Local Service Sector Research Articles

Migration management and uneven development: economic geographies of migrant camps on the Greek island

This article focuses on Lampedusa as an exemplary case study of economic transformation brought about by migration, as well as the creation of a ‘migra-tion industry'. On the basis of interviews with key informants and a reconstruction of the secondary literature, it shows how migration has given international visibility to the island, starting from the first arrivals of emigrants in the 1990s, through the increase in landings during the so-called ‘Arab Spring', and up to the pre-sent. This has fed various processes of conversion from an economy based on fishing towards an economy built around relatively recent tourism. Further-more, it highlights how the national, European and international policies of migration governance have contributed to creating an industry based on con-sumption by the military, police, volunteers, health and humanitarian person-nel present on the island and the impact this has had on the local service sec-tor.

Akuntansi Berkelanjutan: Implementasi Standar Pelaporan Keberlanjutan dalam Praktik Bisnis CV. Utami

This article explores the implementation of sustainability reporting standards in the business practices of CV. Utami, a small and medium-sized company in the local service sector. Involving a case study, this research explores CV Utami's journey in integrating sustainable accounting practices in their operations. The results show the company's increasing awareness of sustainability issues and their impact on society and the environment. Through interviews, document analysis, and field observations, this article identifies the concrete steps taken by CV Utami in implementing sustainable accounting practices. The company successfully applies sustainability reporting standards such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) as the main framework in measuring and reporting their sustainability performance. The benefits of sustainable accounting practices, including improved corporate reputation, attractiveness to social and environmental investors, and enhanced ability to manage sustainability risks, are also discussed. In addition, the challenges faced by CV Utami in terms of allocation of limited financial and human resources. The importance of engagement with external parties such as local government, non-governmental organisations, and local communities in the context of sustainable accounting is also emphasised. This article shows how external partnerships can broaden a company's view of social and environmental responsibility and provide tangible benefits in facing sustainability challenges. Through the case study of CV Utami, this article provides insights into how small and medium-sized enterprises can play a significant role in driving positive change towards more sustainable businesses. Awareness, commitment and co-operation with external parties form the basis for successful implementation of sustainable accounting practices.

基于偏离份额法的就业乘数效应研究——制造业对服务业的影响

基于偏离份额法的就业乘数效应研究——制造业对服务业的影响

LONGITUDINAL “BUDGETARY” RESEARCHES OF RURAL FAMILIES IN THE KURGAN REGION

The article considers the problems of the relationship between the time budgets and expenditures of the rural population of the Kurgan region for the post-Soviet period in a long time section (1989 - 2011) based on statistical and sociological methods. At present, the main trends in visits to service facilities by families of different types living in different rural settlements have changed little, but the role of large villages has increased significantly. Shops and post offices account for the largest share in the frequency of visits. In rural areas, the network of service enterprises (educational, medical and domestic) has significantly decreased; the share of trade services enterprises and, to a lesser extent, catering has multiply increased. The relationship between the accessibility of a number of service facilities and migration of the population from rural areas has been established (educational and transport services were the most important for villagers). The analysis shows that the working hours of villagers remained at the same level, but there were profound changes in the forms of ownership and management; The time spent on domestic affairs has decreased slightly. Unemployment in rural areas has increased significantly in recent years. The cash expenditure of villagers on food has increased markedly. Survey data show a very tangible "compression" of the rural socio-economic space, so the identification of priority clusters in the service sector is a real way to manage the shrinking rural space of the region. 121 rural local service sector clusters have been allocated in the territory of Kurgan region.

Institutional antecedents of subsidiary external embeddedness: Coping with regulatory competitive constraints

We investigate institutional antecedents to subsidiary external embeddedness and relate regulation constraining competition in local service sectors to subsidiary embeddedness with local partners in complementary sectors. Combining research on business networks with arguments derived from transaction cost economics, we argue that subsidiary external embeddedness depends on the extent of transaction costs originating from small numbers bargaining, which regulatory competitive constraints in local service sectors are a source of. Based on this logic, we suggest that low and high levels of regulatory competitive constraints are associated with greater subsidiary external embeddedness. We also suggest that this U-shaped relationship is more pronounced for subsidiaries that are centers of excellence within the multinational enterprise because these subsidiaries heavily depend on the local context as a source of their competitive advantage over their sister subsidiaries.

Japanese metropolitan structure defined through correlated demographics and local service sector employment provision

Japanese metropolitan structure defined through correlated demographics and local service sector employment provision

Do service sectors need core sectors to improve their productivity?

Examining Japanese micro-data, this study demonstrates that large core sectors (specialized or manufacturing sectors) in a local economy improve the productivity in the local non-tradable service sectors, and thereby increase employment. The size of service sector demand is determined by the size of the local economy, which, in turn, is determined by these large core sectors. The core sectors are generally sectors with tradable goods and services and their demand is not limited by the local market size as their goods and services supply multiple regions. A large demand for the service sectors induces heightened competition and improves their productivity through Darwinian selection or efficiency improvements within firms. Moreover, the spillover effect from core sectors might affect local service sectors. As a result, a 1% increase in added value in the specialized sectors in the previous estimation period, as well as a 1% increase in the change in added value in the specialized sectors, and a 1% increase in added value in the manufacturing sectors in the previous estimation period affect an increase in the productivity of the service sectors by approximately 4–5, 4 and 2.5%, respectively. Moreover, an increase of 100 thousand dollars of added value in the specialized sectors increases employment by 26 employees in the local service sectors. Furthermore, this study confirms efficiency improvements within firms as a productivity mechanism.

Two-Year Findings from a National Effectiveness Trial: Effectiveness of Behavioral and Non-Behavioral Parenting Programs.

Long-term follow-up studies of selective parent training (PT) programs are scarce, particularly in the case of effectiveness trials conducted within regular care settings. This study evaluated the 2-year effects of 4 programs: Comet, Incredible Years, Cope, and Connect and differences in the rate of change among programs were investigated using Latent Growth Modeling (LGM). Participants were parents who had sought help at 30 local service sector units (e.g., child psychiatric clinics and social services centers) for major problems in managing their children's externalizing behavior. Parents of 749 children (63% boys) with moderate levels of externalizing behavior, aged 3-12, were randomized to one of the 4 PT programs. Assessments included parent-reported measures of child externalizing, hyperactivity and inattention, as well as parenting practices, sense of competence, and parents' stress and depressive symptoms. At 2-year follow-up, there were no differences in any of the child outcomes among the programs. All programs had reduced externalizing behaviors with large effect sizes (d=1.21 to d=1.32), and negative parenting practices with moderate to large effect sizes (d=0.49 to d=0.83). LGM analyses showed that the 2 behavioral programs, Comet and Incredible Years, produced more rapid reductions in externalizing behavior during the course of the intervention than the non-behavioral program, Connect. Connect, however, was the only program where children continued to improve after the intervention. Overall, the results indicate that the 4 programs were equally effective in a clinical setting, despite differences in their theoretical origin.

Entry and Competition in Differentiated Products Markets

Abstract We propose a methodology for estimating the competition effects from entry when firms sell differentiated products. We first derive precise conditions under which Bresnahan and Reiss’s entry threshold ratios (ETRs) can be used to measure competition effects. We then augment the traditional entry model with a revenue equation. This serves to adjust the ETRs by the extent of market expansion from entry, giving unbiased estimates of the competition effects. We apply our approach to seven local service sectors. We find that entry typically leads to significant market expansion, implying that traditional ETRs may substantially underestimate the competition effects from entry.

New Zealand's international competitiveness challenges and the Woody Allen syndrome

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the (relative) roles of two sources of reduced international competitiveness in New Zealand during the last few years: the appreciation of the trade-weighted real exchange rate, and the (relative) inefficiency of the local service sector. According to the exercises reported in this paper, reducing services' inefficiencies is a more effective way of improving competitiveness, broadly defined, than engineering (or hoping for) a real exchange rate depreciation.

Endogenous Ranking and Equilibrium Lorenz Curve Across (ex ante) Identical Countries

This paper proposes a symmetry-breaking model of trade with a (large but) finite number of (ex ante) identical countries and a continuum of tradeable goods, which differ in their dependence on local differentiated producer services. Productivity differences across countries arise endogenously through free entry to the local service sector in each country. In any stable equilibrium, the countries sort themselves into specializing in different sets of tradeable goods, and a strict ranking of countries in per capita income, TFP, and the capital-labor ratio emerges endogenously. Furthermore, the distribution of country shares, the Lorenz curve, is unique and analytically solvable in the limit, as the number of countries grows unbounded. Using this limit as an approximation allows us to study what determines the shape of distribution, to perform various comparative statics, and to evaluate the welfare effects of trade. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Entry and Competition in Differentiated Products Markets

We propose a methodology for estimating the competition effects from entry when firms sell differentiated products. We first derive precise conditions under which Bresnahan and Reiss' entry threshold ratios (ETRs) can be used to test for the presence and to measure the magnitude of competition effects. We then show how to augment the traditional entry model with a revenue equation. This revenue equation serves to adjust the ETRs by the extent of market expansion from entry, and leads to unbiased estimates of the competition effects from entry. We apply our approach to seven different local service sectors. We find that entry typically leads to significant market expansion, implying that traditional ETRs may substantially underestimate the competition effects from entry. In most sectors, the second entrant reduces markups by at least 30%, whereas the third or subsequent entrants have smaller or insignificant effects. In one sector, we find that even the second entrant does not reduce markups, consistent with a recent decision by the competition authority.

Entry and Competition in Differentiated Products Markets

We propose a methodology for estimating the competition effects from entry when firms sell differentiated products. We first derive precise conditions under which Bresnahan and Reiss’entry threshold ratios (ETRs) can be used to test for the presence and to measure the magnitude of competition effects. We then show how to augment the traditional entry model with a revenue equation. This revenue equation serves to adjust the ETRs by the extent of market expansion from entry, and leads to unbiased estimates of the competition effects from entry. We apply our approach to seven different local service sectors. We find that entry typically leads to significant market expansion, implying that traditional ETRs may substantially underestimate the competition effects from entry. In most sectors, the second entrant reduces markups by at least 30%, whereas the third or subsequent entrants have smaller or insignificant effects. In one sector, we find that even the second entrant does not reduce markups, consistent with a recent decision by the competition authority.

Competition in local-service sectors

Although economically very important, local-service sectors have received little attention in the extensive literature on competitive interactions. Detailed data gathering in these sectors is hard, not only because of the multitude of local players, but also because key service dimensions are hard to quantify. Using empirical entry models in the tradition of Bresnahan and Reiss [Bresnahan, T.F., and Reiss, P.C. (1990). Entry in monopoly markets. Review of Economic Studies, 57 (192), 531–553, Bresnahan, T.F., and Reiss, P.C. (1991). Entry and competition in concentrated markets. Journal of Political Economy, 99 (5), 977–1009], we infer information on these sectors' degree of competition from the observed entry decisions in different local markets. We apply the empirical entry model to the video-rental market. Additional entries of video stores are found to significantly increase the level of competition. This occurs not only when a second player enters the market, but also in markets already characterized by two or more incumbents. Unlike the predictions of many economic models, we find this increase to be larger when the entry occurs in a duopoly than in a monopoly. Several control variables included in the model offer additional insights. As such, we find evidence of cannibalization from the upstream channel (movie theatres), but not from the downstream channel (premium cable). In addition, various socio-demographic characteristics of the trading zone, such as income and household size, are found to also have a significant impact on store performance.

Beyond Looking Backward: Is Child Care a Key Economic Sector?

Economic sectors that do not directly support exports are of little interest in traditional economic development analysis. Though input-output multipliers provide useful information about the impacts of changes in export, or exogenous, demand, they only reflect backward linkages. Many sectors, however, can be thought of as "enabling" sectors whose importance lies in their forward linkages. In an economy increasingly dominated by local service sectors, this concept is especially important for community developers. The input-output based method of hypothetical extraction offers an empirical alternative for describing the importance of economic sectors. Unlike multipliers, this method does not privilege sectors whose importance rests solely in the strength of their export-induced demand linkages. It also captures the enabling characteristics of sectors, including those sectors that sell exclusively to local households. The significance for child care, an exemplar of a non-exporting, household-serving sector is considered.

Arts sponsorship and the state of the city

This paper explores the correlation between metropolitan social and economic conditions and corporate arts support in the United States. It is hypothesized that the transition from a manufacturing sector economy to an advanced service sector economy is an important local factor for the increase in corporate arts support. By panel analysis, in eleven metropolitan areas between 1977 and 1991 changes in corporate arts support have been correlated with changes in social and economic conditions, i.e., service sector and manufacturing sector employment, service sector and manufacturing sector income, population's educational attainment, and the degree of dominance by the leading local arts supporting industry. Corporate arts support is higher in metropolitan areas where the population is better educated (β=+0.60), the local service sector generates more income (β=+0.37) and the local manufacturing sector generates less income (β=−0.22). Corporations from the manufacturing sector are mostly indifferent towards arts support. In contrast, corporations from the service sector are supportive of the local arts but they also respond swiftly to a loss in their earnings by discontinuing their arts support.

Dienstleistungen für Industrieunternehmen: Einflüsse von Unternehmens- und Standorteigenschaften auf die Reichweite ausgewählter industrieller Dienstleistungsverflechtungen

Service demand by manufacturing enterprises: the influence of organisational factors and locational environment on the range of selected industrial service linkages Manufacturing enterprises require a multitude of services from other enterprises for production as well as for administration. They have their machines serviced, for instance, and turn to repair firms in cases of technical faults. They employ an accountant to balance their books at the end of the year, seek the advice of a lawyer in legal matters, make contacts with banks for financial transactions and the taking up of credit etc. Not all manufacturing enterprises make equal use of the services of outside service firms, and they also differ greatly in the choice of location of business services suppliers. Whilst some manufacturing enterprises make use of supplies offered within their own locality, others increasingly seek contact with service industries in centres further afield. It is the aim of this paper to examine the influence of firms' characteristics as well as exogenous factors on the choice of location of business service suppliers for some services required by manu facturing enterprises. In contrast to investigations so far available, the question will be looked into of which variables are responsible for the most persistent effect on linkage patterns of service links. On the basis of empirically collected service relationships of 270 firms it is possible to prove that two enterprise qualities in particular are of great importance for the extent of local demand: the type of ownership and the size of the undertaking. External influences, too, are important, in so far as they seize on the actual location of the manufacturing enterprise in an urban or rural environment. The consequences for regional policies resulting from this investigation can be summarized as follows: (i) branch plants do not release growth impulses for the local service sector, small autonomous enterprises being more suited for that purpose; (ii) great local demand for services by manufacturing enterprises located in larger centres has in turn considerable multiplier effects for the existing service sector.

Urban Economic Development

Four major sectors are involved in the economic development of urban communities: (1) the population, or human sector; (2) the export industry sector; (3) the local service sector; (4) the agencies of government which serve the public needs of the area. Each sector develops its own goals and, at the same time, contributes to the fulfillment of the goals of the other sectors. In general, the goals of all four sectors are achieved by raising the real per capita productivity and income of the community. Co-operation among all the sectors, not always easy to achieve, is essential to the process of develop ment. The importance of a community's export industries in shaping its economy is critical. The local service sector depends heavily on the export sector. Local business leaders can play an effective role in developing and encouraging export industries to expand or locate in the community. The govern ment plays a powerful contributory role by helping preserve and improve the attractiveness of the community and the quality of its education and other government services. The human sector contributes skills and effort to all sectors and benefits both materially and in the quality of community life.