Location-based AR Research Articles

How Do Location-Based AR Games Enhance Value Co-Creation Experiences at Cultural Heritage Sites? A Process Perspective Analysis

The sustainable development of tourism in cultural heritage sites benefits from the active participation of tourists in the co-creation process. Location-based AR games show great potential in tourists’ participation in creation and positive experiences. This study explores the relationship between the stage factors of the co-creation experience and the overall co-creation. Combining the service-dominant logic and process perspective of value co-creation theory, this research proposes a conceptual framework for co-creating experiences in cultural heritage tourism using augmented reality technology through two studies. In the first phase of the study, quantitative research was conducted on 256 visitors to measure the impact of factors in the three processes of pre-co-creation experience, on-site experience, and post-co-creation experience on the overall co-creation experience. In the study’s second phase, follow-up qualitative interviews were conducted based on multiple linear regression analysis results to expand the interpretation of the relationship and importance of factors affecting the co-creation experience process. The results show that psychological engagement, awareness, knowledge, and social relations during pre-visitation help enhance the overall co-creation experience. In contrast, the overall co-creation experience is enriched by real-time storytelling, interaction, and emotional resonance in both on-site and post-experience processes. The proposal of this framework model advances the discussion of augmented reality technology and co-creation experience to the empirical level. It provides a basis for further tourism co-creation experience design practice.

What Factors Impact Visitors’ Intentions to Use Location-Based AR Games? An Empirical Study from Chinese Cultural Heritage Sites

Location-based AR games have been discussed as a promising means of providing visitors with meaningful experiences at cultural heritage sites, with great potential to enhance users’ positive emotions and well-being. This research created a conceptual model to empirically evaluate the impact of location-based AR games on the experiential intentions of cultural heritage sites based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The model was empirically validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) on 260 visitors who had played location-based AR games at several Chinese cultural heritage sites. The results suggested that visitors’ positive emotions (fulfillment, enjoyment, and self-existence) in location-based AR games positively impact the intention to use location-based AR games. Further, this study demonstrated that competence, relatedness, immersion, presence, interaction existence, emotional existence, and social existence significantly impact tourists’ positive emotional experience. The findings of this study help to complement the application of positive-affect expansion and building theory to the field of cultural heritage research while providing practical insights into the experience of cultural heritage sites.

BiodivAR: A Cartographic Authoring Tool for the Visualization of Geolocated Media in Augmented Reality

Location-based augmented reality technology for real-world, outdoor experiences is rapidly gaining in popularity in a variety of fields such as engineering, education, and gaming. By anchoring medias to geographic coordinates, it is possible to design immersive experiences remotely, without necessitating an in-depth knowledge of the context. However, the creation of such experiences typically requires complex programming tools that are beyond the reach of mainstream users. We introduce BiodivAR, a web cartographic tool for the authoring of location-based AR experiences. Developed using a user-centered design methodology and open-source interoperable web technologies, it is the second iteration of an effort that started in 2016. It is designed to meet needs defined through use cases co-designed with end users and enables the creation of custom geolocated points of interest. This approach enabled substantial progress over the previous iteration. Its reliance on geolocation data to anchor augmented objects relative to the user’s position poses a set of challenges: On mobile devices, GNSS accuracy typically lies between 1 m and 30 m. Due to its impact on the anchoring, this lack of accuracy can have deleterious effects on usability. We conducted a comparative user test using the application in combination with two different geolocation data types (GNSS versus RTK). While the test’s results are undergoing analysis, we hereby present a methodology for the assessment of our system’s usability based on the use of eye-tracking devices, geolocated traces and events, and usability questionnaires.

Using Metacognitive Tools to Enhance Learning Performance Under the Real-Time Location-Based AR Environment

Using Metacognitive Tools to Enhance Learning Performance Under the Real-Time Location-Based AR Environment

A Literature Analysis of Consumer Privacy Protection in Augmented Reality Applications in Creative and Cultural Industries: A Text Mining Study

Digital reality technologies (such as AR, VR, and MR) have recently become a key component of promoting creative and cultural industries (CCIs) worldwide to transform static cultural heritage exhibits into more engaging, entertaining, and immersive experiences. These technologies present an exciting example of studying how consumers would respond to the potential invasion of privacy due to these technologies. This literature review study mainly focuses on one essential branch of CCIs: museums and their applications of digital reality technologies. Because many of these location-based AR applications by museums are inherently sensitive to users’ locational information, there is also a rising concern of the potential infringement of personal privacy (RQ1). A thorough examination of existing literature on how consumers respond to privacy concerns related to the museum’s AR applications will help uncover how scholars have approached and studied these crucial issues in the literature (RQ2). Unlike traditional literature review analyses, we employed a text mining of retrieved 715 studies articles from Business Source Complete and Engineering Village (E.I.) databases to answer our two research questions. Our study found that privacy and user(s) /visitor(s) has dramatically increased since 2017, echoing the rising concerns of other privacy-invasive technologies. Most notably, key phrases extracted from the literature corpus include “security and privacy,” “privacy and security,” “privacy risks,” “privacy concerns,” “privacy issues,” “user privacy,” “location privacy,” “privacy protection,” and “privacy preserving” that are most pertinent to the rapid implementation of AR technology in the museum sector. Discussions and implications are provided.

Possibility of using location-based AR interactive content : Focusing on the case of Hanyang Dosung

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 위치 기반 AR 인터랙티브 콘텐츠의 활용 사례를 기반으로 융합형 문화예술콘텐츠의 결합의 가능성을 모색해 보고자 한다. AR 기술적 발전을 현재도 진화되고 있기 때문에 융합적 결합의 질적 향상을 위한 실증적인 연구는 지속적으로 필요하다. 이를 통하여 향후 융합관광콘텐츠로 미래지향적 대안적 사례로 제시하고자 한다. 방법: 본 연구는 AR 기반 인터랙티브 콘텐츠를 한양도성의 혜화문을 이미지 매칭 기반 AR 기술을 활용하여 GPS 기반으로 혜화문을 탐방하여 체험할 수 있도록 구현하였다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 사례를 통하여 실질적으로 구현될 수 있도록 융합적 접근 내용을 기술하였다. 결과: 한양도성을 바탕으로 한 AR 기반 융합형 문화예술콘텐츠를 결과적으로 체험할 수 있는 구체적인 콘텐츠로 구현하였다. GPS 기반 위치를 인식할 수 있으며 선택된 지점에서 대상을 판단할 수 있는 이미지 인식을 통하여 대상성을 사용자가 생각해 볼 수 있도록 구성하였다. 현실과 가상의 세계가 사용자에 의하여 실제 공간 속에서 역사적 대상의 시간성을 체험할 수 있는 콘텐츠로 구현하였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통하여 역사적 장소와 대상을 단순히 바라보는 탐방 유형에서 사용자의 경험을 통하여 대상을 역사를 새롭게 인식하고 공감할 수 있는 콘텐츠를 통하여 향후 융합형 문화예술콘텐츠의 차별화된 시도로 제시하고자 한다.

The impact of user perceptions of AR on purchase intention of location-based AR navigation systems

As new AR supported products such as location-based AR navigation systems become available in the consumer market, it is particularly important to understand how user perceptions of AR can be optimized to enhance customer satisfaction and increase purchase intention of these products. However, little research has addressed this gap in the literature so far. Therefore, this study developed a theoretical framework including user perceptions of AR, experience, satisfaction and purchase intention employing experience economy theory. This study's main theoretical contribution is that three user perceptions of AR – spatial ability (sensory domain), sense of presence (feeling domain), and conceptual understanding (cognitive domain) – were found to be key antecedents of consumers' intention to purchase location-based AR navigation systems through the mediation of educational, entertainment, aesthetic, and escape experience. The findings have important implications for future development of location-based AR systems.

Determinants of intention to play Pokémon Go

This paper examines the influence of personal and game factors on gamers' perceived values, drawing from the Theory of Consumption Value (TCV), explores the impacts of values on the Pokémon Go (PG) adoption, and identifies differences between two consumer groups. A sample of 474 (215 PG non-players and 259 PG players) was collected and analysed. Game aesthetics increase all perceived values of both groups. Game aesthetics and innovativeness have no direct impact on gamers' intention to play. Emotional value and functional value are crucial for their behavioural intention. Social value is important for non-players, while conditional value influences players' intentions. This study contributes to the expansion of the TCV in mobile location-based AR game adoption and reveals the insights of players' and non-players’ value perceptions. It is one of the first studies investigating the TCV factors, antecedents, and consequence in the mobile AR game literature.

스마트폰을 이용한 위치정보기반 AR 시스템에서의 부정합 현상 최소화를 위한 기법

스마트폰을 이용한 위치정보기반 AR 시스템에서의 부정합 현상 최소화를 위한 기법