Location Of Tanks Research Articles

Proposed Technique for Estimating Rainwater Storage Tank Locations Using Vulnerability Analysis of Critical Flooding Nodes

Even if a pumping station, which is a representative structural flood defense facility, operates optimally, flooding occurs at certain nodes in the drainage area. In other words, even if rainwater pumping stations and rainwater storage tank, which are structural flood defense measures, operate at maximum, it is necessary to review areas where overflow occurs. Therefore, in areas where it is impossible to protect against inland flooding using structural flood defense measures alone, new flood defense measures are required. In this study, based on previous research on rainwater pumping station operation techniques to reduce critical flooding, the Daelim 3 region was divided into 45 basic areas and vulnerability analysis techniques were applied to select the location of rainwater storage tank for effective flood defense. A possible technique is presented in this paper. As a result of the study, sub-region 1 had the highest impact index value, so installing a rainwater storage tank was calculated to be more effective in preventing floods than installing a rainwater storage tank in other sub-regions. The priority-estimation technique for flood defense facilities presented in this study can be effective in establishing plans for flood control structures other than rainwater storage tank.

Rainwater harvesting suitability of ground tanks located on stock watering places across Western NSW

ABSTRACT A stock watering place (SWP) is a type of travelling stock reserve, and Western Local Land Services (WLLS) is the controlling authority of SWPs in the semi-arid Western region of New South Wales, Australia. Over half SWPs have ground tanks that were installed in the 1800s to provide water for travelling stock. The location of many SWP ground tanks is thought to have been influenced by traditional Aboriginal knowledge, however, their position for capturing contemporary surface flows has not previously been assessed. This study aims to use multicriteria analysis within a Geographic Information System (GIS) to investigate whether SWP ground tanks are at the most suitable rainwater harvesting (RWH) location. ArcGIS was used to analyse data to identify RWH suitability based on slope, soil group, and drainage density. These layers were then weighted and combined to produce a final RWH suitability map. Results show that most (50.7%) ground tanks are in high RWH suitability locations, 47.9% are in medium RWH suitability, 1.4% are in low suitability, and none are in unsuitable locations. These results indicate that 1800s RWH suitability selection methods were highly effective. The findings of this study will contribute to the WLLS SWP knowledge base and will assist in prioritising SWPs for works to improve RWH efficiency, thereby ensuring reliable stock water on SWPs.

Retrieval of dominant methane (CH4) emission sources, the first high-resolution (1–2 m) dataset of storage tanks of China in 2000–2021

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a significant greenhouse gas in exacerbating climate change. Approximately 25 % of CH4 is emitted from storage tanks. It is crucial to spatially explore the CH4 emission patterns from storage tanks for efficient strategy proposals to mitigate climate change. However, due to the lack of publicly accessible storage tank locations and distributions, it is difficult to ascertain the CH4 emission spatial pattern over a large-scale area. To address this problem, we generated a storage tank dataset (STD) by implementing a deep learning model with manual refinement based on 4403 high-spatial-resolution images (1–2 m) from the Gaofen-1, Gaofen-2, Gaofen-6, and Ziyuan-3 satellites over city regions in China with officially reported numerous storage tanks in 2021. STD is the first storage tank dataset for over 92 typical city regions in China. The dataset can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10514151 (Chen et al., 2024). It provides a detailed georeferenced inventory of 14 461 storage tanks wherein each storage tank is validated and assigned the construction year (2000–2021) by visual interpretation of the collected high-spatial-resolution images, historical high-spatial-resolution images of Google Earth, and field survey. The inventory comprises storage tanks with various distribution patterns in different city regions. Spatial consistency analysis with the CH4 emission product shows good agreement with storage tank distributions. The intensive construction of storage tanks significantly induces CH4 emissions from 2005 to 2020, underscoring the need for more robust measures to curb CH4 release and aid in climate change mitigation efforts. Our proposed dataset, STD, will foster the accurate estimation of CH4 released from storage tanks for CH4 control and reduction and ensure more efficient treatment strategies are proposed to better understand the impact of storage tanks on the environment, ecology, and human settlements.

Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province

Abstract The management of rainwater collection in a practical way is a fundamental need for the management of water resources in a manner that is sustainable. The goal of this research is to determine whether or not remote sensing technology is effective in providing data on precipitation for the purpose of locating rainwater collection tank locations in the province of Karbala. Rainfall patterns fluctuate considerably. Remote sensing may not capture variability enough to estimate the rainfall period and location. Sustainable rainfall harvesting requires accurate rainfall timing and distribution. This information is applied in the modeling of hydrological processes, the management of disasters, and environmental research. Following the completion of a geographical study, it has been established that the city of Karbala may be divided into two basic sections. Through the use of estimation, it is possible to more easily identify the region that is ideal for the location of rainwater-harvesting reservoirs and lakes. On the contrary, it is crucial to keep in mind that a location that was chosen based on average rainfall over a period of two years could not be suitable for other time periods. This is an idea that should be kept in mind several times. To put this into perspective, when choosing a location, it is vital to take into consideration the severity of the rainfall as well as the geographical location of the area. Particularly in locations such as Karbala, the implementation of data visualization systems into water management practices has the potential to improve both the efficiency and sustainability of water management methods. The findings of this study show the significance of implementing precise site selection techniques to enhance rainwater collection systems and encourage activities that are environmentally responsible for water management.

Wykorzystanie metody radaru penetrującego grunt w badaniu gleby zanieczyszczonej węglowodorami w obszarze Navodari - Rumunia

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a very useful geophysical method for use in hydrogeologic and near-surface mapping studies. It can be used to study contaminants in groundwater, subsurface faulting, and underground cavities (natural or man-made), all of which pose potentially dangerous geological hazards. The GPR technique is similar in principle to seismic reflection and sonar techniques. The propagation of the radar signal depends on the frequency-dependent electrical properties of the ground.Electrical conductivity of the soil or rock materials along the propagation paths introduces significant absorptive losses which limit the depth of penetration into the earth formations and is primarily dependent upon the moisture content and mineralization present.Reflected signals are amplified, and transformed to the audio-frequency range, recorded, processed, and displayed. From the recorded display, subsurface features such as soil/ soil, soil/rock, and unsaturated/saturated interfaces can be identified. In addition, the presence of floating hydrocarbons on the water table, the geometry of contaminant plumes, and the location of buried cables, pipes, drums, and tanks can be detected. The GPR data are presented as a two-dimensional depth profile along a scanned traverse line in which the vertical axis is two-way travel time measured in nanoseconds. The location of hydrocarbon contamination in the ground using the GPR method is based mainly on information taken from reflected signals. In the cases investigated in Romania contaminated sites (Navodari area), such signals were very rarely recorded. A long time after spillage, contamination takes the form of plumes with different size and distribution, which depends on the geological and hydraulic properties of the ground. The survey discussed in this paper was carried out using the GPR system-Noggin with two antennas (250 and 500mHz) Data collected were processed using software(EKKO_Project™ GPR Data Analysis) to produce 2D radargram in time scale. The presence of contaminant plumes as well as the water table are observed in the GPR sections at depths approximately of 0.5 to 1.5 m. In the GPR section, the oil contaminated layer exhibits discontinuous, subparallel, and chaotic high amplitude reflection patterns. Promising results were also obtained in the GPR survey where three obvious reflection patterns representing the top sand-silt layer, oil-contaminated zone and, the underlying thick soft clay were detected in all 2D radargrams of the GPR traverse lines.

Fully nonlinear wave interaction with 2D floating body including nonlinear sloshing tank

Two-dimensional fully-nonlinear numerical sloshing tank (FN-NST) simulation program is developed based on boundary element method (BEM), potential theory with artificial free-surface damping, and space-fixed (global) coordinate system. The free surface in sloshing tank is updated by the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian (MEL) method with material node approach (Full Lagrangian approach). The developed potential-based nonlinear model was validated through comparisons with available experimental and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) results and they show good agreements. The nonlinear sloshing model is then further implemented in the fully nonlinear wave and floating-body simulation program to observe the effects of liquid sloshing motion. In the fully nonlinear program, the entire nonlinear fluid pressure is integrated over the instantaneous wetted body surface and position, which is subsequently compared with the corresponding linear theory and results. The second-order effects are also identified from the fully-nonlinear simulation. The floater Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) for frozen- and liquid-cargo cases are also compared for various wave frequencies and amplitudes to better identify the role of liquid cargo in the stability of rotational motions. The effects of the vertical location of liquid tank and artificial free-surface damping are also investigated.

DIGITAL CADASTRE FOR POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE

Water is one of the most important natural resources, and as a resource to any nation, it should be well-planned, developed, conserved, distributed, and managed. Its infrastructure should also be properly maintained to avoid future water problems. This project sought to evaluate the water infrastructure in Lokoja with a focus on identifying areas requiring improvement. The scope of the study encompassed mapping the primary water pipeline distribution network and gathering geometric and attribute data concerning storage tanks and reservoirs within the designated area. Employing a combination of remote sensing and ground survey techniques, data was collected and utilized to generate a detailed spatial distribution map illustrating the major water supply networks and reservoirs. ArcGIS 10.2 was utilized for data processing and analysis, with the 3D analyst tool utilized to generate an elevation map and ascertain optimal site selection for gravity reservoir placement. The outcomes of the analysis included a visual representation of major pipeline connections, the precise location of tanks and reservoirs, and a comprehensive database containing both location and attribute information for these structures within the study area. The study findings revealed a pressing need for enhancing maintenance practices for water reservoir tanks, as a significant portion were found to be in substandard condition. Additionally, the study highlighted the necessity for pipeline extension to incorporate newly developed suburban areas within the study vicinity. The collated data serves as a pivotal resource for informed decision-making regarding the establishment of new reservoirs and the expansion of existing pipeline networks. Overall, this...

Site suitability analysis of water tank in Athivilai village of India using an analytical hierarchy process and a geographical information system

Abstract In uneven terrain regions, the water tank location plays a significant role in pressure distribution and economical pipe sizes in the water distribution system. This study aimed to determine suitable tank locations by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Factors such as elevation, slope, population, land use land cover, and distance to the road are considered for this analysis. Thematic maps are created in ArcGIS and weights are determined using the AHP method. From the weighted overlay analysis, the result shows that 15.59, 52.36, 31.31, and 0.63% of the areas are suitable, moderately suitable, least suitable, and unsuitable, respectively. Since the area has an elevation range of 27–87 m, it is divided into three zones. An unsuitable location falls only under one zone; therefore, the results are tested in EPANET by locating the tanks in suitable and least suitable locations. Locating the tanks in suitable locations reduces the size of pipes economically and maintains the pressure successfully while locating the tanks in the least suitable locations creates a negative pressure and increases the pipe size. This study helps the designers to obtain an effective design of a water distribution network by evaluating suitable tank locations.

Retrofitting measure of an ageing multi-purpose ship exposed to short-sea LNG operation

The objective of the present study is to analyse the retrofitting measure needed for an ageing multi-purpose ship exposed to a short sea LNG operation in the Black Sea region. Different technical aspects of the retrofitting related to using LNG as fuel for short-sea shipping, including the required volume of the liquefied natural gas, the appropriate type of tanks and the location of tanks on the ship, changes in the main engine and needed additional equipment, are discussed. The cost-benefit feasibility analysis is performed considering the historical and current price of LNG fuel and different taxes related to the generated CO2, examining the Varna-Poti-Varna and Varna-Istanbul-Varna routes.

Assessing the sustainability of olive mill wastewater storage tank locations in Tunisia

Assessing the sustainability of olive mill wastewater storage tank locations in Tunisia

Anti-Tank Guided Missile System Design Based on an Object Detection Model and a Camera

First-generation anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) mainly rely on the skills of operators to guide them in hitting targets, thus making them inaccurate. However, third-generation ATGMs are affected by electronic disruption and are extremely expensive. For example, the accurate range for anti-tank RPGs is 100 m, while the range of the ATGM Javelin is just 4 km (Lightweight CLU) and the cost is US$249,700 (Lightweight CLU only). However, the range of our system depends on the camera range used, which can exceed 50 km on flat ground, and the cost is a few thousand dollars. In this paper, an object detection model was used to recognize a targeted tank, and the fundamental matrix and triangulation approaches were utilized to determine the location of the target tank. Thus, the produced control circuit is smart, autonomous, accurate, with a wide range, and quite inexpensive. The system was installed on an anti-tank missile, tested indoors, and worked correctly. Using object detection models and computer vision technologies in the weapon industry led to the production of an intelligent weapon that is smart, has more range, and is autonomous.

Multiperiod refinery optimization for mitigating the impact of process unit shutdowns

Process unit shutdowns, whether planned or unplanned, disrupt the normal operation of process plants. The negative impact of such disruptions can often be mitigated by the strategic use of material inventories, coupled with redistribution of material flows. In this paper, an optimization framework is proposed for a multiperiod refinery planning model in which a system of inventory tanks is used to mitigate the impact of process unit shutdowns. An economic objective is optimized over a planning horizon, subject to operating, design, and product quality constraints. Two formulation paradigms are considered - an operating problem in which optimal material flow trajectories are determined in response to a shutdown scenario, and a retrofit design problem in which the optimal location and sizing of inventory tanks are determined, the latter formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming problem. The utility of the formulation to shutdown planning is shown through case studies of the operational and design problems applied to a simple refinery scheme.

Assessment of Chemical Retention of Riparian Area (Thaulla) in a Small Tank: A Study in Kankanam Tank, Weeraketiya, Sri Lanka

The agriculture sector in Sri Lanka utilizes a considerable amount of land cover (27,400 km2), allowing a significant contribution to the national economy. Most of these agricultural fields are cultivated via irrigation schemes, especially in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, which receives limited rainfall throughout the year. In ancient days, communities in these areas used their techniques to develop tanks as a strategy to store and conserve the rainwater. The riparian area or “Thaulla” located in the upper peripheral region of the tank, is one of the basic and vital components that help filter nutrient pollutants and sediments in the water inflow of the tank. This study aimed to assess the chemical retention of Thaulla in a small tank viz. Kankanam tank, located in Hambantota District in Sri Lanka. The extent in the Thaulla area of the selected tank is about 2,185.3 m2. Surface soil (0-30 cm) samples from eleven locations within the Thaulla area and water samples from three tank locations were collected randomly. As the control, typical soil samples near the sampling site were collected. These samples were tested using standard methods for nine parameters: pH, EC, NO3--N, NH4+-N, Total N, P, Na, K, and Ca. ArcMap Software prepared a spatial distribution map for each parameter to identify their spatial variations in the studied area. Results revealed that concentrations of nutrients in Thaulla area were high compared to the typical soil and water in the tank indicating that it was highly contributed to retaining chemicals such as P (29.88 ppm), Ca (447.55 ppm), Na (5.14 ppm), and K (4.17 ppm). According to the spatial variation, it was noted that various external sources around the tank influenced the nutrient retention in the Thaulla area. The nutrient retention was high in the areas, closer to the landfills, paddy fields, and leachate canals. Further, the functionality of the Thaulla area as a constructed wetland could be identified. The tank water quality was satisfied with the tested parameters and in accordance with the irrigation water quality guidelines. Therefore, the Thaulla/riparian area is an important component of a tank allowing substantial chemical retention to control the pollution of water in the tank. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the seasonal variation of the chemical retention in Thaulla area.
 Keywords: Constructed wetland, Riparian area, Small tank, Soil parameters, Water quality parameters

Determination of Fatigue Life and Failure Location of Vehicle Cylindrical LPG Fuel Tanks

Abstract This study addresses the determination of the fatigue life and its failure locations of the vehicle cylindrical LPG fuel tanks using both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) methods. The experimental investigations performed as an accelerated fatigue tests are carried out using a hydraulics test unit in which the cylinders are internally pressurized by hydraulic oil. The LPG cylinders are subjected to repeated cyclic pressure varying from zero to service pressure of the tank. The FEA modeling of these tanks are developed in three dimensional (3D) using non-uniform geometrical parameters and nonlinear material properties. These models are also subjected to zero-based high cycle fatigue pressure load considering the stress life approach. The FEA modeling process is also simulated in non-homogeneous material conditions. Therefore, the fatigue life performance and failure location of the cylindrical LPG fuel tanks are predicted and compared to the experimental results.

Elevated tanks effect on transient pressures: case study

Abstract Elevated tanks are an integral part of the water supply networks. This paper highlights the effect of elevated tanks' location and size on the transient pressures resulting from the sudden failure of pumps. A comparison between the impact of elevated tanks and air vessels on the water hammer was also performed. The Bentley HAMMER model was first validated then applied to analyze the unsteady flow within an actual distribution network. The results display that the elevated tanks have a considerable effect on the surge pressures, where they improve the extreme pressures effectively at and around them, but they cannot fully protect the system from the water hammer risks, as there are still relatively large negative pressures at some distant junctions. Besides, as the tank capacity increases, the surge pressures increase slightly. In our case study, the best location of the elevated tank is at the network extremity and then at the pumping stations, since the minimum pressures improve by 67 and 54%, respectively. Although the present case study may differ from other supply systems, the obtained results can provide an indication of the elevated tanks' role in alleviating undesirable water hammer effects.

Modelling larval haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and cod Gadus morhua densities and mortality rates in hatchery mesocosms

The numbers and instantaneous mortality rate Z of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and cod Gadus morhua larvae in a hatchery from 0 to 50 days post hatch (dph) were estimated directly and non-destructively. A small mesh plankton net was raised vertically in the water column from the tank base to the water surface and larvae were examined and counted. Using this direct sampling method Z was assessed through the larval period. A semi-log plot described the relationship of larval numbers on time. The Z of M. aeglefinus larvae from 0 to 50 dph was consistent between tanks, from 11.2 to 14.8% d−1 in seven rearing tanks sampled, with a common regression coefficient of 12.7%. The Z was lower for the period 10–50 dph, from 5.5 to 11.8% d−1 with a calculated common slope for all tanks giving a Z of 9.6%. Restricted data for G. morhua suggested lower mortality of Z of 7.8% d−1 from 0 to 50 dph with 4.2% solely for the period 10 to 50 dph. Avoidance of the net sampler by larvae was generally not recorded until >50 dph. The Z in both M. aeglefinus and G. morhua larvae was similar to Z calculated for these species in sea fisheries surveys. Advantages of the technique for estimating Z in hatchery mesocosms and examining causes and timing of larval mortality are discussed. Care in sampling larvae without removal from water, minimizing tank disturbance by sampling after tank cleaning, sampling across tank locations, and thorough disinfection of sampling nets are essential.

Application of MCLP and LINGO methods to optimal design of groundwater monitoring network in an oil refinery site

Abstract Groundwater-monitoring network is a set of boreholes (wells) that is used to monitor the water table fluctuation and to detect groundwater contamination. In this research, the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) method is employed to discretize the area, and the LINGO modeling program is used to optimize the number of boreholes. Tabriz oil refinery at the northwest of Iran with high pollution potential that imposes a serious threat to the beneath multilayered aquifer was chosen to evaluate the feasibility of these techniques in field scale. The location and content of storage tanks, leakage history, groundwater flow direction, contaminated well location and the facilities leakage potential are considered as the weighting factors to calculate the number and location of the optimal wells. As a result of optimization, the initial estimated number of boreholes by the MCLP model for the study area is reduced from 349 to 184. A high density of optimal boreholes is allocated to refining zone and oil storing yard, especially near tanks containing dangerous substances due to their toxicity and potential for contaminating water. A vulnerability zoning map prepared using the analytical hierarchy process method indicates a suitable conformation between locations of the boreholes and the vulnerable areas.

Reducing Flood Risk in Changing Environments: Optimal Location and Sizing of Stormwater Tanks Considering Climate Change

In recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency of urban floods as a result of three determinant factors: the reduction in systems’ capacity due to aging, a changing environment that has resulted in alterations in the hydrological cycle, and the reduction of the permeability of watersheds due to urban growth. Due to this, a question that every urban area must answer is: Are we ready to face these new challenges? The renovation of all the pipes that compose the drainage system is not a feasible solution, and, therefore, the use of new solutions is an increasing trend, leading to a new operational paradigm where water is stored in the system and released at a controlled rate. Hence, technologies, such as stormwater tanks, are being implemented in different cities. This research sought to understand how Climate Change would affect future precipitation, and based on the results, applied two different approaches to determine the optimal location and sizing of storage units, through the application of the Simulated Annealing and Pseudo-Genetic Algorithms. In this process, a strong component of computational modeling was applied in order to allow the optimization algorithms to efficiently reach near-optimal solutions. These approaches were tested in two stormwater networks at Bogotá, Colombia, considering three different rainfall scenarios.

DESIGN OF AUTOPILOT TANK PROTOTYPE MONITORING SYSTEM ON GROUND STATION USING GOOGLE MAPS

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelago countries in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to safeguard the vital object especially within the border area of the (NKRI). The unmanned tank rides are one of the rides that can be used as combat rides on the battlefield in maintaining security and sovereignty (NKRI). Utilization of unmanned tank rides on the durability and defence functions of the nation can minimize casualties. In realizing the control system and monitoring of unmanned tank rides using the design build Monitoring system Autopilot Prototype Tank on the Ground Station using Google Maps. In this design defines the needs of the system on the ground station. The need for electronic maps to display the location of the prototype tanks on the system interface, using one of the Gmap.net program libraries or libraries that can be integrated with the C# programming language. The need for data transactions through UART, using the library or series of communication program libraries for this need. The need for prototype tank location indicator and waypoint location in the form of marker on map, using one of Gmap Marker function from library or program library Gmap.net. The need to describe a straight line between waypoint points, using the polyline function of the Gmap.net library or program library. The need to describe the area on the waypoint, using the circle function of the Gmap.net library or program library. Autopilot control of the prototype tanks that have been performed can be done well using Visual Studio 2012 programming. Monitoring system on the interface of the system that is made shows the system can run well, with the results of the system can display prototype travel to every waypoint made.
 
 Keywords: Visual Studio 2012, Gmap.net, Prototype, Autopilot.

An optimal design strategy of decentralized storage tank locations for multi-objective control of initial rainwater quality

Abstract In recent years, frequent non-point source pollution has raised serious challenges for urban water environmental management. The efficiency and cost of water quality storage tanks, which can prevent and control urban pollution effectively, are significantly affected by their locations. However, few studies have determined the location of decentralized storage tanks with consideration of the characteristics of initial rainwater quality, which has led to unsatisfactory or extravagant design. Therefore, a new design strategy is proposed to optimize the locations of water quality storage tanks using the InfoWorks ICM model in this study. It includes two basic steps. Firstly, the pollution severity of each node in the corresponding subcatchment is evaluated and ranked through the matter element analysis method and analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, all the nodes are precisely sorted by their excessive multiples using the single factor index method. Its application in the design of the decentralized storage tank locations in Fuzhou, China, proved that the proposed strategy can reduce the total volume of decentralized storage tanks to 0.38 times that of a terminal tank. The strategy presented in this study may also be useful in other research on storage tank design in urban pollution prevention and control systems.