Location Of Gallbladder Research Articles

Left or right is right? Ectopic gallbladder

Ectopic gallbladder (GB) is a rare entity with an incidence of <1%. True left-sided GB (LSG), i.e., GB seen under the left lobe of the liver and to the left of the falciform ligament, presents as a surgical problem on table, due to its unusual presentation and lack of findings on imaging. What we may perceive as an LSG on the table, may in fact be a normally located GB under the right lobe but with the ligamentum teres being attached to the right lobe, giving the appearance of a left-sided gallbladder. Here, we are presenting a case of a true LSG which was discovered on table. By minimizing the use of electrocautery and placing an additional port along with the traditional ports in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we were able to perform a successful cholecystectomy.

Cholelithiasis in an intrahepatic gallbladder

Intrahepatic gall bladder (GB) is an uncommonly encountered condition in clinical practice characterized by ectopic location of GB within the hepatic parenchyma. This condition not only produces difficulty in clinical diagnosis of various GB diseases especially cholecystitis and carcinoma but also in their management including cholecystectomy. An ectopic partial intrahepatic GB can make cholecystectomy hazardous, when indicated. A case of cholelithiasis in an intrahepatic gallbladder with concurrent choledocholithiasis is reported. The patient initially presented with pain over the right upper abdomen. The diagnosis was made during intraoperative laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This article discusses about difficultly faced during cholecystectomy and rarity of the presentation.

Imaging and Clinical Relevance of Intrahepatic Gall Bladder-A Rare Anomaly

Intrahepatic gall bladder (GB) is an uncommonly encountered condition in clinical practice characterised by ectopic location of GB within the hepatic parenchyma. This condition not only produces difficulty in clinical diagnosis of various GB diseases especially cholecystitis and carcinoma but also in their management including cholecystectomy. Hence, this article discusses imaging diagnosis as well as the clinical difficulties faced in patients with this rare anomaly.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: A review article

Background: Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by transposition of organs to the opposite side of the body. Diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis in such cases pose a challenge to the operating surgeon because of an atypical clinical picture and the contra lateral disposition of the viscera. Methods: A literature search using the PubMed and Cochrane databases identified articles focusing on the key issues of laparoscopy cholecystectomy in situs inversus. Conclusions: Without doubt, laparoscopic cholecystectomy in these patients is technically more demanding but still feasible and should be performed by trained and experienced laparoscopic surgeons. Difficulty is encountered in skeletonizing the structures in Calot’s triangle, which usually requires extra time than in patients with a normally located gall bladder.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: Two case reports with review of literature

Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by transposition of organs to the opposite site of the body. Diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis in such cases pose a challenge to operating surgeon because of atypical clinical picture and due to the contra lateral disposition of the visceral organs. No doubt, laparoscopic cholecystectomy in these patients is technically more demanding still it is feasible and should be done by trained and experienced laparoscopic surgeon. Difficulty is encountered in skeletonizing the cystic duct and cystic artery in Calot's triangle, which requires extra time than normally located gall bladder.

Automatic Gallbladder Location and Segmentation Based on Anatomical Knowledge

Locating object regions is particularly important for image segmentation. Incorporating knowledge of human anatomy, such as numerical anatomical models, into image segmentation to produce more effective results. This paper presents a method of automatic gallbladder location and segmentation based on anatomical knowledge. Firstly, located liver according to the anatomic knowledge that the liver is the largest internal organ using distance transformation and then segmented liver with located outline as initial function using level set method. Secondly, located gallbladder according to the anatomic knowledge that the gallbladder is wrapped in liver using the circumscribed sphere of the liver surface and the sphere of maximum similarity with gallbladder is the location of gallbladder. Finally, segmented gallbladder with the sphere as initial function using level set method.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: Feasibility and review of literature

INTRODUCTIONSitus inversus totalis is a rare anomaly characterized by transposition of organs to the opposite site of the body. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in those patients is technically more demanding and needs reorientation of visual-motor skills to left upper quadrant. PRESENTATION OF CASEHerein, we report a 10 year old boy presented with left hypochondrium and epigastric pain 2 months duration. The patient had not been diagnosed as situs inversus totalis before. The patient exhibit a left sided “Murphy's sign”. Diagnosis of situs inversus totalis was confirmed with ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonant image (MRI) with presence of multiple gall bladder stones with no intra or extrabiliary duct dilatation. The patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. DISCUSSIONFeasibility and technical difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of such case pose challenge problem due to the contra lateral disposition of the viscera. Difficulty is encountered in skelatonizing the structures in Calot's triangle, which consume extra time than normally located gall bladder. A summary of additional 50 similar cases reported up to date in the medical literature is also presented. CONCLUSIONLaparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible and should be done in situs inversus totalis by experienced laparoscopic surgeon, as changes in anatomical disposition of organ not only influence the localization of symptoms and signs arising from a diseased organ but also imposes special demands on the diagnosis and surgical skills of the surgeon.

Morphometry of the gallbladder during the fetal period

In this study, our objective was to investigate the development of the gallbladder, its morphological structure and relationship with the adjacent organs during the fetal period. A total of 118 human fetuses (60 males, 58 females) between 9 and 40 weeks of gestation without any external anomaly or pathology were included. They were divided into four groups according the gestational age: I (9-12 weeks), II (13-25 weeks), III (26-37 weeks) and IV (term, 38-40 weeks). The location of gallbladder on the visceral surface of liver has been identified. The gallbladders have been classified into four different types. Width and length of the gallbladder were measured and the relationship between fundus of gallbladder and inferior margin of the liver was noted. The gallbladder was located on the visceral surface of liver in all cases during the fetal period. There were no differences between males and females by means of length and width. There was a statistically significant relationship between the size of gallbladder and the gestational age (P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the distribution of gallbladder types among the groups during the fetal period. The fundus of gallbladder was under the transverse plane passing from the part of inferior margin of the liver near the gallbladder in 14% of the cases. We concluded that there could be different types of gallbladders during the fetal period. We believe that the data collected in our study may contribute to the evaluation of the gallbladder development during the intrauterine period.

Posthatching Histological Development of the Digestive System and Swim Bladder of Logperch, Percina caprodes

The digestive system of the logperch, Percina caprodes, is partially formed at hatching and becomes functional before feeding begins. The swim bladder develops soon after yolk is depleted. Larvae have a straight gut, no stomach, a compact pancreas, a ventrally located gall bladder and a physostomous swim bladder. The larvae usually swim in midwater or near the surface. When larvae become juveniles, a stomach develops, the stomach and intestine develop the looped shape of adults, pancreatic tissue becomes disseminated, the gall bladder shifts to the right side and swimming consists of darting movements near the bottom. The transition from physostomous to physoclistous swim bladder occurs 1 to 2 months after the larvae become juveniles and does not correspond with the change in swimming behavior.