Logging Machine Research Articles

Characterization of natural fracture development in coal reservoirs using logging machine learning inversion, well test data and simulated geostress analyses

Natural fractures directly affect the permeability and mechanical strength of reservoirs, and their development degree has an important impact on the design and implementation of engineering and development projects. Although there is some correlation between logging data and fracture development, studies using algorithms to optimize logging predictions are still scarce. Meanwhile, there is a scarcity of calculations and analyses concerning the distribution of geostress at the block scale, and the pivotal role that geostress plays as a tectonic factor in the development of fractures. In this study, machine learning methods are used to predict reservoir fracture development, and regional geostress distribution patterns derived from well test data and finite element methods are combined for verification. The support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithms are used to predict the fracture development of No.15 coal reservoir in the block. The results showed that the accuracy of SVM is 83.3 %, RF is 91.6 %, XGBoost is 93.7 % and BPNN is 95.8 %. The BPNN can effectively predict the reservoir fracture development of the block. Combined with the regional finite element stress-strain analysis and geostress measurement, the prediction of No.15 coal geostress distribution and fracture development model is established. Under comprehensive verification, the established distribution of the degree of regional fracture development under the control of geostress is consistent with the results of the BPNN prediction of fracture development. These results show that the regional geostress calculated in association with finite element analysis (FEA) can reflect the development of fracture in coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs, and the neural network has good performance in predicting regional fracture development. This work provides a new approach to the application of machine learning in the field of geological engineering, and the comprehensively validated model provides geologists and geological engineers with ideas in algorithmic practice.

Влияние конструктивных характеристик манипулятора харвестера на оптимальные размеры рабочей зоны

The efficiency of using logging machines on a steep slope depends on many factors, including the working area of the manipulator, which can be implemented in various technological modes of operation. The geometric parameters of the implemented working area are determined by the working position of the machine in the appropriate technological mode, that is, the place of installation of the machine relative to the tree or group of trees to be harvested. Optimization of the manipulator’s working area, formed during the operation of a logging machine, is one of the most effective ways to increase its productivity. In this article, based on a previously developed mathematical model for optimizing the structural dimensions of the links of a four-link articulated hydraulic manipulator designed for spatial manipulation of the harvester head when cutting and stacking trees for further transportation to the loading area, an analysis of the influence of the main geometric and power characteristics of the harvester on the optimal size of the working area is performed.

Modeling the technological process of whelled harvester by applying Graph theory

The article presents typical schemes of the development of the harvest area and the technological operations performed by a middle-class feller-delimber-buncher (FDB) (Ponsse Ergo 8W) in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic under natural and production conditions of JSC Syktyvkar LPC. On the example of the most common in the logging practice plantation forest plantations modeled the technological process in terms of productivity of a typical multi-operational logging machine, the process of processing one tree by such a machine, taking into account the graph theory modeled and given graph of processing one tree, hourly productivity of FDB in such conditions, recommendations on the value of the planned indicator of hourly productivity of FDB in such conditions are given.

Имитационное моделирование технологического процесса заготовки древесины на примере лесного харвестера

The purpose of the work is to create a computer model that allows to reproduce the technological process of logging, taking into account a huge number of various conditions that can affect the final result of the enterprise, to obtain the data necessary for making effective managerial and organizational decisions on labor standardization and the preparation of regulatory documentation. To do this, using the agent-based modeling method, a simulation model of the production process was created in the AnyLogic program. The functioning of the proposed model is carried out on the basis of significant statistical data on the most important characteristics of individual elements of the production process. The article demonstrates the possibilities of modeling technological schemes of work at the cutting site at the design stage of the technological map without the need for real felling of forest plantations. The diagram of the conditions of the harvester’s work is presented, embedded in the simulation model created by the authors, which allows the researcher to conduct a step-by-step analysis of the work of the logging machine. An information-logical detailing of all blocks of the harvester work state diagram is shown, which allows understanding the principle of analysis when clearing the site for a new working position, analyzing the availability of trees in apiaries, processing of tree trunks, taking into account all movements and organizational and technical downtime in the process of developing forest cuttings. The reader is presented with a graphical demonstration of the choice of trees available for felling, as well as an analysis of the situation for moving to a new working position of the harvester. The sequence of data entry into the model and the principles of fixing the scientific results obtained on the basis of modeling are outlined. The created simulation model will allow forest users to compare the options for the technological schemes of the harvester's movement along the forest cutting with the choice of the best organizational and management solutions; creation of labor standards and production standards for the development of forest cuttings in any natural and production conditions for any model of the harvester used, depending on the type of felling and the species and quality characteristics of the felled trees.

Оценка прочности опоры анкерного каната машины для лесозаготовки на склоне

The article presents a method for calculating the interaction of a support and an anchor rope of a logging machine on a slope. The cases of using a freestanding tree and a steel I-beam vertically driven into the ground as a support are considered. Calculations are performed using analytical dependencies, as well as the finite element method.

Analysis of factors influencing the performance of cadets trained to operate logging machinery

The paper analyzes factors that affect human productivity when operating logging machinery. It assesses how training machines and simulators influence the results of training. The paper further describes novel methods for testing the psycho physiological traits of human beings that enable evaluating the precision of guiding the implement of the logging machine in horizontal plane as well as by boom extension. The results of testing a group of cadets are presented herein. The research team found the boundaries of the test results obtained by the author-developed methods as compared against the results of final examinations held to complete the logging machinery operation training. The paper will be of interest for human-machine interaction and logging machine training specialists.

Investigation of geometric characteristics of the micro landform of the cutting area as a source of perturbing oscillations of logging machines

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the micro landform of the cutting area surface as a source of perturbing continuous oscillations of the sprung and unsprung masses of the logging machine. The substantiation of the expediency of studying the microprofile of forest support surfaces in the framework of this work is presented. The characteristic of the objects of the experimental study of the micro landform is given. A new measuring complex and the procedure for measuring geometric parameters of irregularities and slopes of the forest support surface of vehicles were proposed. The justification of the number of measurements in the planning of the experiment is given. As a result of data processing after approximation, normalized correlation functions and their approximation coefficients for the studied types of forest growing conditions were obtained. The obtained curves of normalized correlation functions have a decreasing character, which indicates the presence of a strong correlation on a small section of the length and differ in the steepness of the decline and the distance of the correlation, which varies from 1.8 to 11.6 m for different sections. The obtained approximation coefficients quantitatively characterize the perturbing effect of the irregularities of the natural surfaces of cutting areas of various types of forest growing conditions on the movement of logging machines.

Modeling of logging machine stability operating with a vertically held tree

The article presents the results of mathematical modeling of the stability of a logging machine with a vertically held tree when it is removed from the canopy of the forest. The calculation schemes for two positions of a vertically held tree are described. The substantiation of the idealization for the calculation schemes of a vertically held tree is given. The dynamic stability equations of a logging machine with a vertically held tree are constructed on the basis of second kind Lagrange equations system. Due to analyze the interrelationships between dynamic parameters and processes of a logging machine with a vertically held tree, motion differential equations were integrated taking into account external influences and initial conditions. Using the MATLAB program, the integration operations of second kind Lagrange equations system were carried out for two cases: 1) The vertical tree is rigidly fixed and repeats the deviations of the logging machine; 2) The tree is perfectly held vertically with any deviations of the logging machine. The input parameters for the calculation were the rigidity of the connections, the parameters of the logging machine, the gripping cutting device (GCD) and the tree. The parameters of the slope of the logging machine were set using the implementation of a Gaussian random process with a given correlation and variance. The dynamic stability study of a logging machine with a vertical tree showed that the ideal tree alignment in a vertical position leads to a decrease in the inertia moment of the system and to a significant decrease in the frequency of angular and linear oscillations compared with a rigidly fixed tree.

Effects of site preparation and reindeer grazing on the early-stage success of Scots pine regeneration from seeds in northern Finland and Sweden

ABSTRACT The importance of sufficient soil scarification to ensure the regeneration of Scots pine on sub-dry and more fertile sites has been emphasized in many studies. Here we aimed to study, how site preparation intensity affects the early success of natural regeneration and sowing (bare seeds and seed pellets) of Scots pine with or without the reindeer grazing. The study area was located in northern Finland and Sweden where five site preparation methods were compared: unprepared control, logging machine tracks, Huminmix (mixing the mineral soil and organic layer), disc trenching and intensive disc trenching. In each of these we used direct seeding, seed pellets and natural regeneration. Results revealed that even the lightest site preparation methods can provide sufficient regeneration results while the reindeer grazing limits the optimal regeneration result. Huminmix and even the track of the logging machine could provide satisfactory regeneration results both in direct seeding and natural regeneration. This could facilitate the coexistence of forest management, reindeer herding and other land use forms in the same stands and area. The use of seed pellets needs further research, but it may have potential due to lower consumption of seeds and less need for site preparation.

Оценка надежности лесозаготовительного харвестера

The article calculates the reliability parameters of the logging felling-knot-cutting-bucking machine (harvester). Individual elements were evaluated in the car. The operation of the Ponsse-ERGO harvester was carried out on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The duration of observations was 10 500 hours. During this time, each node revealed a certain number of failures and the average recovery time after node failure. Based on the results of the calculations, a probability diagram of the harvester system states and a Pareto diagram (accumulated probability of system failures) are constructed. According to calculations, it was determined that the greatest probability of failures falls on the hydraulic system of the transmission and hydraulic manipulator. These elements of the machine account for the main load during its operation. A detailed analysis of the reasons for the failure of a logging machine during its operation is presented. It was revealed that the main reasons for the failure of the hydraulic system are: violation of the tightness of the connection pipelines, increased wear of the moving elements of the assembly, contamination of the hydraulic fluid, not always satisfactory work of the service personnel. Also, the most common reason for stopping the harvester during operation is the failure of the saw headset. An increase in the harvester’s performance and durability can be achieved by optimizing the operating conditions of the logging machine, and optimally selected design material that has higher technical characteristics that strengthen the part itself and the wear surface.

THE ART OF TRADITIONAL STICKING AND ITS LAST REPRESENTATIVES IN SİVAS

Carving, processing and ornamentation of wood, which is a material suitable for use with its strength and texture since prehistoric times, and is called woodworking. Stick making, is one of the traditional handicrafts of Sivas province and dates back to the 18th century, is one of the types of woodworking. Stick making, also known as mouthpiece maker, is a branch of art in which items such as mouthpieces, pens, nameplates, crochet handles, candlesticks, and ballpoint pens are prepared by embroidering on wooden materials. The main material traditionally used in stick making is obtained from the "germişek" tree grown in Sivas, Tokat, Erzincan, Kars and Ağrı. The reason for choosing this tree is that its branches are suitable for carving and absorb toxic substances into it. The tree has been taken under protection due to its decline in nature, and today poplar and hornbeam trees are used instead. The sticks, bark is peeled off in the logging machine, are cut and shaped according to the product to be made than the painting and polishing processes, ornaments are made with silk and wheat stalks. Today, there are only a few masters and workshops dealing with stick making in Sivas. In this study, a research has been made about this art and its current status by visiting the masters' workshops. One of these masters, Abdulkaya Yazarlı and his brothers are trying to keep this art alive, they learned and inherited from their father. They learned art from their father Ferit Usta. His master is Sheikh Aziz Baba who is also known as "Çubukçu Baba" is one of the spiritual personalities of the city and he is the most important representative of art in Sivas in the last century. Ferit Usta, by working on Sivas mouthpieces as an alternative to the painted mouthpieces made in Bilecik, developed the work of embroidery with thread and stems and created a style unique to Sivas. Since embroidering with thread is a laborious and time-consuming process, there are almost no people who do this work today. Nowadays craftsmen, who try to survive by working in difficult conditions in narrow spaces, cannot find apprentices who will teach and sustain their profession. In order for art to survive and be passed on to future generations, it is necessary to support people who set their heart on this work and to provide suitable conditions.

Модернизация многофункциональной лесозаготовительной машины

A new layout of a multifunctional logging machine, created on the basis of the Amkodor 2631 forwarder by retrofitting its trailer with a caterpillar mechanism, is considered. A diagram of the designed layout of a multifunctional forestry machine is presented. Preliminary calculation of the optimal contact patch of the retrofitted module of the designed machine layout is presented. The description of possible technical solutions during its operation is stated. The proposed layout allows you to expand the technical and operational indicators of the forestry machine.

Substantiation of rocks typification in the fields of the Vankor cluster: application of modern well logging methods and machine learning algorithms

Substantiation of rocks typification in the fields of the Vankor cluster: application of modern well logging methods and machine learning algorithms

Topological optimization by designing structural elements of logging machine manipulators

The structures of manipulators of modern logging machines are subject to a wide variety of requirements related to the implementation of the functions of these machines, as well as the technology of manufacturing, operation and disposal of structures. The leading requirements are to ensure high strength and operational reliability under a wide range of loads, high and low temperatures. In this case, it is necessary to obtain the minimum metal consumption of the design product. Structural optimization, in particular, topological optimization, should be used when 9designing manipulators for logging machines. The use of topological optimization makes it possible by calculation to carry out the redistribution of material in the calculation area of the design product, taking into account the required conditions. The use of Altair Inspire 2018.3 software tools makes it possible to reduce the weight of the designed structural element of the hydraulic manipulator of the forestry machine by 39%. At the same time, acceptable indicators of tensile strength, deformation, and standard safety factors are provided.

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Loggers in the Ark-La-Tex Region

ABSTRACTBackground: The U.S. logging sector is among the most dangerous industrial sectors, with high fatality and non-fatal injury rates. Limited research has addressed work-related musculoskeletal disorders among logging machine operators (LMOs). The purpose of this study was to estimate the 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and the associated work-related risk factors among LMOs in the Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas (Ark-La-Tex) logging region.Methods: A self-administered 93-item questionnaire with six different sections: (1) demographics, (2) lifestyle and medical background, (3) work experience, (4) job training, (5) occupational heat-related stress, and (6) occupational injuries and MSS was administered to LMOs (n = 88) using Qualtrics Mobile Survey Software®. Poisson regression models were used to estimate crude prevalence ratios (PR), adjusted PR [aPR], and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: Regarding organizational, ergonomic, and handling equipment occupational factors and 12-month MSS prevalence, the adjusted model controlled for age, BMI, smoking status, and drinking status. For organizational, the most problematic factors for the lower back were performing a task over and over (63.2%) and working very fast, for short periods (60.0%). For ergonomics, the most problematic factor for the lower extremities was awkward or cramped conditions (58.1%) and for the lower back was bending/twisting back awkward (55.9%). Last, for handling equipment, the most problematic for both the lower back and lower extremities was handling or grasping small objects (57.1%).Conclusion: Our findings revealed associations between work-related MSS and specific job factors (e.g., organizational, ergonomic, handling equipment, etc.), extreme environmental conditions or environmental, and personal risk factors. In particular, study findings suggest lower back and lower extremities MSS are associated with the a majority of job-related risk factors, lower extremities with extreme environmental conditions, and neck and upper back with personal risk factors.

РОБОТИЗИРОВАННАЯ СИСТЕМА НАВЕДЕНИЯ ЗАХВАТНО-СРЕЗАЮЩЕГО УСТРОЙСТВА НА ДЕРЕВО

To date, the improvement of forest machines is aimed at increasing productivity using modern information sys-tems. The most complex operation in logging, which requires the experience and skill of the operator, is the manipulator control when gripper-cutting device is pointed to a tree. At "hard" capture of the tree as a result of inaccurate pointing of the manipulator, the sawed tree growing around the undergrowth is damaged, expensive equipment is damaged, there is a risk of tree falling in the undetermined direction, saw mechanism is destroyed. Also the time for pointing the manipulator and capture the tree increases, which significantly reduces the productivity of work. With constant concentration on a complex operation, the operator quickly becomes fatigued, which reduces his/her efficiency and attention. Not precise guidance of the manipulator and "hard" capture of the tree occurs quite often and can happen even with an experienced operator. The operations are performed by one algorithm, which means that they can be automated. In order to eliminate the above-mentioned shortcomings, a system of automatic guidance of gripper-cutting device on a tree and its gripping is proposed. It consists, apart from both technological equipment of the machine itself, a computer with a logging machine control system, two distance sensors, and touch sensor. The distance sensors are installed on the pick-up device and determine the location of the tree. The information from the sensors is fed to the computer of the forest machine, which controls the operating mechanisms of the manipulator of the forest machine. Controlled by the machine control system, actuators of hydromanipulator guide the gripper-cutting device onto the tree. The touch sensor is mounted on the body of the gripping device. When you touch the tree with the sensor, the tree is captured. With such an implementation, the accuracy and speed of guiding the cutting device onto the tree is increased, which leads to a reduction in operator fatigue, increased productivity of the forest machine, reduction of damage to trees and gripping device due to the partial automation of the process of guiding the cutting device on the tree and its capture

Occupational Safety and Health Concerns in Logging: A Cross-Sectional Assessment in Virginia

Increased logging mechanization has helped improve logging safety and health, yet related safety risks and concerns are not well understood. A cross-sectional study was completed among Virginia loggers. Participants (n = 122) completed a self-administered questionnaire focusing on aspects of safety and health related to logging equipment. Respondents were at a high risk of workplace injuries, with reported career and 12-month injury prevalences of 51% and 14%, respectively. Further, nearly all (98%) respondents reported experiencing musculoskeletal symptoms. Over half (57.4%) of respondents reported symptoms related to diesel exhaust exposure in their career. Few (15.6%), however, perceived their jobs to be dangerous. Based on the opinions and suggestions of respondents, three priority areas were identified for interventions: struck-by/against hazards, situational awareness (SA) during logging operations, and visibility hazards. To address these hazards, and to have a broader and more substantial positive impact on safety and health, we discuss the need for proactive approaches such as incorporating proximity technologies in a logging machine or personal equipment, and enhancing logging machine design to enhance safety, ergonomics, and SA.

Методика формирования системы лесозаготовительных машин

A variety of natural-production conditions, which is necessary to conduct logging activities largely complicates the choice of forest machines for each individual company in the industry having logging sites in its composition. Depending on many natural and production conditions such as: slope, bearing capacity of soils, ambient temperature, maximum investments, etc., and the wide range of forestry equipment on the market, engineering divisions of the company solving a problem about the purchase of new or replacement of lost its performance machines are more and more difficult to make the right choice. This work presents a methodology for forming the system of forest machines with the natural and production conditions in a convenient form, not requiring special expert knowledge from the field of mathematical modeling or other areas of science. According to the methodology the first step is selection of basic machine and performing the first major operation in felling trees, then switch to the auxiliary machines which are linked to the underlying performance, to reduce the number of in-process stock. Selection of basic and auxiliary machines is provided that candidates and excludes important indicators. If in the process of selecting the logging machine does not meet the screening criteria for excluding indicators then it does not participate in the selection. Significant index can be neglected in case of discrepancy of candidates to stated requirements. The performance of the model was tested on the example of harvesting sites of the enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk region in spring 2016. In the course of the experiment the system of forest machines, meeting the required selection criteria, was obtained.

Проведение прочностного расчета рамы колесной лесозаготовительной машины с помощью инновационных компьютерных программ

Проведение прочностного расчета рамы колесной лесозаготовительной машины с помощью инновационных компьютерных программ

Simulation Study on the Combined Harvester with Four Tracked Feet Passing through Ditch Based on RecurDyn

Combine harvester is the most widely used modern forest machinery; tracked and wheeled logging machine is the common stumper. But each type of logging machine has its shortcomings and therefore it is need to develop a combination of tracked and wheeled logging machine. This logging mechanism takes the form of tracked feet while preserving the flexibility of wheeled logging machine, and also it has the obstacle-crossing ability of tracked harvester. The most important indicator of the performance of this new logging machine is its trafficability in soft and uneven road. This thesis uses multi-body dynamic simulation analysis software RecurDyn to build up the 3D model of such four feet tracked logging machine, and analyzes its dynamical process when meeting ditch. Eventually the logging mechanism performance is got. The conclusions provide foundation for design of combined harvester with four tracked feet.