Research Articles

A Realistic, Flexible and Extendible Network Emulation Platform for Space Networks

Wide attention has been drawn to the application of space networks (SN) in recent years. Compared with terrestrial networks, SN have a set of unique characteristics, e.g., a long propagation delay, time-varying channel quality, and dynamic link connection, which causes the inapplicability of mature terrestrial networking technologies. Therefore, the focus of SN application is to innovate and break through a series of key networking technologies and protocols. Network emulation is critical for evaluation and verification in the research of networking technologies and protocols. This paper concentrates on designing an emulation platform which provides a realistic, flexible, and extensible experimental environment for the SN. The architecture of platform includes four components, namely the logical plane, control plane, data plane and measurement plane. Container technology is adopted to flexibly symbolize network nodes. The emulation method of dynamic connection relationships and time-varying link characteristics between pairwise nodes are considered so as to realize the real space environment and arbitrary topology. Furthermore, an extensible structure is described to emulate large-scale scenarios and access external emulation resources. Finally, experiment results show that the proposed platform is capable of emulating diverse, dynamic, and complex SN scenarios with high precision.

Built-in security framework research for 6G network

6G will enable seamless coverage across land, sea, sky, and space, and provide users with on-demand services. 6G requires high security and its security capabilities are expected to serve as an independent logical plane under the 6G network architecture to provide services and guarantee for 6G networks and applications. This article analyzes and summarizes the three aspects of 6G security evolution requirements. First, the distributed autonomy of network architecture increases the exposure surface of network equipment and functions, and puts forward the requirements for high security of network elements and subnets themselves. Second, the cloud and virtualization technologies increase the risk of internal attacks, and require security protection mechanisms within network elements and the internal network based on the concept of zero trust. Third, providing on-demand services to customers requires intelligent collaboration mechanisms within the network, as well as an elastic and programmable security capability pool. Based on the above requirements and the development of security technologies, this paper proposes a 6G security construction idea with the built-in security framework as the basis, which includes security capability layer, security policy controller, security intelligence center and security management center, collaborating with the trusted infrastructure, orchestration capabilities and artificial intelligence abilities. The framework is built upon the security capability inside the network, coordinated with the trust consensus and the intelligent collaboration, which forms a security architecture and related operating mechanisms with active immunity, trustworthiness, and collaborative elasticity. By means of the practical case of building a trust link, the framework is proved to be able to provide flexible and on-demand security services for 6G networks and applications.

Apprehension and Existence, Appearance and Reality: The Reception of Nafs al-amr Debates after the 13th Century

The structure of human cognition and the means of apprehension is suitable only for partly and gradually conceiving reality. This limitation has led to a certain distance between appearance and reality. This means that there will always be a gap between the judgments of the mind about the external world and its contents, which are entities, cases, facts, and states. This partiality and partiteness of human understanding has produced the truth-maker problem with regard to mind judgments. Muslim scholars who admit the correlation between the structure of reality and the categories of the mind but reject the notion of the construction and the determination of reality by the mind refer to the realm that is independent of the mind’s personal judgments as nafs al-amr. This realm is concerned with the all degrees of reality, namely—from the existent to the non-existent, from the necessity to the contingency and impossibility, from the absolute to the relative, from the material to the non-physical, from the external to the mental, and from the real entities to the abstracted ones—which step into the shot of human cognition or not. Carrying the concept of nafs al-amr from the logical plane to the metaphysical realm that intersects epistemology and ontology has led to debates that pave the way for various treatments. In particular, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s (d. 672/1274) nafs al-amr epistle that posited it to the cosmic sphere resulted in criticisms of this conception of nafs al-amr, and these criticisms are the same ones directed to the Avicennian theory of emanation and its epistemological implications. Scholars who use this concept free from any metaphysical presumption and implication argue against his leap from the logical to the cosmic sphere. During the following period, this tension occasioned debates that led to the approaches that refer to the various degrees of reality, i.e., to the cosmic spheres, the spiritual realms, and the divine realms. This work aims to create a map of treatments, arguments and problems with regard to the concept of nafs al-amr.

A study on the solution path and method of insurance precedents -- taking a case of the insured drunk driving death compensation dispute as an example

机动车驾驶员(被保险人)由于醉酒驾车肇事而导致自己死亡, 被保险人的继承人与保险公司之间发生的诉讼纠纷。案件分析时将保险实践、保险司法争议、保险法律解释交织, 并以司法功能为导向进行。分析过程形成多维立体思维的四个逻辑面：学理推进逻辑面, 司法推进逻辑面, 证据事实推进逻辑面及三个逻辑面的思维连接逻辑面。具体过程为：萃取本案核心事实并获得首选方案、解读《保险法》第45条及其司法解释、以司法功能为导向检视学理推进过程、进行司法大数据分析、探查本案的其他解决路径。对“被保险人故意犯罪”的两个层次的论断在司法审判过程中是接续进行和结果共通的：法官的判断源自于当事人(包括当事人的代理律师)对案件事实、证据的揭示, 法官在判断基础上进行的裁判又通过判决结果的当事人认知程度而得以确认或否定。The motor vehicle driver (the insured) because of drunk driving accident and cause their own death, the insured s heirs and insurance company between the litigation dispute. In case analysis, insurance practice, insurance judicial dispute and insurance legal interpretation are interwoven, and the judicial function is the guide. The process of analysis forms four logical planes of multi-dimensional thinking: the logical plane of academic theory advancing, the logical plane of judicature advancing, the logical plane of evidence facts advancing and the logical plane of thinking connecting three logical planes. The specific process is as follows: extracting the core facts of the case and obtaining the preferred solution; interpreting article 45 of the insurance law and its judicial interpretation; examining the promotion process of the theory based on judicial functions; conducting judicial big data analysis; exploring other solutions to the case. Of intentional crime the insured two levels of judgment in the judicial process is succeeded and results in common: the judge s judgment is derived from the parties (including the attorney) of the parties to the case facts and evidence reveals that the judge based on the judgment of referees and through the verdict of the cognitive degree and be able to confirm or deny.

ACST: Audit-based compromised switch tolerance for enhancing data plane robustness in software-defined networking

Software-defined networking has stimulated the worldwide interests in both academia and industry for its proven advantages. However, switches in data plane are more vulnerable due to malicious attacks. Consequently, the network may consist of a switch misguiding phenomenon: the switches are compromised by the attackers and send the faked statistics while interacting with the controller to mislead the control decision (e.g., optimal routing).In this paper, we introduce an audit-based compromised switch tolerance (ACST) scheme, which aims at tolerating compromised switches and dealing with switch misguiding phenomenon when switches are trustless. Our main idea is to audit the statistics (specifically, state messages) delivered by switches not only to make the controller receive the correct messages but also to identify the compromised switches. Following this idea, we first investigate the switch misguiding phenomenon. Then, we design ACST to ensure that the controller gets the correct state messages even if the compromised switches exist. ACST introduces a special logic plane called fault tolerance proxy plane between data plane and control plane. Each proxy consists of specific function modules, which are used for extracting original state messages and performing statistics auditing. Finally, the proxies output the auditing results, including corrected state messages and the compromised switch IDs. The corresponding algorithm and theoretical proof of its robustness enhancement are also presented. Results show our proposal can successfully resist different manipulating attacks launched by the compromised switches and guarantee a high correctness rate of state messages (approaching 100%). Besides, ACST shows good topological adaptability and produces low overheads.

Talent & Technology: Critical Skills for a Successful Career

Talent & Technology The recently published LinkedIn “Roadmap,” which utilized data from more than 500 million members combined with a survey of 2,000 business leaders, identified that soft skills are often more needed than hard skills. SPE recognizes that its members need to possess such skills—and more. Recently, the SPE Soft Skills Committee was renamed Business and Management Leadership (BML) to better represent the needs and missions of such skills in successful careers. The BML committee organized a panel session during the 2018 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition titled “Critical Skills for Career Success” where industry leaders provided their insights on what skills make a difference in one’s career, and how to develop and master critical skills to attain business and management leadership. The moderator of the panel was Maria Capello, Kuwait Oil Company. Panelists were Kamel Ben Naceur, ADNOC; Behrooz Fattahi, The EnerTrain Institute; Ford Brett, PetroSkills; Thomas Blasingame, Texas A&M University; and Janeen Judah, 2017 SPE President. The key takeaway of the panel was that, no matter your position, entry-level or senior management, you must be able to manage and motivate people. Employers want and need people who can stretch out of their comfort zone and see change as an opportunity for growth and innovation. Having the ability to accept and adapt is important, because adjusting to a new environment is now part of the mod-ern world of working. Ben Naceur, ADNOC’s chief economist, started the discussion. He has worked in 14 countries and experienced four price cycles in the oil industry, during which he envisioned and empowered his career progression into new roles. His vision grew with every new role, allowing him to understand the importance of soft skills. Ben Naceur started his career in a technical position within an R&D organization, shifting into the applications side of the industry, supervising complex hydraulic fracture stimulations, requiring immediate decision-making and the management of people from very diverse cultural settings. Later, he became Minister for Industry, Energy, and Mines in his home country, Tunisia, a huge responsibility he accepted mainly to be able to give back to his nation. During the panel discussion, he asserted that being able to continuously adapt to new jobs, new cultures, and new languages is of critical importance—and although diverse technical skills were essential for his career, Ben Naceur credits soft skills as the “building bridges” that enabled major course changes. “People tend to judge you for what they can see but they don’t know what is inside you, and that is precisely the part you need to pay attention to,” said panelist Fattahi, 2010 SPE President. Further, “in the logical plane of your brain, 1 plus 1 is always 2. That’s logic…but not on the emotional plane. We always tend to train for logic but we do not pay attention to the emotional system.”

Energy Efficient Software Defined Networking Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

The real-time properties and operational constraints of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged the need for designing energy efficient routing protocols. Recently, software defined network based WSN (SDN-WSN) emerging technology has offered a significant development by untying control logic plane from the low power sensor nodes. This centralized programmable control still suffers from several configuration challenges in distributed sensors environment. Meta-heuristic based SDN approaches had been proposed for the efficient path selection in WSN but they still suffer from both, exploration and exploitation problems. Therefore, this paper addresses these shortcomings by proposing a meta-heuristic based dolphin echolocation algorithm (DEA) for optimizing route selection in WSNs. Objective function of the DEA algorithm is to consider the residual energy of the nodes for selecting energy efficient routes. The proposed algorithm performance is compared with several meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of energy-consumption, and network throughput parameters.

Controlled data storage for non-volatile memory cells embedded in nano magnetic logic

Among the beyond-CMOS technologies, perpendicular Nano Magnetic Logic (pNML) is a promising candidate due to its low power consumption, its non-volatility and its monolithic 3D integrability, which makes it possible to integrate memory and logic into the same device by exploiting the interaction of bi-stable nanomagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Logic computation and signal synchronization are achieved by focus ion beam irradiation and by pinning domain walls in magnetic notches. However, in realistic circuits, the information storage and their read-out are crucial issues, often ignored in the exploration of beyond-CMOS devices. In this paper we address these issues by experimentally demonstrating a pNML memory element, whose read and write operations can be controlled by two independent pulsed currents. Our results prove the correct behavior of the proposed structure that enables high density memory embedded in the logic plane of 3D-integrated pNML circuits.

Reconfiguring Three-Dimensional Processor Arrays for Fault-Tolerance: Hardness and Heuristic Algorithms

With the increased density of three-dimensional (3D) processor arrays, faults can potentially occur quite often due to power overheating during massively parallel computing. In order to achieve fault-tolerance under such a scenario, an effective way is to find an as large as possible logical fault-free subarray of $m^{\prime }\;\times\;$ $n^{\prime }\;\times\;$ $h^{\prime }$ from a faulty array of $m\;\times\;$ $n\;\times\;$ $h$ ( $m^{\prime }$ $\;\le\;$ $m,n^{\prime }$ $\;\le\;$ $n, h^{\prime }$ $\;\le\;$ $h$ ), such that an original application can still work on the $m^{\prime }\;\times\;$ $n^{\prime }\;\times\;$ $h^{\prime }$ subarray. This paper investigates the problem of constructing maximum fault-free subarrays with minimum interconnection length from 3D arrays with faults. First, we prove that constructing maximum logical array (MLA) is NP-complete. We propose a linear-time algorithm which is capable of producing an MLA for the problem with the constraint of selected indexes. Second, we prove that minimizing the interconnection length (inter-length) of the MLA is NP-hard. We propose an efficient heuristic which significantly reduces the inter-length by revising each logical plane of the MLA. This leads to the reduction of communication cost, capacitance and dynamic power dissipation. In addition, we propose a lower bound for the inter-length of the MLA to evaluate the proposed algorithms. Simulation results show that, the size of logical array can be improved up to 62.6 percent in average, and the inter-length redundancy can be reduced by 22.7 percent in average, compared to the state-of-the-art, for all cases considered.

MENYOAL PEMBELAJARAN SAINS DI SEKOLAH: BAGAIMANA SEHARUSNYA?

Teachers understanding on the nature of science will determine types of students learning activities in the class. In designing a science teaching-learning process meaningfully, a teacher should consider and pay attention to the learning activities. They are (1) logical plane activities; (2) evidental or experiental plane activities; (3) psychological plane activities. A science text-books centered teaching should be modified because, the students comprehension about science products (concept and principles) could not be developed meaningfully by using text-books only. This culture is also contrary with the nature of science and is not able to build a science and technology literate people.Key words: Teachers understanding; learning activities

Low-Power Race-Free Programmable Logic Arrays

Conventional programmable logic arrays (PLAs) implement both the AND and OR logic planes with dynamic NOR gates. They are fast, regular in structure and easy to program. However, they have high power dissipation and suffer from an inherent timing race that increases design effort, reduces circuit robustness in the presence of variations, and adversely impacts performance. In this paper, a PLA which implements the AND plane as a hierarchical combination of dynamic NAND gates and retains the dynamic NOR gate based OR plane is presented. The NAND-NOR PLA architecture completely eliminates the critical timing race between the logic planes and has significantly lower power dissipation than the conventional PLA. Simulated energy-delay product of an optimized design on a foundry 130 nm low standby power process shows that the proposed circuit architecture has 43% lower energy-delay product than the conventional PLA design. The fabricated circuits have been tested fully functional on silicon demonstrating a maximum operating frequency of 1.61 GHz at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> = 1.6 V.

Total quality management in manufacturing: A study in the Singapore context

The paper presents a total quality management (TQM) framework combining the concepts underlying the notions of total quality control (TQC), Just in Time (JIT), manufacturing resource planning (MRP), and quality control circles (QCCs). An integrative model, in which these notions and the related issues are complementarily connected on the same logical plane is presented and it is argued that this is akin to the total systems intervention (TSI) approach in its endeavor to seek manufacturing excellence. It also has similarities to creative problem solving, especially with regard to corporate strategy, but here with an emphasis on the role of manufacturing. However, TQM is an idea of its own, and not a conceptual derivative of systems theory.

Interactions between cat lateral geniculate neurons.

Action potentials of 31 pairs of cat LGN neurons were recorded on single electrodes. Cross-correlograms, response planes, and a new function, the logical response plane, were calculated. The cross-correlograms between these pairs revealed four interactive classes: 1) a class with a flat cross-correlogram, 2) a class with a peak in the center of the cross-correlogram seen both during spontaneous activity and during driven activity, 3) a class with an inhibitory dip in the center of the cross-correlogram seen only when the cell pairs were driven by a stimulus and predicted by the shift predictor, 4) finally, a class with an inhibitory dip in the center of the cross-correlogram seen both during driven activity and spontaneous activity and not predicted by the shift predictor. Response plane pairs calculated for the unit pairs with flat cross-correlograms showed no predictable relationship. The pairs with a dip in the center of the cross-correlograms always had response planes that were antagonistic (i.e., approximate negative images of each other). When one cell was excited, the second cell was inhibited, and vice versa. More detailed analysis, using the logical response plane, demonstrated that the majority of the antagonistic response planes had either excitatory or inhibitory overlap. That is, the cells were simultaneously excited and/or inhibited at specific spatiotemporal loci on the response plane. These data are consistent with a feed-forward inhibitory circuit in LGN. Furthermore, the data suggest that retinal centers (PE domains) produce LGN excitatory centers (PE domains) and inhibitory centers (PI domains). In turn, retinal excitatory surrounds (SE domains) produce LGN excitatory surrounds (SE domains) and inhibitory surrounds (SI domains).

Data abstractions for data bases

The concept of abstract data types has emerged from programming language research as a device to encourage and facilitate structured and modular programming [1]. It separates the abstraction of a data object from its implementation. The user of an abstract data type only concerns himself with the behavioral semantics of the type: what meaningful operations can be applied to objects of the type; the internal representation and structure of the type is unknown to him. In this way, irrelevent detail is suppressed and meaningfulness of programs enhanced. What application does this concept have to the area of data bases? There are some obvious similarities between the principle of abstraction and the concept of data independence of data bases [2]. Data independence means that application programs that utilize a data base do not need to know either the physical or the structural organization of the data base, but can relate to it purely on a logical plane. As with data abstractions, the goal is clarity and modifiability of programs, resulting from concentration on semantics rather than representation.

Data abstractions for data bases

The concept of abstract data types has emerged from programming language research as a device to encourage and facilitate structured and modular programming [1]. It separates the abstraction of a data object from its implementation. The user of an abstract data type only concerns himself with the behavioral semantics of the type: what meaningful operations can be applied to objects of the type; the internal representation and structure of the type is unknown to him. In this way, irrelevent detail is suppressed and meaningfulness of programs enhanced. What application does this concept have to the area of data bases? There are some obvious similarities between the principle of abstraction and the concept of data independence of data bases [2]. Data independence means that application programs that utilize a data base do not need to know either the physical or the structural organization of the data base, but can relate to it purely on a logical plane. As with data abstractions, the goal is clarity and modifiability of programs, resulting from concentration on semantics rather than representation.

Population Trends and the World's Resources

MY intention this afternoon is to present a broad picture of the relation ship of man's numbers and needs with the availability of biological resources, in the form of food and industrial raw materials, both now and in the near future. I have no new facts to present, but hope that an arrangement of known facts alongside one another will be helpful in providing an appreciation of how we stand. I refer especially to the British Empire and Commonwealth because it contains such diverse lands, peoples, and conditions, and because its welfare is our special concern. Needs, determined by population, are met over a wide field by biological resources. The supply of these biological resources is dependent upon a whole host of factors, some of them favourable, some of them unfavourable. Some of these factors are constant, some of them dynamic in their incidence; some are under our control and some are not. Frequently factors on the bio? logical plane are both accelerative in action and accumulative in result. Many of the factors concerned lie in the zone of overlap between geography and biology. This afternoon I shall deliberately leave aside the problems set by our economic system, in which individual and national need and purchasing power so often seem almost to be in inverse ratio. Biological resources derive from the present growth and reproduction of living organisms, both vegetable and animal. It is axiomatic that for all supplies derived from living organisms there is a particular annual cropping rate which will give the maximum harvest on a sustained yield basis. This is the rational rate of cropping, and departure from it in either direction results, over a period of years, in reduced yields. This principle is of primary import? ance whether we are considering fishing, grazing, lumbering, or the fertility of the soil itself. Area is the most important single factor in production, and the total area available obviously has an upper limit. The biological resources with which we are concerned supply the whole of our food (with such minor exceptions as salt and saccharine) and a large part of our industrial raw materials. Usually food and industrial crops are in com? petition for the same areas of land. For the most part this competition will continue to be inevitable. Sometimes the calls of food and industry compete for the same commodity; for example, fats and vegetable oils. I shall not deliberately lay more stress on either of these two categories, the dietary and the industrial. But in the first part of my argument I shall deal chiefly with the dietary aspect of supply. This is because there is now a moderately wellagreed level of nutrition which is deemed necessary for the individual. There is no similarly agreed level of supply of rubber, timber, fibres, paper, soap, and so on.