Local Sensitivity Research Articles

Dynamic Analysis and Optimal Control of the Spread of Tungro Virus Disease in Rice Plants Considering Refugia Planting and Pesticide Application

One of the main obstacles in rice cultivation is tungro disease, caused by Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV) and Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV), which are transmitted by green leafhopper vectors (Nephotettix virescens). This disease can be controlled by using pesticides and refugia plants. Excessive use of pesticides can have negative impacts and high costs, so it is necessary to control the use of pesticides. In this study, a mathematical model of the spread of tungro virus disease in rice plants was developed by considering the characteristics of the virus, the presence of green leafhoppers and natural enemies, refugia planting, and pesticide use. From this model, dynamic and sensitivity analyses were carried out, and the optimal control theory was searched using the Pontryagin minimum principle. The analysis results showed three equilibriums: two non-endemic equilibriums (when plant and vector populations exist and when plant, vector, and natural enemy populations exist) and one endemic equilibrium. The non-endemic equilibrium will be asymptotically stable locally if R0<1. At the same time, the parameters that greatly influence the spread of this disease are parameters μ, μ2, and ϕ for local sensitivity analysis and α, a, β, b, ϕ, and μ2 for global sensitivity analysis. The results of the numerical simulation show that control using combined control is more effective in reducing the intensity of the spread of tungro disease in rice plants than control in the form of planting refugia plants as a source of food for natural enemies. The use of pesticides is sufficient for only four days, so the costs incurred are quite effective in controlling the spread of this disease.

Adaptasi Strategi Pemasaran Global Starbucks di Indonesia

Starbucks Corporation, a global leader in the coffee industry, has successfully adapted its global marketing strategies to meet the needs of the Indonesian market. This study aims to analyze how Starbucks integrates product innovation, customer experience, technology utilization, strategic location selection, and loyalty programs to align with local preferences. Using a qualitative approach, this research examines the challenges and opportunities in adapting global strategies within Indonesia’s unique cultural and consumer landscape. The findings reveal that localization and cultural sensitivity are key drivers of Starbucks' success in Indonesia, enabling the company to maintain market leadership amidst increasing competition.

Modeling water balance components of conifer species using the Noah-MP model in an eastern Mediterranean ecosystem

Abstract. Few studies have investigated the performance of land surface models for semiarid Mediterranean forests. This study aims to parameterize and test the performance of the Noah-MP land surface model for an eastern Mediterranean ecosystem. To this end, we calibrated the model for root zone soil moisture and transpiration of two conifer species, Pinus brutia, and Cupressus sempervirens, in a plantation forest on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The study area has a long-term average annual rainfall of 315 mm. Observations from 4 sap flow and 48 soil moisture sensors, for the period from December 2020 to June 2022, were used for model parameterization. A local sensitivity analysis found that the surface infiltration (REFKDT), hydraulic conductivity (SATDK), and stomatal resistance (RSMIN) parameters had the highest impacts on the water balance components (soil evaporation, tree transpiration, surface runoff, and drainage). The model performed better during the wetter 9-month validation period (379 mm rain) than during the drier 10-month calibration period (175 mm rain). Average soil moisture in the top 60 cm of the soil profile was reasonably well captured for both species (daily Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.80 for validation). Among the three soil layers, the second layer (20–40 cm) showed better simulation performance during both periods and for both species. The model exhibited limitations with respect to simulating transpiration, particularly during the drier calibration period. The inclusion of a root distribution function in the model, along with the monitoring of soil moisture below the 60 cm soil depth in the field, could improve the accuracy of model simulations in such water-limited ecosystems.

Analysis of the Validity of P2D Models for Solid-State Batteries in a Large Parameter Range

Abstract Simulation models are nowadays indispensable to efficiently assess or optimize novel battery cell concepts during the development process. Electro-chemo-mechano models are widely used to investigate solid-state batteries during cycling and allow the prediction of the dependence of design parameters like material properties, geometric properties, or operating conditions on output quantities like the state of charge. One possibility of classification of these physics-based models is their level of geometric resolution, including three-dimensionally resolved models and geometrically homogenized models, known as Doyle-Fuller-Newman or pseudo two-dimensional models. Within this study, the advantages and drawbacks of these two types of models are identified within a wide range of the design parameter values. Therefore, the sensitivity of an output quantity of the models on one or a combination of parameters is compared. In particular, the global sensitivity, i.e., the sensitivity in a wide range of parameter values, is computed by using the Sobol indices as a measure. Furthermore, the local sensitivity of the difference in the output quantities of both models is evaluated to identify regions of parameter values in which they contain significant deviations. Finally, remarks on the potential interplay between both models to obtain fast and reliable results are given.

Impacts of Climate Change on Energy-Saving Sensitivity of Residential Building Envelope Design Parameters in Three Hot-Dry Cities

Warming climatic conditions are projected to intensify extreme heat events, especially in hot climates, affecting the energy-saving effectiveness of various building envelope design parameters. However, limited studies exist on the energy-saving sensitivity of building envelope design parameters for residential buildings in hot and dry climates under future climate change. This study aims to fill this gap by examining typical residential buildings in three cities in Iraq, classified as hot desert, hot semiarid, and Mediterranean. First, the most common type of residential building was selected as a case study, and its energy modelling was validated using measured energy bills. Second, future climatic weather files were constructed using the latest general circulation models to assess their impacts on building energy consumption. Third, the energy-saving sensitivity of applicable building envelope design parameters under different future climatic conditions was obtained through local and global sensitivity analysis methods. The results of global sensitivity analysis indicate that the solar heat gain coefficient of windows, the specific heat of exterior walls, and the projection of side fins are the most important factors, with standardized regression coefficients (SRC) ranging from -0.92 to 0.62. Notably, the SRC of windows' solar heat gain coefficient is expected to increase under future climate scenarios. In contrast, the significance of the specific heat of exterior walls depends on local climates. Although this study only included envelope design parameters and excluded economic analysis, it provides insights for policymakers and architects to prioritize building envelope design strategies that enhance the climate resilience of residential buildings.

Reconstruction of exposure to volatile organic compounds from venous blood concentration and an uncertain physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model

Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to determine exposures to volatile organic compounds, specifically focusing on m-xylene. Passive diffusion was used to describe permeation through the skin. The proposed model agreed with the experimental data and allowed researchers to monitor the concentration profiles in different compartments. The study also focused on the impact of parameter uncertainty on the model predictions. Local and global sensitivity analyses evaluated the influence of partition parameters, diffusion coefficients in the skin, and metabolic parameters on the blood concentration. Both methods show that the Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the lean tissue:blood partition coefficients contributed the most to the total variability. A reverse dosimetry approach used the measured biomarker level to estimate the exposure dose in four hours. The results aligned with experimental data when simulations were conducted using random parameters selected within twenty-five percent of the mean.

Unlocking the potentials using humidifier-dehumidifier for proton exchange membrane fuel cell waste heat recovery

This study addresses the dual challenges of waste heat dissipation and operational longevity degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) by proposing a novel hybrid system that integrates PEMFC with a humidifier-dehumidifier (HDH) unit. The primary objective is to enhance the energy efficiency and sustainability of PEMFC systems by leveraging waste heat for freshwater generation. A comprehensive mathematical model based on thermodynamic and electrochemical principles is developed to capture the system’s inherent irreversible losses. The performance metrics, including power density, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency, are evaluated through systematic computational simulations. The proposed PEMFC/HDH hybrid system achieves a maximum power density of 4.8292 W cm-2 and an energy efficiency of 17.30%, showing a 1.48% improvement over standalone PEMFC systems. Parametric studies reveal that optimizing operating pressure significantly enhances system performance, while factors such as increased PEM thickness and thermodynamic loss composite parameter hinder it. Local sensitivity analysis identifies PEM thickness as the most critical parameter affecting performance. This research pioneers the integration of PEMFC and HDH for cogeneration, offering a viable path for performance enhancement and efficient waste heat utilization. The findings contribute to the strategic design and operational regulation of PEMFC-based hybrid systems for sustainable energy solutions.

Equationing Arabica coffee: Adaptation, calibration, and application of an agrometeorological model for yield estimation

CONTEXTCoffee cultivation is important to Brazil's economy, positioning the country as a global leader in production and export. Given the complex environmental and management factors affecting yields, particularly due to climate change, there is a pressing need from farmers and dealers for more precise crop estimation models. OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to refine and calibrate an agrometeorological model, originally developed by Santos and Camargo (2006) and later adapted by Verhage et al. (2017a), to estimate Arabica coffee yield in the main producing regions of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify the most influential model parameters and variables. METHODSYield data from 28 coffee-producing locations (2003−2020) and meteorological data alongside irrigation use were employed. Following calibration and adaptation, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the model's response to variations in coffee plant parameters and environmental conditions. Local sensitivity analysis (LSA) focused on meteorological variables, while global sensitivity analysis (GSA) addressed coffee-related parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe adaptations proposed to the original model led to a significant refinement in the yield estimates, emphasizing the complex interactions between climatic variables and agricultural management practices. Key adaptations include the estimation of potential yield (Yp), the incorporation of temporal curves for root growth, leaf area index, available water capacity, and crop coefficient, as well as a water balance that accounts for irrigation and its effect on attenuating high canopy temperatures. Calibration improved the model's accuracy and precision, with the RMSE decreasing from 13.66 (819.6 kg ha−1; 1 bag ha−1 = 60 kg ha−1) to 8.65 (519.0 kg ha−1) bags ha−1, R2 improving from 0.62 to 0.65, d-index from 0.79 to 0.88, and NSE from 0.09 to 0.64. During the evaluation phase, with independent data, RMSE was 7.76 bags ha−1 (465.6 kg ha−1), d-index 0.85, and R2 0.55. Sensitivity analysis emphasized the importance of mean temperature and solar radiation on Yp, as well as the impact of irrigation practices and water deficit management under rainfed conditions. Additionally, factors specific to the coffee plant itself directly affect its yield. SIGNIFICANCEThe findings underscore the importance of a multifactorial and adaptive approach to coffee cultivation, addressing the complexities and challenges posed by varying climatic conditions. This work offers valuable insights into optimizing coffee production, presenting the model as a tool for developing more resilient cultivation strategies and enhancing the sustainability of Brazilian Arabica coffee in future climate change scenarios.

Impact of layout strategy and sector-coupling on the multi-criteria assessment of energy technology concepts for residential buildings

Energy system transformation needs decentralisation, decarbonisation and sector-coupling. Local energy systems are often customarily designed using heuristics for the technology layout. However, optimisation of the technology layout and operation is considered a powerful tool. Therefore, we investigate the influence of an optimised layout and the coupling of the electricity and heat sector on economic, ecological and technological criteria. The criteria comprise the annual costs, CO2 emissions, and the energy performance in terms of self-sufficiency and self-consumption. We consider typical energy technology concepts with fixed technology combinations for the heat and electricity supply of residential buildings. The optimisation is performed using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming under the objective of minimal costs. The assessment is done using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. An optimised layout is found to reduce costs at the expense of emissions and energy performance. In comparison to the heuristic layout, especially the storage sizes differ among the layout strategies. Sector-coupling leads to CO2 emission savings and a higher self-consumption of the PV energy produced within the system. The multi-criteria assessment reveals higher performance scores for heuristically laid out concepts under a local sensitivity analysis of the criteria weights.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography in Preoperative Localization of Primary Hyperparathyroidism After Negative or Inconclusive Sestamibi: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective The aim of the study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of 4-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) scans for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) after negative or inconclusive Technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography scan. Methods A literature search of several databases was conducted from inception to August 2023. Eligible studies reported adult patients (>18 years old) who underwent 4D-CT after negative or inconclusive sestamibi results. The pooled proportions were analyzed using a random-effects model. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023446285). Results From 208 initial studies screened, 10 met the eligibility criteria, with a total of 335 patients with a diagnosis of pHPT who underwent 4D-CT scans and subsequent surgical exploration. Nine of the studies reported a pooled sensitivity of localization of 71% (0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.610, 0.811, I 2 = 72%). The pooled specificity of localization across 5 studies was calculated at 47% (0.47; 95% CI: −0.111, 1.059, I 2 = 99%). Seven of the included studies reported a pooled positive predictive value of 81% (0.81; 95% CI: 0.708, 0.917, I 2 = 70%), and 6 of the studies reported a negative predictive value of 28% (0.28; 95% CI: −0.114, 0.683, I 2 = 98%). Conclusions For pHPT patients with inconclusive sestamibi scans, 4D-CT demonstrates promising results with good diagnostic accuracy for the localization of pHPT. Additional studies evaluating larger groups of patients may provide further support for the use of 4D-CT in this population.

A sensitivity analysis of the Earth for all model: Getting the giant leap scenario with fewer policies

AbstractIntegrated assessment models (IAMs) are popular tools used to predict the evolution of human society, a challenging question that science has long tried to address. The World3 model is a popular IAM, designed in the seventies by several scientists convened by the Club of Rome and mostly known for its usage to analyze the so‐called limits to growth. The recent Earth for all (E4A) model has been initiated by one of the major co‐authors of the World3 model, Jørgen Randers. It is substantially more complicated than the relatively simple World3 model, and it has been used to compare two different and opposite world development scenarios: the too little too late scenario, in which current policies are assumed to continue, and the giant leap (GL) scenario, in which 21 policies related to five turnarounds are identified to produce significant improvements in six indicators of human well‐being. By using global and local sensitivity analyses of the E4A model, we suggest that the evolution of the six indicators in the GL scenario can be approximately reached by focusing on just six policies and three turnarounds (namely, the energy, the inequality, and the poverty turnarounds). The evolution of the six indicators can be even improved by investing “reasonably” more on three of these six policies and by keeping unchanged the remaining three. From a methodological point of view, we exploit both global (Sobol) and local sensitivity analyses to identify the policies that most influence the six indicators, and we subsequently execute a scenario analysis of the identified policies to confirm that they can produce a similar (or even a better) evolution of the indicators themselves.

Lipopolysaccharide-mediated effects of the microbiota on sleep and body temperature

Recent research suggests that microbial molecules translocated from the intestinal lumen into the host’s internal environment may play a role in various physiological functions, including sleep. Previously, we identified that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by intestinal bacteria, and lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria, induce sleep when their naturally occurring translocation is mimicked by direct delivery into the portal vein. Building upon these findings, we aimed to explore the sleep signaling potential of intraportally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a primary component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, in rats. Low dose of LPS (1 μg/kg) increased sleep duration and prolonged fever, without affecting systemic LPS levels. Interestingly, administering LPS systemically outside the portal region at a dose 20 times higher did not affect sleep, indicating a localized sensitivity within the hepatoportal region for the sleep and febrile effects of LPS. Furthermore, both the sleep- and fever-inducing effects of LPS were inhibited by indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, and replicated by intraportal administration of prostaglandin E2 or arachidonic acid, suggesting the involvement of the prostaglandin system in mediating these actions.

Mathematical analysis of the effects of precarious health system on COVID-19 transmission dynamics: case of Burkina Faso

n the early moments of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the level of effectiveness in treatment and management of patients was limited due to the lack of effective medications and adapted infrastructures in several countries especially in most developing countries. In this study, we propose an SIR-pattern model to investigate the epidemiological effect of delay in hospitalization and case managements. After computing the basic reproduction number thanks to the Next Generation Matrix method, we proved that the model has a locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium whenever the basic reproduction number is less than one, and condition which ensure the appearance of two endemic equilibria indicating the possibility of having backward bifurcation is determined. When the basic reproduction number exceeds one, Lyapunov functional technique is used to establish the global stability of the unique endemic equilibrium point. Also, we presented a local sensitivity analysis that gives better understanding of the role of each model parameter appearing in the basic reproduction number. Numerical simulation of the model is also performed to corroborate the analytical results. Finally, we fitted our model by using reported data for Burkina Faso, and the results showed that it can be used for predicting the disease outcomes.

The Clean Air Act and Local Employment Base Sensitivity

The Clean Air Act, an important part of U.S. federal environmental regulations, is designed to improve air quality in targeted localities. However, its implementation has unexpected impacts on local industrial structure. The authors identify the effect of nonattainment regulations under the Clean Air Act on the sensitivity of county employment to changes in the national economy, providing guidance for local economic development in counties affected by these regulations. The authors use nationwide, county-level, longitudinal data from 1979 to 2019 and adopt a difference-in-differences approach and implement Coarsened Exact Matching to make the treatment and control groups approximate a fully blocked experiment. The findings indicate that nonattainment for ground-level ozone and sulfur dioxide results in decreased employment sensitivity. This effect is seen immediately for ground-level ozone nonattainment, while it is not seen until 25 years for sulfur dioxide nonattainment. Furthermore, these employment effects persist after attainment status has been regained.

Global sensitivity analysis of Open Systems Pharmacology Suite physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.

Sensitivity analyses are important components of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model development and are required by regulatory agencies for PBPK submissions. They assess the impact of parametric uncertainty and variability on model estimates, aid model optimization by identifying parameters requiring calibration, and enable the testing of assumptions within PBPK models. One-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analyses quantify the impact on a model output in response to changes in a single parameter while holding others fixed. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods provide more comprehensive assessments by accounting for changes in all uncertain or variable parameters, though at a higher computational cost. This tutorial article presents a software package for conducting both OAT and GSA of PBPK models built in the Open Systems Pharmacology (OSP) Suite. The tool is accessible through either an R script or a graphical user interface, and the outputs consist of sensitivity metrics of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, such as Cmax and AUC, evaluated with respect to model input parameters. Results are formatted according to regulatory standards. The OAT analysis methods comprise two-way local sensitivity analyses and probabilistic uncertainty analyses, whereas the GSA methods include the Morris, Sobol, and EFAST methods. These analyses can be conducted on single PBPK models or pairs of models for the evaluation of the sensitivity of PK parameter ratiosin drug-drug interaction studies. The practical application of the package is demonstrated through three illustrative case studies.

Local Refractive Index Sensitivity of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors

Local Refractive Index Sensitivity of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone, CAS Registry number 61315-75-1

The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.4-(4-Methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone is not mutagenic. The clastogenicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for the genotoxicity endpoint material, and the exposure to 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone is below the TTC (0.0025 μg/kg/day). The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the TTC for a Cramer Class III material, and the exposure to 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone is below the TTC (0.0015 mg/kg/day, 0.0015 mg/kg/day, and 0.47 mg/day, respectively). The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the Dermal Sensitization Threshold (DST) for reactive materials (64 μg/cm2); exposure is below the DST. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; for the hazard assessment based on the screening data, 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone is not Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards. For the risk assessment, 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone was not able to be risk screened as there were no reported volumes of use (VoU) for either North America or Europe in the 2019 IFRA Survey.

Performance prediction and enhancement strategy of a new proton exchange membrane fuel cell-hydrophilic modified tubular still hybrid system

The abundant low-grade waste heat generation in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) not only leads to energy wasting but also degrades the cell durability. Herein, an innovative hybrid system model that integrates PEMFC with a hydrophilic modified tubular still (HMTS) is developed, aiming to remove and harness the waste heat for extra freshwater production. Based on thermodynamic and electrochemical theories and considering major irreversible losses within the system, the model is formulated to obtain the performance metrics. Computational results demonstrate that the hybrid system outperforms the independent PEMFC, exhibiting a 13.26 % increase in maximum output power density, as well as significant improvements in energy efficiency (6.49 %) and exergy efficiency (23.36 %). Exhaustive parametric studies show that raising the fuel cell's operation temperature and operation pressure and the wind velocity, or reducing the thermodynamic losses positively enhances the overall output performance. Nevertheless, enlarging the proton exchange membrane thickness, tube shell diameter, or length of the tube shell worsens the output performance. Local sensitivity analyses identify that the thickness of proton exchange membrane is the most sensitive factor affecting the output performance. These results are helpful for optimally designing and running a high-efficient system.

Surgeon Review of 4D CT for Identification of Parathyroid Adenomas.

Preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas aids surgical planning for patients with hyperparathyroidism. This study explores the diagnostic accuracy of surgeon-reviewed 4D computed tomography (4D CT) scans for localization of parathyroid adenomas. A retrospective review of 95 patients with hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy at a tertiary care center was performed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy of identifying abnormal glands by surgeon, and interrater reliability between two head and neck surgeons was assessed. The sensitivity of surgeon localization of all glands was 71% (95% CI, 63%-78%), improving to 76% when combined with radiology reads. The specificity was 98% (95% CI, 95%-99%), the positive predictive value was 95% (95% CI, 90%-99%), and the negative predictive value was 84% (95% CI, 79%-88%) for all abnormal glands. Interrater reliability between surgeons was κ = 0.771. The diagnostic accuracy of surgeon localization of abnormal glands on the 4D CT scan was substantial. Improvement with radiology report integration highlights the benefits of multidisciplinary collaboration. Interrater reliability between two fellowship-trained surgeons was moderate. These findings support the importance of surgeons developing proficiency in reading 4D CT scans to engage in interdisciplinary communication and improve patient outcomes.

The effect of stretching intensity on pain sensitivity: A randomized crossover study on healthy adults.

Stretching exercises have effects on local and widespread pain sensitivity. A dose-response relationship may exist between the analgesic effect and the intensity of stretching, such that a higher intensity of stretching may generate a larger reduction in analgesic response, but this remains to be studied. This study aimed to examine the dose-response relationship between stretching intensity and the analgesic effect. A randomized, repeated-measures crossover study was performed to examine the effect of stretching to the first point of pain onset and stretching to the point of a sensation of stretching (discomfort). The primary outcome was regional and distant pressure pain thresholds. Thirty-one participants (n = 24 female) were available for analysis. We observed a 22.2% increase in regional pressure pain thresholds (93.2 kPa, p = 0.001) and a 15.0% increase in distant pressure pain thresholds (50.9 kPa, p = 0.012) following stretching to the point of stretch. We observed a 20.0% increase in regional pressure pain thresholds (90.3 kPa, p = 0.001) and a 15.1% increase in distant pressure pain thresholds (52.1 kPa, p = 0.004) following stretching to the point of pain. The results showed that local and widespread pain sensitivity decreased following acute stretching, regardless of stretching intensity. No differences in pain sensitivity were found between stretching to the point of stretch or stretching to the first onset of pain. Thus, the results showed no evidence of a dose-response relationship between stretching intensity and the analgesic effect. The study showed a significant acute hypoalgesic effect of stretching exercises regardless of stretching intensity. This may have appropriate clinical implications for patients with musculoskeletal and nociplastic pain.