Location Of Storage Tanks Research Articles

Retrieval of dominant methane (CH4) emission sources, the first high-resolution (1–2 m) dataset of storage tanks of China in 2000–2021

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a significant greenhouse gas in exacerbating climate change. Approximately 25 % of CH4 is emitted from storage tanks. It is crucial to spatially explore the CH4 emission patterns from storage tanks for efficient strategy proposals to mitigate climate change. However, due to the lack of publicly accessible storage tank locations and distributions, it is difficult to ascertain the CH4 emission spatial pattern over a large-scale area. To address this problem, we generated a storage tank dataset (STD) by implementing a deep learning model with manual refinement based on 4403 high-spatial-resolution images (1–2 m) from the Gaofen-1, Gaofen-2, Gaofen-6, and Ziyuan-3 satellites over city regions in China with officially reported numerous storage tanks in 2021. STD is the first storage tank dataset for over 92 typical city regions in China. The dataset can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10514151 (Chen et al., 2024). It provides a detailed georeferenced inventory of 14 461 storage tanks wherein each storage tank is validated and assigned the construction year (2000–2021) by visual interpretation of the collected high-spatial-resolution images, historical high-spatial-resolution images of Google Earth, and field survey. The inventory comprises storage tanks with various distribution patterns in different city regions. Spatial consistency analysis with the CH4 emission product shows good agreement with storage tank distributions. The intensive construction of storage tanks significantly induces CH4 emissions from 2005 to 2020, underscoring the need for more robust measures to curb CH4 release and aid in climate change mitigation efforts. Our proposed dataset, STD, will foster the accurate estimation of CH4 released from storage tanks for CH4 control and reduction and ensure more efficient treatment strategies are proposed to better understand the impact of storage tanks on the environment, ecology, and human settlements.

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Biogas Plant with Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Technology

Biogas-fed proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) plants offer a sustainable energy solution, but their operation can pose significant hazards and risks. Ensuring the safety of these plants is paramount, especially given the potential for fires, explosions, and chemical exposures. This study evaluated hazards and risks in biogasfed proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) plants using six analytical methods: Dow's fire and explosion index (FEI), Dow's chemical expo-sure index (CEI), Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), Risk Matrix Analysis (RMA), Bayesian Network (BN) and ALOHA® software hazard modelling. The FEI analysis revealed that the anaerobic digester and bio-gas storage tank exhibited severe hazards (FEI =170), thereby signifying the highest risks within the plant. CEI analysis revealed the spread of the highest hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration up to 129 meters from the anaerobic digester and storage tank location. Further assessment was conducted, calculating risk values using the RMA and performing additional HAZOP analysis specifically for these units. The results confirmed similar risk levels (4-20) between the units, except for a higher explosion risk in the storage tank. The novelty of this research lies in the application of Bayesian Network (BN) analysis. In addition to assessing the hazards associated with PEMFC, our BN analysis reveals that the risk of fire attributed to PEMFC ranges between 10% and 18%, while the risk of explosion falls within the range of 3% to 17%. Based on the hierarchy control concept, several effective mitigation controls were proposed to enhance the safety of biogas-fed PEMFC plants. In future research, a deeper exploration of human error and equipment malfunctions within hazard modelling is crucial for a more precise hazard assessment.

Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank Virtual Crashworthiness Design Exploration for Civil Aircraft

Civil aviation industry is researching for alternative fuel energy sources to substitute current hydrocarbon-based aviation fuels. Carbon free emissions flights could be achieved with fuels like Hydrogen either through combustion or via electricity producing fuel cells. It is of great importance to explore the airframe designs to house Hydrogen in its cryogenic liquified state. The objective of the study herein was to provide a conceptual qualitative analysis related to the crashworthiness behaviour of civil aircraft carrying liquid Hydrogen fuel storage tanks. The design parameters of interest were the storage tank location in the airframe, the structural energy absorption following crash landing scenarios and the structural deformation of the structure surrounding the tanks, penetrating the survival space of the occupants. Several structural design arrangements were proposed and compared. Simulation results indicated that the optimal location for the fuel storage greatly depends on the actual aircraft layout as well as on the future civil aircraft airworthiness requirements that are still under development for that type of fuel energy source.

Assessing the sustainability of olive mill wastewater storage tank locations in Tunisia

Assessing the sustainability of olive mill wastewater storage tank locations in Tunisia

An optimal design strategy of decentralized storage tank locations for multi-objective control of initial rainwater quality

Abstract In recent years, frequent non-point source pollution has raised serious challenges for urban water environmental management. The efficiency and cost of water quality storage tanks, which can prevent and control urban pollution effectively, are significantly affected by their locations. However, few studies have determined the location of decentralized storage tanks with consideration of the characteristics of initial rainwater quality, which has led to unsatisfactory or extravagant design. Therefore, a new design strategy is proposed to optimize the locations of water quality storage tanks using the InfoWorks ICM model in this study. It includes two basic steps. Firstly, the pollution severity of each node in the corresponding subcatchment is evaluated and ranked through the matter element analysis method and analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, all the nodes are precisely sorted by their excessive multiples using the single factor index method. Its application in the design of the decentralized storage tank locations in Fuzhou, China, proved that the proposed strategy can reduce the total volume of decentralized storage tanks to 0.38 times that of a terminal tank. The strategy presented in this study may also be useful in other research on storage tank design in urban pollution prevention and control systems.

Mathematical modeling of large floating roof reservoir temperature arena

Abstract The current study is a simplification of related components of large floating roof tank and modeling for three dimensional temperature field of large floating roof tank. The heat transfer involves its transfer between the hot fluid in the oil tank, between the hot fluid and the tank wall and between the tank wall and the external environment. The mathematical model of heat transfer and flow of oil in the tank simulates the temperature field of oil in tank. Oil temperature field of large floating roof tank is obtained by numerical simulation, map the curve of central temperature dynamics with time and analyze axial and radial temperature of storage tank. It determines the distribution of low temperature storage tank location based on the thickness of the reservoir temperature. Finally, it compared the calculated results and the field test data; eventually validated the calculated results based on the experimental results.

Optimization of storage tank locations in an urban stormwater drainage system using a two-stage approach

Storage is important for flood mitigation and non-point source pollution control. However, to seek a cost-effective design scheme for storage tanks is very complex. This paper presents a two-stage optimization framework to find an optimal scheme for storage tanks using storm water management model (SWMM). The objectives are to minimize flooding, total suspended solids (TSS) load and storage cost. The framework includes two modules: (i) the analytical module, which evaluates and ranks the flooding nodes with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) using two indicators (flood depth and flood duration), and then obtains the preliminary scheme by calculating two efficiency indicators (flood reduction efficiency and TSS reduction efficiency); (ii) the iteration module, which obtains an optimal scheme using a generalized pattern search (GPS) method based on the preliminary scheme generated by the analytical module. The proposed approach was applied to a catchment in CZ city, China, to test its capability in choosing design alternatives. Different rainfall scenarios are considered to test its robustness. The results demonstrate that the optimal framework is feasible, and the optimization is fast based on the preliminary scheme. The optimized scheme is better than the preliminary scheme for reducing runoff and pollutant loads under a given storage cost. The multi-objective optimization framework presented in this paper may be useful in finding the best scheme of storage tanks or low impact development (LID) controls.

Cost-effective rainwater harvesting system in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Expected population growth will result in increasing water demand. The consequences could potentially jeopardise water resource availability especially in urban areas and significantly increase costs. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can aid not only in meeting water demand partially, but also doing so in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner than other techniques. Although the reduction of environmental burdens is fairly obvious, the question for urban planners and consumers remains: are RWH systems economically feasible? This paper investigates cost-effectiveness of eight different scenarios in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. To do so, monetary investment is quantified to provide rainwater for laundry purposes. Results indicate that high density scenarios are financially the most suitable choices (higher net present value and shorter payback time) given that: more users mean more savings from laundry additive consumption. Further studies should consider which are the variables that have a greater effect on the financial appraisal. Similar to inflation rate, specific attention should be paid to the costs associated with the storage tank location. Included on the savings side should be the no tap water consumption effect on the water bill, along with special attention to tap water prices in the area of study.

Determination of storage tanks location for optimal short-term scheduling in multipurpose/multiproduct batch-continuous plants under uncertainties

A multipurpose/multiproduct plant has to deal with many combinations of tasks sequences and operation rates that lead to accumulation problems. These problems can be handled using storage tanks, but usually their location within the flowsheet is predetermined and not subject to optimization, missing the opportunity to better satisfy the customers. In this work we will determinate the optimal location of storage tanks for the short-term scheduling under uncertainty. A hybrid simulation-based optimization (SBO) strategy was developed and implemented to solve the problems combining stochastic and deterministic solution algorithms.

Development of an integrated simulation model for treatment and distribution of reclaimed water

Research is currently being conducted as part of the AQUAREC project, with the objective being the development and validation of design principles for water reuse systems. To achieve the project objective, simulation and optimisation software for integrated water reuse systems need to be developed. A water reuse system is likely to have many possible design options: type and degree of treatment, number and location of treatment plants, number and location of pumps/pumping stations, number, size and location of storage tanks, layout and size of distribution pipe network. These elements are all linked, to give multiple interactions and a very large number of design combinations. A hydraulic/process simulation model has been developed and is described, which will be used in combination with an integrated optimisation engine to allow a range of design possibilities to be explored. The model includes a computational module for wastewater treatment trains, a computational/optimisation module for reclaimed water distribution system, and a knowledge base. The computational modules are used to calculate the performance of userdefined reuse system alternatives, utilizing the information contained in the knowledge base that includes rules for generation of treatment trains, design, cost and evaluation criteria information.

Elevated Soil Arsenic Levels at a Former Crude Oil Storage Facility-Assessment, Remediation, and Possible Sources

Surface and near-surface soil arsenic levels were measured at a former crude oil storage facility within the greater Los Angeles area of Southern California. Arsenic was present in soil within some portions of the site at concentrations defined as being hazardous by both the State of California and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The elevated soil total arsenic concentrations ranged from about 30 to 2300 mg/kg and generally occurred in, and adjacent to, the former washing and storage tank locations and along piping runs. In contrast, background concentrations of arsenic in soil at the site ranged from less than the analytical method detection limits (0.5 mg/kg) to approximately 8.0 mg/kg. The elevated soil arsenic concentrations are believed to be the result of the use of arsenical corrosion inhibitors within production wells and possibly the use of arsenical biocides in washing and skimmer tanks. Flow lines from production wells within the oil field to the crude oil storage facility contained crude oil and produced (formation) water. Arsenical corrosion inhibitors placed into the oil wells may have flowed with the crude oil/produced-water streams into the washing and skimmer tanks. Over the course of approximately 55 years of operation, tankage and piping leaks at the facility may have contributed to the elevated soil arsenic concentrations encountered at the site. A site-specific cleanup goal of 22 mg/kg total arsenic was established by the regulatory agency with oversight for the site. Remediation of the arsenic-impacted soil was accomplished by excavation and on site treatment using a chemical fixation process. Confirmatory samples collected after the fixation process was completed verified that the treatment reduced the concentrations of arsenic that could by leached from the soil to nonhazardous levels. The treated soil was subsequently transported offsite to an asphalt recycling facility for incorporation into asphalt paving products.

Alternatives in the optimal allocation of intermediate storage tank in multiproduct batch plants

Optimal allocation of intermediate storage tanks is an important issue in a batch plant to reduce its cost. In this work the design of multiproduct batch plant is analyzed. The proposed model considers simultaneously the possibility of having parallel units and intermediate storage tanks. The location of the storage tanks can be variable for each product. The problem is modeled as a MINLP (Mixed Integer Non Linear Program). This approach is compared to the one proposed by Ravemark (1995) where the intermediate storage tank location is the same for every product in the batch plant. Finally the results obtained in the execution of several examples are presented.