Logic Control Unit Research Articles

Construction of an exogenously and endogenously Co-activated DNA logic amplifier for highly reliable intracellular MicroRNA imaging

DNA-based molecular amplifiers offer significant promise for molecular-level disease diagnosis and treatment, yet tailoring their activation for precise timing and localization remains a challenge. Herein, we’ve pioneered a dual activation strategy harnessing external light and internal ATP to create a highly controlled DNA logic amplifier (FDLA) for accurate miRNA monitoring in cancer cells. The FDLA was constructed by tethered the two functionalized catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) hairpin modules (ATP aptamer sealed hairpin aH1 and photocleavable (PC-linker) sites modified hairpin pH2) to DNA tetrahedron (DTN). The FDLA system incorporates ATP aptamers and PC-linkers as logic control units, allowing them to respond to both exogenous UV light and endogenous ATP present within cancer cells. This response triggers the release of CHA hairpin modules, enabling amplified FRET miRNA imaging through an AND-AND gate. The DTN structure could improve the stability of FDLA and accelerate the kinetics of the strand displacement reaction. It is noteworthy that the UV and ATP co-gated DNA circuit can control the DNA bio-computing at specific time and location, offering spatial and temporal capabilities that can be harnessed for miRNA imaging. Furthermore, the miRNA-sensing FDLA amplifier demonstrates reliable imaging of intracellular miRNA with minimal background noise and false-positive signals. This highlights the feasibility of utilizing both exogenous and endogenous regulatory strategies to achieve spatial and temporal control of DNA molecular circuits within living cancer cells. Such advancements hold immense potential for unraveling the correlation between miRNA and associated diseases.

TEKSTİL ENDÜSTRİSİNDE DERİN ÖĞRENME KULLANARAK AŞIRI ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİNİN ÖNLENMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR VAKA ÇALIŞMASI

Resources are the most critical input in the manufacturing industry therefore, resource consumption is an essential issue to be minimized. On the other hand, consumption depends on several parameters thus, it is difficult to estimate. Recently, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are powerful Artificial Intelligence (AI) subdomains for future prediction in any area. In this paper, a DL-supported electricity prediction method is designed for the textile industry as a case study in order to prevent resource over-consumption while the machines are in the standby state. This method provides dynamic consumption thresholds of electricity consumption by sliding window technique based Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) model that helps the machines to interrupt manufacturing in their decision. These calculated thresholds are also compared with the results of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) as the other DL methods and Automated Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) as a traditional method and then the results have been analyzed how close they are to real-time electricity consumption data at standby. According to the results, the LSTM model successfully predicts electricity consumption levels, sends an interrupt signal to Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) unit when the consumption levels reach the threshold and therefore prevents resource over-consumption.

A spatially-controlled DNA triangular prism nanomachine for AND-gated intracellular imaging of ATP in acidic microenvironment.

ADNA triangular prism nanomachine (TPN)-based logic device for intracellular AND-gated imaging of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)has been constructed. By using i-motif sequences and ATP-binding aptamers as logic control units, the TPN logic device is qualified to respond to the acidic environment and ATP in cancer cell lysosomes. Once internalized into the lysosome, the specific acidic microenvironment in lysosome causes the i-motif sequence to fold into a tetramer, resulting in compression of DNA tri-prism. Subsequently, the split ATP aptamer located at the tip of the collapsed triangular prism binds stably to ATP, which results in the fluorescent dyes (Cy3 and Cy5) modified at the ends of the split aptamer being in close proximity to each other, allowing Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to occur. The FRET signals are excited at a wavelength of 543 nm and can be collected within the emission range of 646-730 nm. This enables the precise imaging of ATP within a cell. We also dynamically operate AND logic gates in living cells by modulating intracellular pH and ATP levels with the help of external drugs. Owing to the AND logic unit on TPN itcan simultaneously recognize two targets and give corresponding intelligent logic judgment via imaging signal output. Theaccuracy of molecular diagnosis of cancer can be improved thuseliminating the false positive signal of single target-based detection. Hence, this space-controlled TPN-based logical sensing platform greatly avoids sensitivity to extracellular targets during the cell entry process, providing a useful tool for high-precision imaging of the cancer cell's endogenous target ATP.

Fuzzy-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system for photovoltaic power generation system

The ability of the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology to prevent losses by stabilizing power fluctuations during severe weather conditions is critical in improving photovoltaic power generation systems. Overall system stability is improved by carefully tracing the maximum power point (MPP). This research focuses on improving MPPT performance in solar systems by employing the "Fuzzy Logic" control method. The simulation, which is run in MATLAB/Simulink, includes a detailed model of the entire system. The primary circuit is designed with a DC-DC Boost architecture and a single MOSFET transistor. The Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) unit in MATLAB/Simulink generates an output variable led by two input variables via the Fuzzy Logic Controller unit. The Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) unit generates an output variable led by two input variables in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation model, called "Fuzzy Disturbance," combines Perturb & Observe with Fuzzy Logic and runs for 3 s. The results show an essential increase in system efficiency to 97%. The simulation results show that the suggested approach tracks MPP, reduces output power fluctuations, and improves system efficiency.

Assessment of Total Harmonic Distortion in Buck-Boost DC-AC Converters using Triangular Wave and Saw-Tooth based Unipolar Modulation Schemes

This paper presents an assessment of the levels of total harmonic distortion (THD) in buck-boost DC-AC converters using triangular wave and saw-tooth unipolar based-modulation schemes. This paper seeks to identify a better technique for mitigating the total harmonic distortion on buck-boost DC-AC converters under unipolar carrier-based modulation schemes. This was achieved by subjecting the buck-boost DC-AC converter under triangular wave-based and saw-tooth based-unipolar modulation schemes. The voltage and current output of the buck- boost DC-AC converter under each scheme was analysed using a power GUI Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analytical tool resident in the MATLAB Simulink environment unlike with the conventional scheme of computing the percentage of THD. The test system was obtained by a combination of DC-DC buck-boost converter, H-bridge based-insulated unipolar gate transistors, and a logic control unit. It was realized that THD of 0.2865%, peak output voltage of 294.1V and current of 9.805A were obtained by using the saw-tooth based-unipolar modulation scheme, whereas a THD of 0.1479%, peak output voltage of 297.4V and current of 9.53A were obtained by using the triangular wave based-bipolar modulation scheme on the same Buck-boost DC-AC converter circuit. The results imply a high power factor utilization and low power loss in the triangular wave based-unipolar modulation scheme compared to the saw-tooth based-unipolar modulation technique for improving the performance characteristics of the buck-boost converter system. This study showed that power drives and heavy load machines based-power electrical loads are required to use the saw-tooth based-unipolar modulation (STBUM) scheme for high current and low THD%, whereas sensitive power electrical loads such as hospital equipment and communication industries based-power electronic devices are required to use the triangular wave-based unipolar modulation (TWBUM) scheme due to low current and THD%.

5G Smart Mobility Management Based Fuzzy Logic Controller Unit

In the paper, we propose a fuzzy logic controller system to be implemented for smart mobility management in the 5G wireless communication network. Mobility management is considered as a main issue for all-IP mobile networks future generation. As a network-based mobility management protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force developed the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) in order to support the mobility of IP devices, and many other results were presented to reduce latency handover and the amount of PMIPv6 signaling, but it is not enough for the application needs in real-time. The present paper describes an approach based on the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard and PMIPv6, so we present a new vertical handover algorithm for anticipating handover process efficiently. Our object is to propose a smart mobility management that contribute in 5G wireless communication system network operating functions. Two proposed dynamic thresholds were successfully made to guaranty process triggering, and a new primitive MIH is proposed for signaling a needed handover to be done. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction of the handover delay, packet loss, handover blocking probability and signaling overhead. Simulation results and tests are accomplished.

Design and Simulation of an Adaptable Pulsating Irrigation System Using Programmable Logic Controller Unit

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informujące swoich czytelników o najnowszych osiągnięciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwiązaniach technicznych w Polsce i na świecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedzę i kulturę techniczną.

Design an Optimal Fractional Order PID Controller Based on New Algorithms and a Fuzzy Logic Controller to Regulate Type 1 Diabetes Patients

Diabetes is one of the most important diseases that researchers have focused on in scientific research since the time, because of the seriousness of this disease if it is not properly dealt with, especially with the emergence of some global epidemics such as Corona Virus (COVID 19), as the pancreas is the organ responsible for regulating sugar in the blood by secreting the insulin enzyme, insulin is widely used to control blood sugar. Therefore, it is important that the required insulin value is constant and controlled. The aim of this study is to control the blood glucose value that is achieved as a desired value and to maintain it as a constant value using a proportional, integral, and derivative control unit (FOPID) fractional order of the control parameters. In this research, the new control unit is applied to Bergman's mathematical model as a non-linear and simple model that simulates the mechanism of the interaction of glucose and insulin in the blood, and based on this, a closed control loop was designed to regulate the level of blood sugar to be an automatic control of blood glucose using the measured data from Special sensor. The contribution in this scientific paper is to define the (FOPID) parameters according to the closed loop responses of the system, and these parameters were adjusted using new meta-heuristic algorithms including the Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO), the PSO Particle Swarm optimization, the Genetic Algorithm (GA), The bat optimization algorithm (BA) and (ACO). As a result, the results of the five modern algorithms were compared based on several criteria to find out which one was better using MATLAB / SIMULINK simulation. It was found that the IWO algorithm performs better than PSO. The simulation results of the closed-loop system of this controller at the time of settling, overshoot and control inputs indicate very positive results compared to previous results. In addition, a new method has been proposed which is to design a pump in the form of a valve to control insulin pumping by controlling it with the fuzzy logic control unit, which in turn, we obtained better results, compared to the results of other previous studies.

The automatic phase-selective photovoltaic grid-connection system used to control three-phase imbalance of low voltage power grid

Three-phase balance degree is an important quality index of power grid operation. Excessive three-phase imbalance will bring serious harm to power grid. To solve the problem of three-phase unbalance of low voltage power grid, this paper proposes and implements a automatic distributed photovoltaic phase-selective grid-connection system based on PLC control. The main functions include: photovoltaic automatic phase-selective grid connection, realization of three-phase unbalanced treatment of low-voltage power grid, low voltage and over voltage treatment of power grid. The main structure includes: monitoring & execution unit, logic control unit and photovoltaic power generation unit. Based on the voltage and load of each phase of the power grid, photovoltaic power generation module can realize automatic phase-selective grid-connection, so as to improve the three-phase imbalance of low-voltage power grid, solve both low voltage and over voltage problems, and realize the comprehensive control of voltage level of low-voltage power grid.

Adaptive fuzzy control with an optimization by using genetic algorithms for grid connected a hybrid photovoltaic–hydrogen generation system

The integration of significant amounts of renewable-storage hybrid power generation systems to the electric grid poses a unique set of challenges to utilities and system operators. This article deals with the designing methodology of an intelligent control based grid-connected a hybrid system composed of renewable energy source (RES) and storage system (SS). RES is a photovoltaic (PV) source and SS is a process of hydrogen transformation system (H2TS) which composed of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) for decomposition water by using the PV power, a tank used for gas storage and a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) to transform the H2 to the electrical energy. The interconnection of the grid with the power generation system (PGS) is ensured through using a DC/AC hysteresis converter and it can synchronize current with the grid voltage among an independent control of active (P) and reactive (Q) power through a possibility of the Q compensation. In the proposed system, three algorithms are applied; two used inside generation and the third is used inside the grid. Perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm always finds optimal power in the PV generator. A simple cascade controls loop of DC-DC boost converter and operate the FC generator to ensure maximum power and to regulate the DC Bus voltage. In addition, adaptive fuzzy logic control (FLC) unit is developed to control the DC/AC inverter, with adopting an off-line optimization based on genetic algorithms (GAs) applauded for tune different issues as scaling factors of the FLC and PIDs gains of the PV and the H2TS control loops. Simulated results prove a big success of the proposed controls of the grid connected the hybrid PV-H2TS with good performance.

Design and Adaptive Control of Matrix Transformer Based Indirect Converter for Large-Capacity Circuit Breaker Testing Application

Circuit breakers (CBs) play an important role in distribution networks. According to IEC standards, protection characteristics need to be investigated to ensure reliability in the manufacturing process. It is required from IEC 60947 that the instantaneous release shall be verified with a test current at least 10 times greater than the rated current. For large-capacity CB testing, converters with large output current, high accuracy and fast response are needed. A large current indirect converter including four converting units and a matrix transformer is proposed. The converting units are synchronized using a complex programmable logic device (CPLD)-based logic control unit. To increase the current accuracy, an adaptive feedforward control strategy is developed to compensate for the influences of CB-dependent resistances and inductances. The equivalent load impedance is adaptively identified from a robust identifier, which is then used to construct the feedforward compensator. Simulation and experimental results show that different CBs create CB-dependent contact resistances and inductances in the testing circuit. The impedance change can be successfully identified by the robust identifier with limited errors. The proposed converter is capable of generating a wide range of current from 100 A to 40 kA with an error no greater than 2.2%.

Numerical simulation of weld nugget in resistance spot welding process

The resistance spot welding (RSW) stands different over other welding techniques as the actual weld nugget is shaped internally relative to the surface of the base metal. The weld formed is fundamentally a mix of heat, pressure and time. The welding conditions are precisely controlled to produce sound nuggets. The application of interface pressure allows accurate prediction of interfacial heat and electrical resistance, which plays a dominant role in Joule’s heat generation. In this work, lap welding using resistance spot welding has been numerically investigated for Mild steel (G-3302) and Stainless steel (SS-202) sheets. Spot welding has been completed by utilizing a 35 kVA DC type resistance spot welding machine, constrained by a Programmable Logic Controller unit. For both materials, two spots, three spots and four spots weld were done in order to obtain various comparative results. The weld nugget formation has been simulated using SIMULIA. The 3D model has been created by using GUI of commercial FEA package ABAQUS 6.14. The model employs coupled thermal-electrical-mechanical analysis. Simulation has been performed for pertinent parameters in ABAQUS 6.14. The obtained plots from numerical model are found to be in strong consistency with experimental data.

A Vehicle Tracking System Using Greedy Forwarding Algorithms for Public Transportation in Urban Arterial

A vehicle tracking system assists public transportation users in their movements by providing real-time information on the locations of vehicles in transit. Public transportation in parts of developing nations, especially Nigeria is ineffective. The system is chaotic and frustrating, especially at peak traffic periods. In a bid to address the problem, a vehicle tracking system was developed as a component of an Advanced Public Transportation System to improve commuting in an urban arterial. The developed system is based on wireless technologies of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication module. It records and displays real-time vehicle location using a GPS-based greedy forwarding algorithm, computes route distance information using distance-time based algorithm and radar range sensor (RRS). A pseudo-range mathematical model using the Haversine formula was adopted in determining the accurate position of an object during signal transmission from GPS satellites to the receiver message module. The minimum inversion matrix method was used for the GPS-based geometric dilution of precision (GDoP) selection of satellite approximation and distance. Atmega328P controller chip was used as the logical control unit for processing activities in the tracking system and programming in Arduino IDE using C-language. The system was deployed to a university transportation system in Nigeria: a journey to and from the Bosso and Gidan Kwano Campuses route in the Federal University of Technology, Minna. The vehicle tracking system was tested with 11 tracked satellite and minor dilution error (PDoP error = 1.9, HDoP=0.9, and VDOP=1.7) was recorded. The system is efficient and accurate in distance and time information display with a minor delay. The system would enhance fleet management schemes for urban arterial and can be adopted universally.

Hybrid energy management with respect to a hydrogen energy system and demand response

A Hybrid Energy System (HES) is a mechanism that combines multiple sources of energy connected together to achieve synchronised energy output. However, increased energy consumption, operator energy expenses, and the potential environmental impact of increased emissions from the exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources (fossil fuel) pose major challenges to HES. This research is to conduct energy management strategy based on a demand response (DR) program and a hydrogen storage system by designing a Program Logic Controller (PLC) unit. The hybrid system is evaluated by comparing different scenarios such as a hydrogen energy system and demand response. The purpose of this research is to reducing peak demand, minimise the cost of the system and also to extract surplus power generation out of the rate of the battery. This can be achieved by improving the system performances and by eliminating any degradation at the early stages. Organisations or companies must be sure their systems are working properly and that their investments will pay off.

CHOICE OF THE OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE DUPLEX-PROCESS OF INDUCTION MELTING OF CONSTRUCTIONAL IRON

To find effective control of the duplex process of induction melting in conditions of uncertainties, a method was suggested that made it possible to obtain optimal controls for both stages: melting and thermal treatment. It is shown how the search for an optimal melting control strategy can be performed using the theory of statistical games. At the same time, it is selected which of the melting regimes will be the best with the existing provision of the shop with charge materials. The costs of melting are the total costs, consisting of: – costs for the selected technological mode of melting (including costs for materials), – costs from the potential rejection of castings due to the non-conformity of the chemical composition of the alloy to the specified – due to the incorrectly chosen melting mode, – costs from the downtime due to the fact that the necessary amount of metal from the furnace is not delivered to the conveyor. The choice of an optimal control strategy in accordance with the proposed procedure can remove uncertainty in the evaluation of input process variables if they are taken as indicators of the charge quality. To find the optimal control at the stage of the heat treatment, a multialternative description of the final state is proposed on the basis of solving the problem of ridge analysis. This makes it possible to remove the uncertainty in the estimation of the final state, which allows a lot of optimal solutions in the sense of achieving a given quality. It is shown that such approach makes it possible not only to synthesize the optimal controller of the temperature regime on the basis of an analysis of the system of differential equations describing the control object, but also the application of the Pontryagin maximum principle to search for optimal control of the thermal treatment. The proposed method allows to determine the optimal control in the sense of stabilization for a given process parameter of the duplex process of induction melting. The resulting solutions form the necessary logical conditions for the logic control unit for the control system of the duplex induction melting process.

Dual Axis Shadow Tracker

Solar automatic fire tracker & extinguisher system is a new innovation technology and designed by our technology station (Process, Energy and Environmental Technology Station, University of Johannesburg) in combination with the characteristic of heat & fire detection apparatus. This industrial automation fire extinguisher have a platform with 90 degree of freedom and the DC motor base wheel will be passive or active, fixed or steerable according to system logic control unit to target a fire source. To get the system more effective and flexible the wheel will regulate with two characteristics: 1. Wheel spinning, 2. driving control. The whole system will operate by Solar energy source because it can be use in remote areas where it is too difficult to extend the electricity power grid connection to the fire extinguisher (solar extinguisher is not fix unit, it will always travel from one place to another place to find photon and detect flame). The most fun about the project is to watch him navigate from light source to light source trying desperately to stay alive. This character is the secondary operation when the battery status under the level of 60%.

Development of an Automatic Transplanting Mechanism for protray vegetable seedlings

Performance evaluation of an automatic gripping type transplanting mechanism for plug type vegetable seedlings was tested. Forty and twenty-five days old chilli, brinjal and tomato seedlings were used for the study. Well decomposed coco-pith (68.46 % moisture) was used as the medium for raising the seedlings. The tray contained 98 cells arranged in the order of 14 x 7. The growth characteristics of seedlings were recorded. A pneumatic actuated gripper for grasping and releasing the plug type seedling, pneumatic cylinder to remove the seedling from the protray cell and a linear rail used for transplanting the seedlings that moves on a linear guide way were the components of the automated system. The entire operations of transplanting mechanism were programmed in a microcontroller programmed with C++ software further controlled by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) unit. Pneumatic air was supplied from compressor to the pneumatic actuated gripper and cylinder through Filter Regulator Lubricator (FRL) unit. The transplanting rate of developed mechanism was set as 20 – 25 seedlings / minute. The success ratios of automatic transplanting of seedlings were 87.22, 91.72 and 89.85, for 25 days old tomato seedlings, 40 days old chilli and brinjal seedlings, respectively. In terms of success ratio of transplanting, the average for the three kinds of seedlings was 89.59%. The pick-up device satisfactorily grasped and removed each seedling from the protray and transported it to the place where it would be precisely transplanted in the field. .

A Simplified CNC System Based on PLC and Position Controller

In this paper, a simplified CNC system based on PLC and position controller is introduced. The position controller FX2N-20GM, is a pulse chain output unit, which can control motors to accomplish linear interpolation and circular interpolation. PLC,with the mode of FX2N-16MR, the logic control unit of system, reads position data from the position controller and determines the operation of the system. Labwindows/CVI,the configuration software on PC, is the upper monitoring system, showing the motors position in real time by monitoring PLC. The system, combined PLC , position controller and configuration software, can draw any kinds of two dimensional graphics and show the trajectory of motors on PC in real time, the linear interpolation and circular interpolation had been perfectly implemented by a series of experiments. Compared with classic CNC system, it did not contain tedious hardware wring or complex software programming, which makes the whole structure a simplified CNC system.

CMOS Real-Time Image Acquisition and Display System Design Based on FPGA

Based on characteristics of image acquisition system of high-speed and large-capacity, this paper presents a CMOS Image sensor data acquisition system that is using FPGA Chip as its core processing devices. Data acquisition logic control unit is designed by FPGA. The modular structure of the system design, FIFO, ping-pong and other technology are used in the design process to ensure real-time data acquisition and transmission. FPGA implementation of video acquisition can improve system performance. It also has a strong adaptability and flexibility, and it is easy to design, debug and so on. Through the experiment, we can get a clear image.

Design of PXI Digital Storage Oscilloscope Module Based on FPGA

A digital storage oscilloscope module in automatic test equipment was designed based on PIX bus. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) is used as the logic control unit. The circuit of high speed ADC and FPGA interface, clock management, and high speed data access were designed based on hardware modules. The digital storage oscilloscope module was successfully applied to the practical test system, whose performance was good, stable, and achieved the desired design goals.