Location Of Apical Foramina Research Articles

Location and shape of the apical foramina in posterior teeth: an in-vitro analysis.

To analyze the morphology of shapes and positions of the apical foramina in permanent maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Examination of the apical foramina was performed with a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 10×. The anatomic parameters evaluated were the shapes of the peripheral contours of the apical foramina (rounded, oval, asymmetric, and semilunar). The location of the apical foramen was recorded as a center, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal surface. Results have shown that the frequency of deviation was 68% in all teeth being assessed, while the most frequent location of the apical foramen was in the center, with 32% followed by distal with 18%. The common shape of apical foramina was round shape in all the teeth. The variation in the location and shapes of apical foramina in teeth. The commonest deviation in location of apical foramina was distal and the frequent shape was of a round shape.

A Micro-Computed Tomography Study of the Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular First Premolars in an Emirati Population

Objective: To investigate variations in the root canal morphology of mandibular first premolars in a population from the United Arab Emirates using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and conventional radiography. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional images of 50 extracted human mandibular first premolars were produced using a micro-CT scanner, and conventional radiography was also used to record the number of roots, the root canal system configuration, the presence of a C-shaped canal system and lateral canals, intercanal communications, and the number and location of apical foramina. The interpretations of micro-CT and conventional radiography were statistically analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: Variable root canal configurations based on Vertucci's classification were observed in the teeth (i.e., types I, III, IV, V, and VII). The examined teeth exhibited the following 2 additional root canal configurations, which did not fit Vertucci's classification: type 1-2-3 and type 1-3. A C-shaped canal configuration was present in 14 (28%) cases, and lateral canals were present in 22 (44%) cases. Apical deltas were found in 25 (50%) cases, intercanal communications were seen in 6 (12%) cases, and apical loops were seen in 2 (4%) of the samples. Micro-CT and X-ray imaging identified 39 (78%) and 34 (68%) apical foramina, respectively. A single apical foramen was detected in 33 (66%) samples, and 2 or 3 apical foramina were detected in 14 (28 %) and 3 (6%) samples, respectively. In 18.5 (37%) samples the apical foramina were located centrally, and in 31 (62%) they were located laterally. Conclusion: A complex morphology of the mandibular first premolars was observed with a high prevalence of multiple root canal systems.

Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular Premolars in North Indian Population Using Tooth Clearing Technique – An In Vitro Study

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in Northern region of India using adecalcification and clearing technique. Method: Three hundred extracted human mandibular premolars, collected from dental clinics within North India were selected for this study. Following pulp tissue removal, India ink was injected into the root canals and the teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. Cleared teeth were examined under 5X magnification and the following features were evaluated: (i) number and type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals and; (iii) location of apical foramina. Results: 84.2% of the specimens exhibited Type I canal pattern. Type VIII was not observed in any of the specimens. The lateral canals were in the apical third in 78.7% of the specimens followed by middle third in 16.5% and the cervical third in 4.7%. 82.7%of the specimens showed lateral position of the apical foramen. Conclusion: Mandibular premolar teeth present a wide variety of radicular features, with one root and one canal being found in majority of the cases. An accurate knowlegde of the morphology of the root canal is essential for proper diagnosis and successful treatment of endodontic cases.

Morphologic characteristics of root canal of mandibular incisors in North-East Indian population: An in vitro study

Aim:To aim of this study is to investigate the root canal characteristics of mandibular incisors in a North East Indian population using a canal staining and tooth-clearing technique.Materials and Methods:Four hundred and eighty extracted mandibular incisors, collected from dental clinics within North East India were selected for this study. Following pulp tissue removal, the teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. After staining of the canal systems with India ink, cleared teeth were examined under 5X magnification and the following features were evaluated: (i) number and type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications; (iii) location of apical foramina; and, (iv) Bifurcation of canals.Results:The majority of mandibular incisors had a single canal (63.75% of teeth possessed a Type I canal system). Although 36.25% of the roots possessed two canals, only 6.25% had two separate apical foramina.Conclusions:The prevalence of two canals in this group (of North East Indians) of mandibular incisors was 36.25% and is within the range of previous studies performed on populations of different racial origin.

Root Form and Canal Morphology of Jordanian Maxillary First Premolars

This study was conducted to investigate root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars in a Jordanian population. Six hundred maxillary first premolars were collected, stained, and decalcified. Cleared teeth were examined and the following features were evaluated: (1) number of roots, (2) presence of furcation grooves, (3) location of apical foramina, (4) number and types of root canal, (5) number of lateral canals and isthmi, and (6) frequency of apical deltas. Of the six hundred maxillary first premolars 30.8% has one root, 63.2% has two, and 5.2% has bifid roots. Concerning root canal morphology, 79.7% had two canals with two separate apical foramina, whereas 3.3% of the teeth possessed type I canal systems. All two rooted maxillary first premolars showed furcation groove in the buccal roots. Maxillary first premolars are mainly two rooted and mostly have two canals. The presence of furcation groove should be kept in mind during both endodontic and prosthodontic procedures.

Root form and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Jordanian population

To investigate the root canal anatomy of mandibular premolars in a Jordanian population. Nine hundred extracted mandibular premolars were examined. After the length of the teeth was measured, the presence of developmental grooves and furcated roots was noted. Following the preparation of access cavities, pulp tissue was removed and the canal systems were stained. The teeth were then rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate. Cleared teeth were examined and the following features were evaluated: (i) type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals; transverse anastomosis; (iii) location of apical foramina; and (iv) frequency of apical deltas. The mean lengths of first and second mandibular premolars were 22.6 mm (18-27.5 mm) and 22.2 mm (16-26.5 mm), respectively. Although the majority of the specimens corresponded to Vertucci's classification scheme, analysis of this large data set revealed four additional root canal morphologies. Variable root canal morphologies were found in the mandibular first premolars; two separate apical foramina were found in 33% of the teeth with two canals, compared to 6.2% with one apical foramen. Teeth with three separate apical foramina were scarce (2.2%). The majority of the mandibular second premolars had a single canal; 72% of teeth possessed type I canal systems, whilst 22.8% of the roots had two canals with two separate apical foramina. The prevalence of multiple canals in the investigated Jordanian mandibular premolars was high, especially for the second mandibular premolar, in comparison with previous studies performed on populations of different racial origin.

Root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in a Jordanian population

To investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in a Jordanian population using a canal staining and tooth-clearing technique. Four hundred and fifty extracted mandibular incisors were collected from dental clinics within north Jordan. Following pulp tissue removal and staining of the canal systems, the teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. Cleared teeth were examined by eye and the following features were evaluated: (i) number and type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications; (iii) location of apical foramina; and (iv) frequency of apical deltas. The majority of mandibular incisors had a single canal (73.8% of teeth possessed a Type I canal system). Although 26.2% of the roots possessed two canals, only 8.7% had two separate apical foramina. The prevalence of two canals in this group of mandibular incisors was 26.2% and is within the range of previous studies performed on populations of different racial origin.

Root canal morphology of maxillary premolars

The objective of this study was to investigate further internal anatomy of maxillary premolars. Six hundred recently extracted maxillary first and second premolar teeth were used in this study. One-half of the teeth were maxillary first premolars, the other half were maxillary second premolars. The teeth were stored in 10% formalin solution, and a standard clearing technique was applied with some modifications. Finally, ink-dyed root canal systems were evaluated by a dissecting light microscope. Each tooth was examined as to the number of roots and root canals and their types, ramifications of the main root canals, and location of apical foramina and transverse anastomoses. Examination of the root canal systems of the teeth was based on Vertucci's classification. The incidence of type I canals (one canal) for the maxillary first premolars was 8.66%, whereas 89.64% of the total samples demonstrated two canals (from type II to type VII). Only 1.66% of maxillary first premolars were type VIII or type IX (three canals). Regarding maxillary second premolars, the incidence of type I (one canal) was 48.66%, whereas it was 50.64% for type II to type VII (two canals). Type VIII (three canals) was found in 0.66% of the total sample.

Root canal morphology of mandibular incisors

In this study, 100 mandibular central and lateral incisors were used to determine the number of root canals and their types, the ramifications of the root canal, the location of apical foramina, and the frequency of apical deltas. The teeth were immersed in India ink, decalcified, and cleared. The examination of root canal systems of the teeth was based on Vertucci's classification. Two more root canal types which are not defined in that classification have also been determined and grouped as new types.

Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth

Two thousand four hundred human permanent teeth were decalcified, injected with dye, and cleared in order to determine the number of root canals and their different types, the ramifications of the main root canals, the location of apical foramina and transverse anastomoses, and the frequency of apical deltas.

Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars

Four hundred mandibular first premolars and 400 mandibular second premolars were decalcified, injected with dye, and made transparent to determine the number of root canals, their type, the ramifications of the main root canal, the location of apical foramina and transverse anastomoses, and the frequency of apical deltas. The mandibular first premolar had one canal at the apex in 74.0% of the teeth, two canals at the apex in 25.5%, and three canals at the apex in 0.5% of the teeth. The mandibular second premolar had one canal at the apex in 97.5% and two canals at the apex in 2.5% of the teeth.