Local Supervisors Research Articles

Walking a tightrope: perspectives of non-degree allopathic providers (NDAPs) on providing diabetes and hypertension care in urban informal settlements of Mumbai Metropolitan Region

BackgroundIn India, Non-Degree Allopathic Providers (NDAPs), who do not have formal training in allopathic medicine, play a prominent role in basic healthcare delivery in both rural areas and urban informal settlements. Often recognized as providers of ‘first contact’ care for minor acute ailments, there is little information regarding the roles they play in providing services for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In this study, we explore the roles played by NDAPs in diagnosing and managing two NCDs—diabetes and hypertension—in urban informal settlements of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.MethodsThis is a qualitative study involving data collection with 25 NDAPs (19 males and 6 females). Data was collected between December 2022 and September 2023. Data was coded inductively, and an iterative process of coding was followed to derive key themes. These themes were further refined through reflections within the author group. The qualitative software NVivo Version 10.3 was used to facilitate the analysis process.ResultsAll NDAPs we spoke to noted an increase in diabetes and hypertension patients in the urban informal settlements they worked in. All of them provided medication for ‘quick relief’ to patients from the bothersome symptoms of the two diseases. But in some cases, NDAPs also reported acting as counsellors, patient navigators, and local supervisors of therapy initiated by other doctors. Generally, risk-averse, NDAPs were cautious about how much of the diagnosis and treatment process they participated in. Those with informal and formal connections with private, qualified allopathic providers involved themselves more extensively in the management of the two NCDs. NDAPs had limited ties with the public health system and preferred sending patients to other private doctors if they felt a case was beyond their purview.ConclusionThe informal health sector in India is currently offering a range of services to address the needs of patients with NCDs. Our study suggests that the strong presence of this sector in resource-constrained communities can be leveraged by the public health system to enable community-level screening for NCDs, facilitate access to specialist care, improve treatment adherence, and promote wellness initiatives. In light of the changing epidemiological burden, our study underscores that despite the contentious nature of practices in the informal health sector, overlooking this group of providers is no longer an option for health policies.

A Model for Collaborative Immersive Classroom Management Development Using Multi-user Virtual Reality

Classroom management has been ­­identified as a key challenge in becoming a teacher, as newly qualified teachers are overwhelmed by the complexity of professional teaching practice. This paper explores the transformative potential of immersive technologies in fostering a collaborative reflection and problem-solving space for the continued development of newly qualified teachers’ classroom management competencies – allowing newly qualified teachers to become better prepared for facing the unexpected, local, and situated challenges of becoming a teaching professional. Through iterative cycles of design-based research, we have developed a model of immersive collaborative classroom management training using multi-user Virtual Reality. The model consists of four phases: (1) 360-degree video recording, creating an immersive version of the classroom and the complex interactions that occur within it. (2) clip selection, giving teachers the ability to select clips that are relevant for them and their practice. (3) Multi-user Virtual Reality training, allowing teachers to get feedback on their selected clips and construct actionable knowledge together with local teaching supervisors (4) Debriefing, for ensuring the joint understanding and transfer of knowledge to practice. Through analysing teacher’s and supervisors’ meaning making processes of 18 selected video clips across five multi-user Virtual Reality training sessions, we uncover three main phases: Analysis, Abstraction, and Actionability. By being able to collaboratively watch, re-watch, and discuss selected video clips and moving between these three main phases, teachers and supervisors co-create actionable knowledge, creating an improved understanding of current practices, and supporting the ability to transform future practices. These findings contribute both theoretical insights and practical implications for educators and learning designers, emphasising the importance of creating social immersive reflective spaces in which real situations may be revisited in order to examine the intricacies of classroom practices, allowing newly qualified teachers to better engage with their profession.

Stakeholder Experiences and Perspectives on the Nueva Escuela Mexicana Reform in Mexican Primary Education

Mexico has recently introduced the Nueva Escuela Mexicana (NEM) in Basic Education, which aims to create a more meaningful, contextualised, inclusive learning environment. This study examined stakeholder experiences and perspectives on the NEM in its first year of implementation. A total of 79 semi-structured individual and group interviews were conducted in 12 primary schools in three Mexican states. A total of 168 participants were interviewed: learners, teachers, head teachers, teacher trainers, and local and regional supervisors. This study found that stakeholders held a range of positive and negative views about the NEM reform. Participants reported several concerns, such as the lack of foundational knowledge developed through the new approach, doubts about certain curricular content (e.g., gender and sexuality), and a lack of explicit guidance and training. This paper offers policy recommendations, which may also be relevant to policymakers in other countries. Limitations of this study and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Social brokers in grassroots governance: The new rural gentry in China

One important and interesting aspect of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) efforts to revitalize the Chinese countryside in recent years has been the attempt to make use of prominent local people – known as xinxiangxian (新乡贤, meaning ‘new rural meritorious people’). As social brokers, xinxiangxian differ from other agents. The attributes of this new class have yet to be regularized through central government statute, which means that the CCP’s position on the xinxiangxian is still under discussion. From the example of A county, we conclude that xinxiangxian use their abundance of bridging social capital to fulfil two important political functions: lobbying their communities in favour of government policies to strengthen grassroots ruling and serving as local government supervisors to monitor village committee affairs. Compared with other brokers included into the CCP regime, xinxiangxian, as their name suggests, are renowned for their moral values and competencies, allowing them to make a significant contribution to the CCP’s governance of Chinese society.

Peningkatan Fasilitas Air Bersih dan Sanitasi Lingkungan di Daerah Pedesaan melalui Kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata

The problems that occur at the research location are regarding clean water and sanitation such as dirty living environments, village facilities and infrastructure such as leaking clean water pipes, non-existent water storage tanks, and non-existent trash bins and RT signs in each RT, and The damaged village office monument needs attention. The location of the KKN activity is in Ngoranale Village, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This KKN activity is the result of collaboration between the local village government, community, students, and Field Supervisors (DPL). The aim of this activity is for students to gain learning experience by being directly involved with the community through problems found and finding solutions to problems regarding improving clean water facilities and environmental sanitation. There are several problems encountered at the location, so there needs to be a joint effort to reduce or overcome these problems. 1) carrying out preliminary activities to build clean water storage tanks, 2) making trash cans and RT signs, 3) repairing the village office monument, and 4) community service cleaning the environment of Ngoranale Village. It is hoped that the results of this activity will provide benefits to the government and local community, and can work together for next year's KKN activities.

PRAKTEK KEGIATAN PEDULI KEBERSIHANBERSAMA PARA KARYAWAN DI LINGKUNGAN VITKA HOLDING DIANTARANYA VITKA FITNESS CENTER, EXELCO, NASI KAPAU PAK NIN, RM. SEDERHANA DAN CAFÉ MOMO

Several lecturers are members of the community service team carrying out Hygiene Care Practice Activities with Employees in the Vitka Fitness Center, Excelso, Nasi Kapau Pak Nin, RM Simple, and Café Momo. This activity is very necessary and beneficial for a company, so all cleaning workers must take advantage of this training. This service is carried out by visiting the destination where the method is to analyze and solve the problem by providing theoretical and practical guidance which takes place in several Vitka Holding Housekeeping Departments. In this service, local supervisors act as companions for the workers who receive direction from the service team. The service members also provide direct direction to workers who are responsible for cleanliness in the Vitka Holding environment. This was done based on observations by management who assessed that the level of cleanliness in the work environment had decreased. Vitka Holding Housekeeping Department itself is one umbrella with the superior, leading, quality Batam Tourism Polytechnic which is a center for tourism education and development, especially in the hospitality sector which gave birth to housekeeping, no doubt located on Jalan Gajah Mada the Vitka City Complex, Tiban Batam, Riau Islands Province , which has 4 majors, namely Rooms Division Management, Cuisine Division Management, Culinary Division Management and Tourism Planning Management. The expected results of this training are that workers will be more skilled and competent in carrying out their work and provide comfort for all guests who visit the Vitka Holding environment.

Experiences of oncology researchers in the Veterans Health Administration during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Veterans Health Administration is chartered "to serve as the primary backup for any health care services needed…in the event of war or national emergency" according to a 1982 Congressional Act. This mission was invoked during the COVID-19 pandemic to divert clinical and research resources. We used an electronic mixed-methods questionnaire constructed using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation (COM-B) model for behavior change to study the effects of the pandemic on VHA researchers. The questionnaire was distributed electronically to 118 cancer researchers participating in national VHA collaborations. The questionnaire received 42 responses (36%). Only 36% did not feel that their research focus changed during the pandemic. Only 26% reported prior experience with infectious disease research, and 74% agreed that they gained new research skills. When asked to describe helpful support structures, 29% mentioned local supervisors, mentors, and research staff, 15% cited larger VHA organizations and 18% mentioned remote work. Lack of timely communication and remote work, particularly for individuals with caregiving responsibilities, were limiting factors. Fewer than half felt professionally rewarded for pursuing research related to COVID. This study demonstrated the tremendous effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on research activities of VHA investigators. We identified perceptions of insufficient recognition and lack of professional advancement related to pandemic-era research, yet most reported gaining new research skills. Individualizing the structure of remote work and ensuring clear and timely team communication represent high yield areas for improvement.

The Factors Influencing the Risk Based Internal Audit in Improving the Effectiveness of Internal Audit

Internal Control System (SPI) weaknesses hamper government performance; Therefore, the concept of Risk-Based Internal Audit (RBIA) through risk determination techniques based on priority scales is thought to be able to improve the effectiveness of internal control in North Sumatra Province. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of Professional Development, Top Management Commitment, and the Role of Internal Audit on Risk-Based Internal Audit (RBIA), as well as its impact on the Effectiveness of Internal Audit both directly and indirectly in North Company. Sumatra Provincial Inspectorate. This study took quantitative methods. The population of this study is the Functional Position of Internal Auditor and Local Government Affairs Supervisor (PPUPD) which amounts to 101 people, while the informant is a party who understands the implementation of RBIA, namely Auxiliary Inspectors. The sampling technique used is census, meaning that the entire population is sampled in the study. The test used a variant-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) model with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique. Professional Development, Top Management Commitment, and the Role of Internal Audit are variables that allegedly affect the success of RBIA implementation in improving Internal Audit Effectiveness. The results showed that Professional Development, Top Management Commitment, and the Role of Internal Audit had a significant positive effect on the successful implementation of risk management with the RBIA method. The implication of these findings is the importance of the role of Professional Development, Top Management Commitment, and the Role of Internal Audit in improving the effectiveness of internal control within local government.

The development of an online-based TPACK questionnaire for ELT teachers

The concept of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) has gained significant attention in the field of education due to the widespread adoption of innovative technologies, particularly accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the surge in online teaching. To effectively measure TPACK, the utilization of a well-designed and tailored questionnaire has emerged as a sophisticated approach. The aim of this research is to develop a questionnaire that is valid and reliable specifically for the context of online learning. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, expert validation was conducted with three professionals from diverse backgrounds, including an Indonesian professor, a Ph.D. student, and a local education supervisor. By incorporating their recommendations, the questionnaire underwent revisions and refinements. Subsequently, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed by administering it to 43 participants across four Indonesian provinces: West Java, East Java, East Boneo, and West Nusa Tenggara. The findings indicated that the questionnaire demonstrated strong validity and reliability, making it a valuable tool for evaluating teachers' TPACK in online teaching environments. Statistical analysis using the SPSS 23.0 software confirmed the validity and reliability of all 24 questionnaire items, further endorsing its readiness for future research endeavors. Additionally, this questionnaire can be tailored to meet the unique requirements of teachers across different education programs, thereby enhancing its applicability and versatility. In conclusion, this study contributes to the field of online teaching by providing a robust instrument for assessing teachers' TPACK, facilitating targeted interventions and improvements in instructional practices.

Multi-level control for multiple mobile robot systems

This paper contributes with a multi-level, hierarchical control system for a fleet of mobile robots sharing a common 2D motion space. The system consists of three levels, with the top level being a supervisor based on a discrete representation of the Multiple Mobile Robot System (MMRS), in which robot motion processes are seen as sequences of stages. The supervisor controls centrally the changes of their stages by robots, ensuring their collision-, and deadlock-free concurrent movement. The intermediate control level supervises locally the execution of robot motion on individual stages in a manner consistent with the decisions of the top level. The lowest level, robot control, is responsible for motion execution as determined by the local supervisor. We capitalize on some earlier results concerning the supervisory control of MMRS and propose a common framework for three supervisory control models. Then we propose relevant solutions for the local supervisors, in particular, a DES-based robot-motion-mode control and application of the Artificial Potential Field model for ensuring collision-free motion of two robots sharing a space sector. Next we assume simple robot control and subject the system to simulation experiments aimed at comparing the impact of the different solutions on the performance of MMRS.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dengan Pengabdian KKN Di Desa Libunio Kecamatan Soa Kabupaten Ngada

The implementation of the Flores University KKN in 2023 will be carried out collectively, namely on 01-31 August 2023 with the theme "Community Empowerment for Shared Welfare". KKN aims to increase students' empathy and concern for the community, being able to work together in groups, being responsible, disciplined, and having a work ethic. The location of the KKN activity is in Libunio Village, Soa District, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This KKN activity is the result of collaboration between the local village government, community, students, and Field Supervisors (DPL). The aim of this activity is so that students can apply what they have learned in college, and gain learning experience by being directly involved with the community, through the problems they find and finding solutions. There are several problems encountered at the location, so there needs to be a joint effort to reduce or overcome these problems. 1) Due to drought and lack of clean water, a water storage tank was made for the Libunio village community, 2) a village road to facilitate access for the Libunio village community, 3) held joint devotional work activities every Saturday to make it look clean and comfortable, 4) made a planting monument KB village to support the KB program, 5) planting trees with the Soa police chief for greening, 6) making RT signs to indicate the RT in each hamlet so that it looks attractive and 7) making gates to celebrate the 78th anniversary of the Republic of Indonesia. It is hoped that the results of this activity will provide benefits to the government and local community, and can work together for next year's KKN activities.

A New Approach for Verification of Delay Co-observability of Discrete-Event Systems

In decentralized networked supervisory control of discrete-event systems (DESs), the local supervisors observe event occurrences subject to observation delays to make correct control decisions. Delay coobservability describes whether these local supervisors can make sufficient observations. In this paper, we provide an efficient way to verify delay coobservability. For each controllable event, we partition the specification language into a finite number of sets such that strings in different sets have different lengths. For each of the sets, we construct a verifier to check if delay coobservability holds for the controllable event. The computational complexity of the proposed approach is polynomial with respect to the number of states, the number of events, and the upper bounds on observation delays and only exponential with respect to the number of local supervisors. It has lower complexity order than the existing approaches. In addition, we investigate the relationship between the decentralized supervisory control of networked DESs and the decentralized fault diagnosis of networked DESs and show that delay <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula> -codiagnosability is transformable to delay coobservability. Thus, techniques for the verification of delay coobservability can be leveraged to verify delay <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula> -codiagnosability.

The Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C) for serious mental illness in community mental health part 2: study protocol for a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation cluster-randomized trial using train-the-trainer

BackgroundTrain-the-trainer (TTT) is a promising method for implementing evidence-based psychological treatments (EBPTs) in community mental health centers (CMHCs). In TTT, expert trainers train locally embedded individuals (i.e., Generation 1 providers) to deliver an EBPT, who then train others (i.e., Generation 2 providers). The present study will evaluate implementation and effectiveness outcomes of an EBPT for sleep and circadian dysfunction—the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C)—delivered to CMHC patients with serious mental illness by Generation 2 providers (i.e., trained and supervised within CMHCs via TTT). Specifically, we will investigate whether adapting TranS-C to fit CMHC contexts improves Generation 2 (a) patient outcomes and (b) providers’ perceptions of fit.MethodsTTT will be implemented in nine CMHCs in California, USA (N = 60 providers; N = 130 patients) via facilitation. CMHCs are cluster-randomized by county to Adapted TranS-C or Standard TranS-C. Within each CMHC, patients are randomized to immediate TranS-C or usual care followed by delayed treatment with TranS-C (UC-DT). Aim 1 will assess the effectiveness of TranS-C (combined Adapted and Standard), compared to UC-DT, on improvements in sleep and circadian problems, functional impairment, and psychiatric symptoms for Generation 2 patients. Aim 2 will evaluate whether Adapted TranS-C is superior to Standard TranS-C with respect to Generation 2 providers’ perceptions of fit. Aim 3 will evaluate whether Generation 2 providers’ perceived fit mediates the relation between TranS-C treatment condition and patient outcomes. Exploratory analyses will (1) evaluate whether the effectiveness of TranS-C for patient outcomes is moderated by generation, (2) compare Adapted and Standard TranS-C on patient perceptions of credibility/improvement and PhenX Toolkit outcomes (e.g., substance use, suicidality), and (3) evaluate other possible moderators.DiscussionThis trial has potential to (a) inform the process of embedding local trainers and supervisors to expand delivery of a promising transdiagnostic treatment for sleep and circadian dysfunction, (b) add to the growing body of TTT literature by evaluating TTT outcomes with a novel treatment and population, and (c) advance our understanding of providers’ perceptions of EBPT “fit” across TTT generations.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05805657. Registered on April 10, 2023.

A Distributed Supervisor Architecture for a General Wafer Production System.

The current trend in the wafer production industry is to expand the production chain with more production stations, more buffers, and robots. The goal of the present paper is to develop a distributed control architecture to face this challenge by controlling wafer industrial units in a general production chain, with a parametric number of production stations, one robot per two stations where each robot serves its two adjacent production stations, and one additional robot serving a parametric number of stations. The control architecture is analyzed for individual control units, one per robot, monitoring appropriate event signals from the control units of the adjacent robots. Each control unit is further analyzed to individual supervisors. In the present paper, a modular parametric discrete event model with respect to the number of production stations, the number of buffers, and the number of robotic manipulators is developed. A set of specifications for the total system is proposed in the form of rules. The specifications are translated and decomposed to a set of local regular languages for each robotic manipulator. The distributed supervisory control architecture is developed based on the local regular languages, where a set of local supervisors are designed for each robotic manipulator. The desired performance of the total manufacturing system, the realizability, and the nonblocking property of the proposed architecture is guaranteed. Finally, implementation issues are tackled, and the complexity of the distributed architecture is determined in a parametric formula. Overall, the contribution of the present paper is the development of a parametric model of the wafer manufacturing systems and the development of a parametric distributed supervisory control architecture. The present results provide a ready-to-hand solution for the continuously expanding wafer production industry.

Academic clinical fellows in radiology: how can we improve success?

To survey past and current radiology academic clinical fellows (ACFs) for feedback on their experiences, academic achievements, challenges faced in balancing academic and clinical responsibilities, and opinion on how to optimise the fellowship programme. A 26-question online survey approved by the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) Academic Committee was distributed over a 7-month period (June 2021 to January 2022) to current and past radiology ACFs via the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) integrated academic training imaging leads, radiology training programme directors, and social media. Thirty-five survey responses were received from past or present ACFs. Of the respondents, 42.8% (15/35) entered ACF training from another research post, and most continued their academic interests after ACF training (59.3%, 16/27 that had completed the post). The majority (22/35, 63%) had or were in the process of obtaining a postgraduate research degree. The most common academic outputs were scientific publications and national/international conference presentations. Most (23/35, 66%) would recommend the ACF post to colleagues, although some found it challenging balancing on-call and examination commitments during training. Entry into the radiology ACF programme is often after a prior academic post. Many ACFs appear to enjoy their fellowship experience and continue academic interests after training, some achieving higher research degrees. Challenges in balancing clinical workload require some flexibility from local clinical and academic supervisors. Suggestions for alternative structuring of the ACF pathway and how to optimise entry into these competitive posts are also outlined.

Transformational Supervisor Localization

Supervisor localization can be applied to distribute a monolithic supervisor into local supervisors. Performing supervisor localization can be computationally costly. In this work, we consider systems that evolve over time. We study how to reuse the results from a previous supervisor localization, to more efficiently compute local supervisors when the system is adapted. We call this approach transformational supervisor localization, and present algorithms for the procedure. The efficiency of the procedure is experimentally evaluated.

Decentralized modular hybrid supervisory control for the formation of unmanned helicopters

Formation control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) requires them to tightly cooperate to reach and keep the formation, while avoiding collision. This paper proposes a novel decentralized hybrid supervisory control approach for the formation control of multiple UAVs. This is achieved by developing a symbolic motion planning technique to polarly partition the motion space resulting in a finite state discrete event model for the motion dynamics of each UAV. Then, a modular discrete supervisor is designed for different components of the formation mission including reaching the formation, keeping the formation, and collision avoidance. Further, for the collision avoidance mechanism, a novel top-down decomposition-based approach is developed to design local supervisors decentralizedly. It is formally proved that with the proposed top-down decomposition-based approach, the (locally) supervised UAVs, as a whole, can cooperatively satisfy the desired (global) collision avoidance specification. The proposed decentralized supervisory control algorithm is also verified through a hardware-in-the-loop simulator for the formation control of unmanned helicopters.

Moderating Effect of Paternalistic Leadership on the Relationship between Thriving at Work and Expatriate Performance

This study explores the effect of thriving at work on expatriate performance and determines whether the paternalistic leadership of the local supervisor in a host country moderates this relationship. Convenience sampling was adopted. In total, 300 questionnaires were distributed, and 182 responses (20 invalid and 162 valid) were returned (effective questionnaire recovery rate = 54.00%). A regression model was applied to examine the causal relationship between thriving at work and expatriate performance and the moderating effect of paternalistic leadership. The analysis results indicated that more obvious learning and vitality characteristics were associated with higher task and contextual performances among expatriates. Furthermore, host country supervisors’ moral leadership moderated the relationship between expatriate task performance and both learning and vitality. Moreover, host country supervisors’ authoritarian leadership moderated the relationship between learning and expatriate task performance. Finally, host country supervisors’ authoritarian leadership moderated the relationship between vitality and expatriate contextual performance. Theoretically, this study is expected to fill the research gap in the expatriate literature pertaining to expatriate performance, thriving at work, and paternalistic leadership, because the relevant expatriate literature is quite lacking in this area. In practice, this study can be used as a reference by multinational corporations to create or shape a supportive employment environment, thereby enhancing expatriate performance.

Title-blended supervision models for post-graduate rural generalist medical training in Australia: an interview study

BackgroundExpanding rural training is a priority for growing the rural medical workforce, but this relies on building supervision capacity in small towns where workforce shortages are common. This study explored factors which support the use of blended supervision models (consisting of on- and offsite components) for postgraduate rural generalist medical training (broad scope of work) in small rural communities.MethodsData were collected between June and August 2021 through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with medical training stakeholders experienced in blended supervision models for rural generalist training. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis process.ResultsFifteen participant interviews provided almost 13 h of audio-recorded data. Four themes were developed: governance, setting, the right supervisor and the right supervisee. Blended supervision models may be effective if selectively applied including where the model is well-planned, the setting has local team supports and supervisor and supervisee characteristics are appropriate.ConclusionsUnderstanding factors involved in the application of blended supervision models can help with expanding rural generalist training places in distributed communities. Blended supervision models can be effective for rural generalist training if the model is planned, and the context is suitable.

Modular control of discrete-event systems using similarity

We investigate modular supervisory control of discrete-event systems composed of several groups of components, where each group consists of similar modules. Because of the similar structures of the modules, such systems can be represented as a set of (group) templates. Supervisory control can then be performed on these templates, resulting in a set of template supervisors. We propose a modular approach to construct the template supervisors based on the local computation of supremal symmetric sublanguages and on the concept of conditional decomposability. The supremal symmetric sublanguage of a decomposable language turns out to be decomposable, and can thus be computed locally. It is proven that the local supervisors of the components of a group are similar and can thus be obtained by a symmetry map from the template supervisor of the group.